Melaleuca Cajuputi Research Articles

In this study, activated carbon was prepared from Melaleuca cajuputi leaves. The activation included both physical and chemical processes, with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as a dehydrating agent, followed by thermal treatment at 500°C for 45 minutes. The activated carbon obtained was characterised by surface area (BET), FESEM (images), elemental analysis (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The sample subjected to carbonisation without chemical activation showed a low surface area of 24 m2/g at 500°C. The treatment of samples with chemicals showed improvements in surface area and other characteristics. Chemical activation using phosphoric acid seemed to be a very efficient method and with surface area improvements reaching as high as 127 m2/g. Therefore, M. cajuputi leaves can be used to produce activated carbon with good surface properties and used in the treatment of environmental waste due to its sustainability.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities of facial serum that was formulated with Melaleuca cajuputi essential oil (MCEO). The MCEO was obtained from the leaves of M. cajuputi and it was added into facial serum formulations in different concentrations (1%, 2% and 4%, v/v). The antioxidant potential of the formulated facial serum was evaluated using a DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. The time-kill assay was used to test the antimicrobial activity kinetics of different facial serum formulations against Cutibacterium acnes. The immunomodulatory activities of the formulations were tested using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, cytokine assay and Griess assay. The MCEO-formulated facial serum showed significantly higher (p<0.05) antioxidant activity at 2% (v/v) and 4% (v/v) when compared to the facial serum without MCEO. Time-kill kinetic assay had shown the MCEO formulated facial serum (1%, 2% and 4%, v/v) exhibited a bactericidal effect against C. acnes in a concentration-dependent manner after 4-8 h. MCEO formulated facial serum at concentrations of 1%, 2% and 4% (v/v) significantly enhanced (p<0.05) the viability of the macrophages after 48 h. The level of cytokines such as IFNγ, TNFα, TGFβ1, IL6, IL17 and IL23 was significantly high (p<0.05) in the treated macrophages at a concentration of 4%. Macrophages treated with MCEO-formulated facial serum at 4% concentration exhibited significantly higher nitric oxide production (p=0.018) than the untreated macrophages. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: MCEO-formulated facial serum possesses antioxidant, antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. This study highlights MCEO as a potential natural ingredient in facial serum formulations for cosmeceutical industries.

In this article Fig. 2 caption was incorrectly given as "FTIR spectral profile of MF2d from GC-MS analysis". The correct caption should have read "Fig. 2 FTIR spectral profile of MF2d from FTIR analysis". Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

The chicken sector has grown quickly, which has resulted in the creation of a lot of manure, which produces gases like hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and contribute to odour pollution. H2S is a very unwanted gas component and must be removed from the environment. First, the current study focused on preparing the Melaleuca Cajuputi biochar at three temperatures: 300 oC, 400 oC, and 500 oC. The synthesized biochars were confirmed by FT-IR analysis. The effect of the biochar on H2S absorption were studied. The biochar that was prepared at 500 oC showed the most effective material in absorbing the odour gas after two days.

Erratum to " Antioxidant, enzyme inhibition, toxicity, and molecular docking analysis of &lt;i&gt;Melaleuca cajuputi&lt;/i&gt; leaf extract and fractions" [Natural Resources for Human Health, 2024, 4(1): 89-97

Unveiling the potential antibacterial mechanism of Melaleuca cajuputi leaf extract by cell morphology studies and molecular docking analysis

Abstract Forests are embedded in human life because they have three functions, namely ecological, social, and economic. One of the companies in Indonesia with the authority and capacity to manage the balance of multi-product utilization in forests is Perum Perhutani. Cajuput (Melaleuca cajuputi) oil is one of Perum Perhutani’s multi-product businesses. Value, outcomes, and impact are the key concepts in the business model literature. This research aims to evaluate the activity system of the cajuput oil business model at Perum Perhutani. In doing this, we use the activity systems perspective method to build a framework that blends a value-based perspective of business models with an analysis of related activities and incorporates perspectives on outcomes and impact. The results of Perum Perhutani’s cajuput oil business model activities have positive value for several partners such as forest village communities, farmer cooperatives, cajuput oil factories (packaged products), Palawi Limited corporation (a subsidiary of Perhutani), and consumers. This research shows that Perum Perhutani’s cajuput oil business activities provide social, economic, and environmental impacts, such as increasing public awareness of the benefits of forests’ sustainable land use and strengthening the mindset that cajuput oil products are socially, economically, and environmentally beneficial.

Abstract Successful post-mining reclamation using direct seeding is difficult to achieve. Seeds carried by runoff, especially fine seeds (e.g., cajuput), and poor soil conditions limit effective seed germination and establishment of desired plants. Seedcakes containing organic pesticides are emerging as a direct tool to increase reclamation success. Unfortunately, the seedcake manufacturing site is usually far from the mining area. Therefore, it is necessary to know how long the seedcake can be stored as an assumption for the duration of distribution. This study aims to investigate the effects of seedcake storage on seed viability. Seedcake was prepared with water, adhesive, medium, and organic pesticide ingredients with 0, 5, and 10 ml/L concentrations. The organic pesticides were applied by different methods: soaking cajuput seeds with organic pesticide for 20 minutes, mixing organic pesticide with adhesive, and spraying organic pesticide on the seedcake before drying. Seedcakes were formed into 5 cm diameter and 1 cm thickness flat circles. Seedcakes were stored for 0, 7, 14, 21, and 30 days before planting. The results showed that seedcakes can be stored for 30 days; however, the maximum germination rate was the seedcake with 0-day storage and 10 ml/L organic pesticide.

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background.&lt;/strong&gt; The province of Central Java, Indonesia, hosts various well-developed agroforestry systems. &lt;strong&gt;Objective. &lt;/strong&gt;To explore the interaction of weed diversity on the diversity of soil arthropods, specifically in four stations based on distinct ecosystems, namely teak (&lt;em&gt;Tectona grandis&lt;/em&gt; L.f.) based agroforestry, complex agroforestry, cajeput (&lt;em&gt;Melaleuca cajuputi&lt;/em&gt; (L.) Powell.) based agroforestry, and teak monoculture. &lt;strong&gt;Methodology.&lt;/strong&gt; Data was collected from February to June 2022 in Geyer District, Grobogan Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia, using the point interception method for weed vegetation and the pitfall trap method for soil arthropods. &lt;strong&gt;Results.&lt;/strong&gt; The results showed that the dominant species observed in the agroforestry and monoculture ecosystems differ. &lt;em&gt;Cynodon dactylon&lt;/em&gt; L.Pers. is the most dominant weed in all three agroforestry ecosystems, while &lt;em&gt;Imperata cylindrica&lt;/em&gt; Beauv is the most dominant in teak monoculture. &lt;em&gt;Oecophylla smaragdina &lt;/em&gt;F., an ant species locally known as &lt;em&gt;rangrang&lt;/em&gt;, was the most dominant insect at all four stations. The Poaceae family was shown to be the most prevalent weed species on all stations. However, the agroforestry system displayed a greater variety of arthropods. &lt;strong&gt;Implications.&lt;/strong&gt; The results of this study indicate that in agroforestry systems, the diversity, distribution, and density of soil-based arthropods are intimately related to the specific weed species that have evolved mutually beneficial interactions. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion.&lt;/strong&gt; This phenomenon demonstrates the intricate interplay between different species and the interspecies affinity within the community.&lt;/p&gt;

Wood waste biomass has emerged as an abundant source of alternative energy. This alternative energy source holds significant potential in the industrial sector, particularly in the field of metal casting. The development of aluminum melting equipment aims to provide invaluable support to aluminum craftsmen by harnessing wood waste as an easily accessible fuel source. The approach employed in this research involves the design of a wood waste combustion chamber capable of reaching the aluminum melting point. Two types of wood, Ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri) and Gelam (Melaleuca cajuputi), were utilized in the study. The research achieved a temperature of 863°C in 28 minutes with Ulin wood, whereas with Gelam, a temperature of 821°C was reached in 29 minutes. This study makes a significant contribution to the efficient utilization of wood waste biomass in the aluminum casting industry, offering remarkable environmental and economic benefits.

BTEX adsorption from aqueous solutions using activated carbon from Melaleuca cajuputi leaves

The Melaleuca plant genus is included in the myrtle family and is found from the Indochina Peninsula to Tasmania. The greatest diversity of plants in this family is found mainly in Australia. Essential oils extracted from plants of the Melaleuca genus are a mixture of valuable chemicals that exhibit a broad spectrum of biological properties. Studying the chemical composition of these oils can provide information on their active ingredients, which has applications in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, as well as in aromatherapy. The essence of the study was to conduct an analysis to determine the chemical composition, learn about the main volatile compounds, as well as their percentage content in essential oils extracted from different varieties, namely: Melaleuca alternifolia (TTO), Melaleuca viridiflora (niaouli oil) and Melaleuca cajuputi (cayeput oil). Methods of analysis included gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify and determine the chemical components present in the samples. Two different chromatographic columns were used in the study - a non-polar column and a polar column. The results of the analysis indicated the presence of a variety of chemical components in essential oils of the Melaleuca genus. The composition of the chemical compounds present varied depending on the column used for analysis and the type of plant from which the oil was extracted. The main components of niauli and cayeput oils are: 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol), α-terpineol and α-pinene. TTO, on the other hand, contains terpinene-4-ol, p-cymene and γ-terpinene. These compounds exhibit antibacterial, anti-inflammatory activity

Antibacterial properties of synthesized Melaleuca cajuputi-leaf gold nanoparticles

The traditional knowledge of sunggau rafters for Apis dorsata nesting is essential for livelihood and forest conservation. We determine the plant species needed to support the conservation of A. dorsata in Belitung Islands, Indonesia, by investigating the distribution of the sunggau in the three types of forests, the traditional knowledge regarding the plant species used for sunggau, and the vegetation structure of forests in which the sunggau is installed. Distribution of sunggau were explored on heath, swamp heath, and mangrove forests. We conducted a vegetation survey in those forests and an ethnobotanical survey by interviewing bee farmers regarding the plants used for sunggau and other uses. We found 95 sunggau distributed in the heath, swamp heath, and mangrove forest. Based on interviews, we recorded 65 plant species for sunggau and six other uses, including bee forages. Calophyllum sp., Cryptocarya sp., Melaleuca cajuputi, and Syzygium urceolatum are the most important plants according to bee farmers. The last two species dominate all forests, except mangroves, which are dominated by Lumnitzera littorea, according to vegetation surveys. However, the availability of several plants for sunggau is declining. Therefore, the conservation of A. dorsata needs the sustainability of sunggau and bee forage plants.

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of cajuput oil obtained from fresh leaves of Melaleuca cajuputi Maton & Sm. ex R. Powell and Melaleuca leucadendra (L.) L., when used as a sensory additive for all animal species. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that cajuput oil is safe up to the maximum proposed use levels in complete feed of 30 mg/kg for sows and dogs, 50 mg/kg for horses and ornamental fish, 40 mg/kg for salmon and 5 mg/kg for cats. For the other species, the calculated safe concentrations were 18 mg/kg for chickens for fattening, 26 mg/kg for laying hens, 23 mg/kg for turkeys for fattening, 37 mg/kg for pigs for fattening, 31 mg/kg for piglets, 78 mg/kg for veal calves (milk replacer), 69 mg/kg for cattle for fattening and sheep/goats, 45 mg/kg for dairy cows and 28 mg/kg for rabbits. These conclusions were extrapolated to other physiologically related species. For any other species, the additive is safe at 5 mg/kg complete feed. The use of cajuput oil in water for drinking was considered safe provided that the total daily intake does not exceed the daily amount considered safe when consumed via feed. No concerns for consumers and the environment were identified following the use of the additive up to the highest safe use level in feed. The essential oil under assessment should be considered as an irritant to skin and eyes, and as a dermal and respiratory sensitiser. Since cajuput oil was recognised to flavour food and their function in feed would be essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary.

The cajuput plant (Melaleuca cajuputi) is valued for its essential oil production and its ability to thrive in challenging environments, including post-mining lands. PT Bukit Asam Tbk (PTBA) has cultivated this plant extensively to supply seeds for reclamation projects on former mine sites, along with the provision of location-specific fertilizers. This study aims to identify the new alternative organic materials, determining the optimal formula for plant growth media and also to measure the tangible and intangible impacts of the community involvement. Following the implementation of statistical testing involving the analysis of variance model (ANOVA) and subsequent test, which is the least significant difference (LSD) test, definitive findings reveal that incorporating coffee exocarp as a growth medium significantly impacts the elevation of plant height and the augmentation of Cajuput leaf count. The most efficacious treatment is delineated as P2, characterized by a 1:1 composition of coffee exocarp and soil. The involvement of the local community has precipitated several advantageous outcomes, encompassing the creation of employment opportunities, the facilitation of economic equilibrium, and the development of smallholder forestry enterprises within the local community.

In the present study, the differences between the chemical compositions of the essential oils obtained from the leaves and flowers of two cultivars of M. cajuputi collected from Moc Hoa district, Long An province. By using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, a total of 105 components have been identified in the essential oils of four samples of two M. cajuputi cultivars such as “Tràm gió” leaves, “Tràm gió” flowers, “Tràm cừ” leaves and “Tràm cừ” flowers. The Agglomerative Hierarchical Cluster (AHC) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were performed to show the similarities/dissimilarities in chemical compositions among the four studied samples. As a result, the components of the essential oils of four studied samples were divided into two clusters. Cluster I included two samples such as “Tràm gió” leaf and “Tràm gió” flower with high presence of 1,8-cineole (35.12 and 17.69%), linalool (3.31 and 5.03%), (R)-α-terpinyl acetate (9.17 and 8.1%). Cluster II comprised “Tràm cừ” leaf and “Tràm cừ” flower with the high concentration of α-pinene (9.87 and 12.19%), γ-terpinene (10.48 and 11.3%), p-mentha-2,4(8)-diene (8.8 and 12.7%).

The Kalimantan galam plant (Melaleuca cajuputi subsp cajuputi) has been used for generations but its use is very limited, only as wooden piles which form the basis of buildings in swamps (cerucuk), pillars for building construction, stakes (supports for newly planted seedlings) and siring. Street. The use of galam essential oil as an active ingredient in peel-off mask preparations can be efficacious in reducing inflammation and infection of acne or other skin problems. Facial masks in the form of peel-off itself have many advantages, namely their practical use and are easy to remove or lift like elastic membranes compared to conventional masks which leave residue. This study aims to design a peel-off mask formulation by utilizing the active ingredient in the essential oil of the galam plant. The preparations were then tested for physical quality requirements including organoleptic tests, homogeneity tests, pH tests, drying time tests, spreadability and adhesion tests. The results of the tests that have been carried out include the extraction of essential oils as the active substance. The yield of essential oil obtained was 0.12%. Organoleptic quality tests showed changes in color, smell and shape in the three formulations. The homogeneity test for formulas I and II remained homogeneous, while for formula III the consistency changed to 2 layers. The pH test showed that all formulations met the pH requirements for topical preparations, namely 4-8. The drying time test for formula I was more difficult to remove, formula II was not too stiff while formula III was stiffer. Spreadability test on formulas I, II and III 5-7 cm. The gel viscosity test decreased and the adhesion test on formulation I was easily released, formulas II and III were not easily released while the irritation test of 30 people did not experience redness in 3 formulas.

Chemical insecticides are effective at controlling mosquito populations, but their excessive use can pollute the environment and harm non-target organisms. Mosquitoes can also develop resistance to these chemicals over time, which makes long-term mosquito control efforts challenging. In this study, we assessed the phytochemical, biochemical, and insecticidal properties of the chemical constituents of cajeput oil. Results show that Melaleuca cajuputi essential oil may exhibit mosquito larvicidal properties against Anopheles stephensi larvae (second-fourth instar) at 24h post-treatment. At 24h post-exposure, the essential oil resulted in a significant decrease in detoxifying enzymes. All of these findings indicate that cajeput oil infects An. stephensi larvae directly affect the immune system, leading to decreased immune function. Cajeput oil significantly affects the second, third, and fourth instar larvae of An. stephensi, according to the bioassay results. Cajeput oil does not induce toxicity in non-target Eudrilus eugeniae earthworm species, as indicated by a histological study of earthworms. Phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of the essential oil revealed the presence of several major phytochemicals that contribute to mosquito larvicidal activity. The importance of cajeput oil as an effective candidate for biological control of the malarial vector An. stephensi is supported by this study.

Eucalyptus oil is an essential oil popular in Indonesia due to its ability to treat flatulence, induce a sense of warmth, and serve as an antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and aromatherapy agent. Melaleuca cajuputi is a species of eucalyptus plant that yields eucalyptus oil. This plant is commonly found in Central Maluku and West Nusa Tenggara. The distilling process of eucalyptus oil took four hours and involved using steam distillation. Several physical parameters, including cineole content, oil weight, specific gravity, optical rotation, and ethanol solubility, were utilized to evaluate the grade of the produced eucalyptus oil. The analysis of physical properties was conducted using SNI 06-3954-2006-compliant methodologies. The volatile compounds of eucalyptus oil were analyzed using the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. The test results indicated that the purity of eucalyptus oil from Maluku and NTB specifically met the requirements of SNI 06-3954-2006. GC-MS measurement revealed that eucalyptus oil from Maluku, with a yield of 1.42%, contained 26 chemical components, with 1.8-cineole comprising the highest percentage at 67.38%. In contrast, the yield of NTB eucalyptus oil was 1.84%, and it contained 21 volatile compounds of which the compound of 1.8 cineole made up 66.58% of the component composition