Melaleuca Alternifolia Research Articles

Synergistic Antimicrobial Effects of Melaleuca alternifolia Essential Oil and Kojic Acid Combinations.

Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) essential oil (TTO) is widely recognized for its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, attributed primarily to its major constituent, terpinen-4-ol. Kojic acid, a well-established compound used mainly in cosmetic formulations, exhibits potent antioxidant and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. In this study, the antimicrobial potential of commercial Pharmacopoeia-grade TTO was evaluated with kojic acid and terpinen-4-ol combinations. The quality of TTO was confirmed through GC-FID and GC/MS analyses, where terpinen-4-ol was the major component (44.4%). In vitro antimicrobial assays were performed against human pathogens including Candida utilis, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella Typhimurium. Notably, all tested samples demonstrated activity against S. Typhimurium. Kojic acid combined with TTO showed a synergistic effect, with a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) of 0.266, while the combination of kojic acid and terpinen-4-ol showed an even stronger synergistic effect (FICI: 0.039). The combination of TTO and terpinen-4-ol produced an additive effect (FICI: 0.508). To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate the combined effectiveness of TTO and kojic acid against S. Typhimurium. The synergistic activity observed with the combination of terpinen-4-ol and kojic acid highlights its potential as an antimicrobial for a therapeutic strategy, after safety evaluations.

Unlocking the therapeutic potential of phytocompounds from essential oils of Melaleuca alternifolia and Rosmarinus officinalis targeting bacterial penicillin-binding proteins by computational and experimental validation

A major issue is the unchecked use of currently available antibiotics, which has caused microorganisms all around the world to become resistant to them. To solve this issue, it is thus required to use computational biochemistry to find and create novel antibacterial chemicals with fresh formulations. One potential target for creating therapeutic medications is penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Essential oils of tea tree (TEO) and rosemary (REO) have several biological benefits, including immunomodulation, anticancer, antibacterial, and antifungal characteristics. This work aimed to investigate the molecular docking of TEO and REO bioactive components against seven bacterial PBPs (PBP1a, PBP2a, PBP2X, PBP3, PBP4, PBP5, and PBP6) on in vitro support. Cb-dock2, a docking tool, was utilized. The in-silico bioprospecting of every ligand included an ADMET pharmacoinformatic aspect (physicochemical, lipophilicity, medicinal chemistry, drug-likeness, absorption, water solubility, distribution, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and excretion) and PASS prediction. To validate the wet lab results, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains were used. Docking studies demonstrated that all ligands efficiently bind to all seven PBPs (PBP1a, PBP2a, PBP3, PBP4, PBP5, and PBP6) with docking score ranged from − 4.2 to − 6.9 (vina score). The interaction investigations reveal that the PBP-Ligand complexes have hydrogen and hydrophobic contacts. Additionally, in order to confirm the docking results and provide clarification on certain aspects of the thermodynamic and dynamic properties of the two most promising ligand-pocket complexes from docking studies (Humulene oxide and Spathulenol), molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed. The in-silico ADMET study showed that all ligand molecules were non-toxic and had good absorption properties. Both REO and TEO were able to inhibit both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains with zone of inhibition values ranged from 0.2 cm to 1.3 cm. Based on in silico and in vitro validation studies, it was proved that due to the richness of phytocompounds having therapeutic potential, tea tree and rosemary essential oils may be effective antibacterial agents in food and pharmaceutical companies.

Corrigendum to “Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and its monoterpene constituents in treating protozoan and helminthic infections” [Biomed. Pharmacother. 130 (2020) 1–13]

Corrigendum to “Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and its monoterpene constituents in treating protozoan and helminthic infections” [Biomed. Pharmacother. 130 (2020) 1–13]

An Approach for Microencapsulation of Melaleuca alternifolia Oil using Different Techniques and its Application

Tea tree oil (TTO) is a widely known essential oil extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia leaves naturally having antimicrobial and antibacterial activities. Tea tree oil is widely used in a variety of industries, including agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, medicine, food, textiles, as well as cosmetic and hygiene products. To overcome the limitation of tea tree oil being highly volatile and reactive, microencapsulation has become one of the preferred methods to retain and control these compounds. This review explores the different techniques for encapsulating tea tree oil. Along with a comprehensive overview of the most recent research and applications of microencapsulated tea tree oil, microencapsulation techniques and the available technologies are also discussed.

TEA TREE (Melaleuca alternifolia) AND GERANIUM (Pelargonium graveolens) ESSENTIAL OILS AS NEW ANESTHETICS IN RAINBOW TROUT (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

In the present study was investigated anesthetic and histopathological effects of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) and geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) essential oils in rainbow trout. These essential oils were applied at 20, 50, 70, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 mg L-1 concentrations to determine the anesthetic effect. As a result of this study, majorcomponents were found as beta-citronellol (27.52%) for geranium oil and 4-terpineol (40.77%)for tea tree oil. The lowest effective doses of geranium and tea tree oils were 400 mg L-1 and300 mg L-1 for deep anesthesia of fish, respectively. At these doses, anesthesia induction andrecovery times were 129.00 and 247.00 s for geranium essential oil, 118.67 and 65s for tea treeessential oil, respectively. No histopathological findings in liver, kidney and gill tissues wereobserved in anesthetized fish for each essential oil. In conclusion, geranium and tea tree oilscan use as safe and effective anesthetics for rainbow trout.

Development of Gelatin-Based Renewable Packaging with Melaleuca alternifolia Essential Oil for Chicken Breast Preservation.

The aim of this study was to develop gelatin-based films incorporating Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil (MEO) and assess their application on refrigerated chicken breasts. The results showed that MEO exhibited antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella sp., with inhibition zones of 17 mm and 9 mm, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 10% for P. aeruginosa and 15% for Salmonella sp., demonstrating greater efficacy against P. aeruginosa. The antioxidant analysis using the ABTS method revealed activity of 1309 ± 18.0 μM Trolox/g, while the FRAP method resulted in 446 ± 5.78 μM FeSO4/g. The characterization of the oil by gas chromatography identified major compounds, including 2-carene, γ-terpinene, terpine-4-ol, and α-terpineol. Incorporating the oil into gelatin films resulted in structural changes, such as an increase in thickness (from 0.059 to 0.127 mm) and water vapor permeability. Furthermore, the addition of MEO conferred homogeneous properties to the films with no visible cracks. The incorporation of MEO into gelatin films has shown ABTS antioxidant activity, and FRAP results showed a significant increase with higher MEO concentrations. The packaged samples retained more mass than the control group, which lost about 90% of its weight during storage. Texture analysis revealed only an 8% variation in the Melaleuca-coated samples compared to 19.6% in the control group. These findings indicate that gelatin films containing Melaleuca essential oil effectively improve the shelf life of chicken breasts.

Alleviative potential of dietary essential oils against nickel toxicity triggers neurobehavioral abnormalities, biochemical dysfunction, and histopathological alterations in Nile tilapia.

Nickel (Ni) as a waterborne metal pollutant is widespread and harms fish health. In this study, the effects of fortifying diets with 0.1% Melaleuca alternifolia (MO) and 0.1% Ocimum basilicum (BO) essential oils on behaviors, neurotransmitters, liver and kidney functions, biochemical indices, and tissue histological features were studied in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under Ni exposure conditions. A total of 240 fish (27.92 ± 0.22g) were equally classified into six groups, each with four replicates of 10 fish. The control, MO, and BO groups were fed basal control, 0.1% MO, and 0.1% BO diets, respectively, and reared in Ni-free water. The Ni, Ni + MO, and Ni + BO groups were reared in Ni-medium at a concentration of 3.6mg/L and fed the same feeding regime as the control, MO, and BO groups, respectively. Ni exposure induced behavioral alterations, including lowered foraging (coefficients of variation, CV = 2.73-14.29%), swimming (CV = 2.95-19.23%), mouth pushing (CV = 9.12-29.37%), spreading of the tail (CV = 3.13-17.32%), and approach (CV = 3.53-11.27%) patterns but increased surfacing (CV = 11.39-23.33%) and resting (CV = 7.14-25%) behaviors. Increased mortality (CV > 30%) and hepato-renal indicators were consequences of Ni exposure. The Ni exposure also depressed brain acetylcholine esterase (AChE) (CV = 0.54-1.10), blood total protein (CV = 3.23-21.87%), albumin (CV = 1.62-13.47%), and globulin (CV = 1.91-24.72%). Histopathological changes were observed in the brain, gills, liver, kidney, and muscle, with detectable Ni residues in the muscle of Nile tilapia. Dietary supplementation with 0.1% MO and/or 0.1% BO significantly improved behavior patterns, blood proteins, and AChE levels under Ni exposure conditions. Hepato-renal indicators and the histology of the studied organs were enhanced, and the residual Ni level was reduced by feeding on the tested diets. Based on the current results, it was concluded that essential oils (0.1% BO and/or 0.1% MO) diets could mitigate the harmful effects caused by Ni exposure in Nile tilapia, which might enhance their future application as effective feed additive candidates in aquaculture.

The role of essential oils as eco-friendly strategy to control biofilm collected in the Colosseum (Rome, Italy)

The control of biodeteriogenic microorganisms is essential for the management of heritage sites. Many conventional biocides are no longer available because they have lost their efficacy or have been withdrawn from the market due to their danger to humans and the environment. Therefore, new effective and sustainable biocides are needed, such as plant extracts that could be a good alternative. In this study, essential oils (EOs) of Ocimum basilicum L., Cinnamomum verum Presl, Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Origanum vulgare L., Thymus vulgaris L. and Melaleuca alternifolia Maiden & Betche were tested as green biocides against microorganisms collected from biofilms in the hypogeum of the Colosseum (Rome, Italy). Biocidal screening was first carried out on phototrophic microorganisms grown on BG11 agar culture medium. The efficacy was assessed by measuring photosynthetic activity with a mini-PAM portable fluorometer, and by determining morphological changes or the absence of autofluorescence using light microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The most effective EOs against phototrophs were further tested to inhibit the growth of heterotrophic fungi and bacteria in order to identify those with a broad-spectrum action. The EOs of cinnamon, oregano and thyme at 5% concentration (v/v) were the most effective against the microorganisms isolated from the biofilms in the Colosseum. These EOs represent a green alternative to traditional chemical biocides due to their activity against a wide range of microorganisms and their complex composition which suggests the potential to reduce the risk of microbial resistance.Key pointsBiofilms collected from the Colosseum hypogeum were characterizedEOs tested as biocides against phototrophs and heterotrophs in Colosseum biofilms.Cinnamon, oregano, and thyme EOs show broad-spectrum action at 5% concentration.Graphical

Effects of different shade treatments on Melaleuca seedling growth and physiological properties

In light of the detrimental effects of global warming, exacerbated by the intense sunlight and high temperatures prevalent during summer in southern China, on the growth of Melaleuca alternifolia (M. alternifolia) seedlings, this study sets out to examine the impact of various shading treatments on the growth and physiological attributes of M. alternifolia seedlings, with the aim of determining the optimum shading level. The seedling phase is of paramount importance in the growth cycle and regeneration process of M. alternifolia, as both excessive and insufficient light exposure can negatively influence seedling development. Four shading regimes (CK: no shading; C1: 35–45% shading; C2: 45–50% shading; C3: 60–70% shading) were imposed on M. alternifolia seedlings, following which observations were conducted after a 35-day period. The results reveal that the different shading treatments had a significant effect on the growth and physiological indicators of the seedlings, with the moderate shading treatment (C2) proving to be the most advantageous for seedling growth. Under the C2 treatment, an increase in chlorophyll content was observed in the leaves of the seedlings, accompanied by a decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Concurrently, there was a reduction in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, namely superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT). Furthermore, the levels of abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) declined, while the concentrations of auxin (IAA), salicylic acid (SA), and cytokinin (CTK) ascended. Leaf anatomical analysis disclosed that, in comparison to the control group, the thickness of the lower epidermis and palisade tissue in the leaves of the seedlings subjected to the C2 treatment exhibited a significant reduction. Additionally, an increase in the number of spongy tissue cells was noted, along with a marked increase in total leaf thickness. Consequently, cultivating M. alternifolia seedlings under shading conditions ranging from 45 to 50% is deemed more favorable. The findings of this study offer novel insights into the adaptive responses of M. alternifolia seedlings to varying light intensities and provide theoretical guidance for the cultivation and management of M. alternifolia seedlings in the southern regions of China.

Comparative efficacy of essential oils against Cutibacterium acnes: effect upon strains from phylotypes with different virulence patterns

Comparative efficacy of essential oils against Cutibacterium acnes: effect upon strains from phylotypes with different virulence patterns

Formulation & Evaluation of Perfume based on Herbal Oils: A Review

Abstract: Essential oil from lavender flowers and tea tree leaves was extracted using the processes of distillation, maceration, and steam distillation. Perfume extraction is the process of removing aromatic components from basic materials. In order to create a natural perfume, this study set out to extract essential oils from particular fragrant and therapeutic plants, flowers, and leaves. Aromatic essential oils are derived from plants in the Myrtaceous family, such as lavender and Melaleuca alternifolia. Aromatic essential oils are mostly composed of linalool, 1,8-cineole, linalyl acetate, α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, α-terpineol, terpinen-4-ol, p-cymene, and α-pinene. Numerous studies have also been conducted to ensure that it is safe for human use and to lessen the likelihood of instability and discomfort. One of lavender's main advantages is its ability to encourage calm without making people feel sleepy. By regulating the body's fight-or-flight reaction, lavender not only promotes mental serenity but also lowers anxiety. Lavender essential oil has demonstrated efficacy in lowering stress, while tea tree oil has relaxing properties that aid in relaxation, stress relief, and improved sleep quality. Research has shown that aromatherapy can help reduce tension, and tea tree oil is a very useful essential oil for this purpose. To create a natural scent for body splashes or air fresheners, you can substitute some essential oils for others. However, it is essential to perform more toxicological analyses on the product before proceeding

Development of a Combined 2D-MGD TLC/HPTLC Method for the Separation of Terpinen-4-ol and α-Terpineol from Tea Tree, Melaleuca alternifolia, Essential Oil.

Tea tree oil (TTO), acquired from Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel, Myrtaceae, is a widely utilized essential oil (EO) due to its bioactive properties. The identification and quantification of TTO ingredients is generally performed by GC-MS, which provides the most accurate results. However, in some instances, the cost and time of analysis may pose a challenge. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) offer a simpler, faster, cost-effective alternative capable of simultaneously analyzing and quantifying multiple samples. In addition, for more complex oils, two-dimensional (2D) or multigradient development (MGD) TLC provide better separation. Nevertheless, further development is sometimes necessary for the isolation of comigrating components. This study showcases a combined 2D-MGD TLC/HPTLC method for the successful separation of TTO components of interest. While human error, limited separation, and the partial evaporation of volatile components may still present a challenge during the process, considerable recovery of mono- and sesquiterpenes was achieved. This protocol also resulted in the successful isolation of target oxygenated monoterpenes (OMs) producing highly pure terpinen-4-ol (100%) and α-terpineol (≥94%), confirmed by GC-MS. The accurate enantiomeric distribution of these major OMs was verified by GC-FID through the use of a chiral cyclodextrin-based stationary phase. The observed positive enantiomer range (area percent) as well as (+)/(-) ratio for each terpinen-4-ol and α-terpineol were within acceptable ISO criteria.

Innovative antifungal strategies: enhanced biofilm inhibition of Candida albicans by a modified tea tree oil formulation.

Candida albicans is a significant human pathogen with the ability to form biofilms, a critical factor in its resistance to antifungal treatments. This study aims to evaluate the antifungal activity and biofilm inhibition potential of Tea Tree Oil (TTO) derived from Melaleuca alternifolia cultivated in Vietnam. The antifungal activity of TTO was assessed by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC), Minimum Biofilm Inhibitory Concentration (MBIC), and Minimum Biofilm Eradication Concentration (MBEC) using broth dilution methods. The experiments were conducted on C. albicans in both planktonic and biofilm states across concentrations ranging from 0.1 μL/mL to 10 μL/mL. TTO demonstrated significant antifungal efficacy, with a MIC of 0.1 μL/mL (∼91.217 μg/mL) and an MFC of 10 μL/mL (∼9121.7 μg/mL). It effectively inhibited biofilm formation with a recorded MBIC of 2 μL/mL (∼1824.34 μg/mL). However, MBEC values were not determinable as the concentrations tested did not achieve the eradication of more than 50% of mature biofilm within the experimental conditions. These findings highlight TTO as a promising natural antifungal agent with strong biofilm-inhibitory properties. However, its limited efficacy in eradicating mature biofilms underscores the need for further studies, potentially involving higher concentrations or synergistic combinations with conventional antifungal agents.

Polydispersity and Composition Stability in a Long-Term Follow-Up of Palmarosa (Cymbopogon Martini) and Tea Tree (Melaleuca Alternifolia) O/W Nanoemulsions for Antibacterial Use

There is a growing focus on the design of nanoemulsions because of their valuable properties as an enhanced vehicle for interaction with cells and resistant bacteria. Their potential applications in the health and food industry are numerous. Although they are considered unstable because of flocculation and coalescence, they are still efficient resources for antibacterial inhibition due to their droplet size. Studies on the interactions between essential oils and an aqueous medium are increasing, in order to efficiently formulate them at the nanometric scale using surfactants, thereby providing them with long-lived droplet size stability. This study used the ultrasonication method for fabrication and Eumulgin as a surfactant to achieve nanometric droplet sizes using two noble essential oils, palmarosa and tea tree. A follow-up for one year tracked a stable droplet size and sustained polydispersity in those emulsions as the most valuable outcome. Moreover, the insights of a thermoresponsive study have been included, also showing a strong stability. The antibacterial properties of the essential oils considered became enhanced, at a comparable scale of an antibiotic, on Salmonella spp. and Bacillus subtilis depending on the nanoscale droplet size. The outcomes suggest the importance of deepening parametric studies of these nanoformulations in terms of concentrations and temperature changes, characterizing their remarkable properties and durability.

Dual mycorrhizal associations in tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) differ between Australian temperate shrublands and subtropical forests

Dual mycorrhizal associations in tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) differ between Australian temperate shrublands and subtropical forests

Avaliação da sobrevivência do peixe-palhaço Amphiprion biaculeatus (Bloch 1790) durante o transporte utilizando óleos essenciais

The clownfish (Amphiprion biaculeatus) is valued in the aquarium trade for its appearance and behavior, but transporting this species often results in stress and high mortality. This study investigated the use of Melaleuca alternifolia and Mentha piperita essential oils as calming agents during transport, analyzing their effects on fish survival and water quality. Juvenile clownfish (0.213 g and 2.36 cm) were divided into three groups: control (no oil), Mentha piperita (20 µL/L) and Melaleuca alternifolia (500 µL/L). The fish were transported for 96 h in plastic containers with seawater and oxygen, and water quality variables, such as dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrite and pH, were monitored only before and after transport. The control group showed the highest survival rate (86.67%), while the group with Mentha piperita obtained 80% and the group with Melaleuca alternifolia only 16.67%, suggesting toxicity of the latter oil over long periods. Treatments with oils significantly reduced dissolved oxygen, especially Melaleuca alternifolia, which may have contributed to the high mortality. In addition, ammonia and nitrite levels increased in the treated groups, further compromising water quality. In conclusion, transport without additives was less detrimental, although Mentha piperita showed potential to reduce stress under appropriate conditions, while Melaleuca alternifolia demonstrated toxicity at high concentrations. These results reinforce the need for further studies to optimize the use of essential oils in fish transport

The Effects of Nanoemulsion Film Coatings Containing Essential Oils on the Storage Quality of Sugar Beets (Beta vulgaris L.)

This study was carried out under controlled conditions to determine the effects of chitosan-based nanoemulsion film coating formulations, formed using different essential oils, on storage quality of sugar beet roots during storage period. In the study, roots of Conviso Smart (KWS) sugar beet variety were coated with nanoemulsion film formulations containing thyme (Thymus vulgaris), clove (Szygium aromaticum), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) essential oils doses of 250, 500 and 1000 ppm immediately after harvest. The roots were stored in plastic cases under controlled conditions (+ 8-10°C, 85-90% relative humidity) for 90 days. Weight loss in beet roots was determined at 30-day intervals from the start of the storage period, and at the end of the storage period, firmness, dry matter ratio, brix value, polar sugar, reducing sugar, alpha amino nitrogen and glycine betaine contents and fungal infection developments in beet roots were also evaluated. The film coating applications significantly affected postharvest weight and quality losses in sugar beet roots. The applications significantly reduced roots weight loss during storage compared to the control. Although the polar sugar ratios were higher in film coated roots compared to the control, alpha-amino nitrogen, glycine betaine, and reducing sugar contents showed significant decreases. White mold and green mold infections on the roots were significantly decreased, especially with high dose film coating applications. The highest dry matter ratio, brix values and firmness were obtained from film coatings containing 1000 ppm cinnamon and thyme essential oils. While polar sugar ratio was higher in root which film coated compared to the control, alpha amino nitrogen, glycine betaine and reducing sugar contents showed significant decreases. White mold and green mold infections developing on root showed significant decreases especially with film coating applications applied at high doses. The study concluded that coating sugar beet roots with nanoemulsion film formulations containing essential oils can significantly reduce, weight and quality losses, as well as fungal disease development, during the storage period.

Exploring the Antimicrobial Potential of Natural Substances and Their Applications in Cosmetic Formulations

The aim of this review is to analyze natural substances exhibiting antibacterial and antifungal activity against skin pathogens, along with their exemplary applications in cosmetic products. Growing concerns related to increasing infection rates and pathogen resistance have prompted the search for alternative therapeutic methods. This article discusses various natural products, derived from plants, animals, and minerals, with antimicrobial potential. Special attention is given to the antimicrobial efficacy of natural substances derived from Allium L., Salvia L., Lavandula L., Origanum L., Melaleuca alternifolia, Aloe vera, Black Cumin, and Trigonella L. in improving treatment outcomes, either alone or in combination with conventional medications. In addition, the presented natural products, such as propolis, honey, cosmetic mud, and clays, can serve as viable alternatives or complementary treatments for mild skin infections and may help prevent recurrence. The promising potential of these natural products encourages further research into discovering new antimicrobial agents. However, the lack of standardization of natural preparations can result in inconsistent therapeutic effects and unforeseen side effects. This review significantly contributes to the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries by emphasizing the potential of natural products and highlighting the need for further research and regulatory measures to ensure their safe and effective integration with existing therapies.

Effect of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) and Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) Essential Oils on the Oxidative and Microbial Stability of Chicken Fillets During Refrigerated Storage.

The current study investigated the impact of nutmeg essential oil (NEO) and tea tree essential oil (TTEO) on the preservation of raw chicken fillets during nine days of refrigerated storage study. The primary aim was to explore the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of these essential oils (EOs) and assess their ability to extend the shelf life of poultry meat. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was utilized to identify the chemical compositions of NEO and TTEO, revealing the presence of compounds like myristicin and terpenoids, known for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Antioxidant properties were evaluated using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, where both oils exhibited potent free radical scavenging abilities, with NEO showing higher efficacy than TTEO. The EOs showed their antimicrobial potential, exhibiting significant antibacterial activities against tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. Raw chicken fillets treated with either NEO or TTEO at 1% were analyzed for physico-chemical, microbiological, and sensory attributes. Results demonstrated that both NEO- and TTEO-treated samples maintained better microbiological qualities, with lower total viable counts and enhanced sensory attributes, such as color and odor, compared to the control samples. Furthermore, NEO and TTEO effectively delayed spoilage, extending the shelf life of chicken fillets by up to seven days. This study concludes that both the test's essential oils can be considered natural preservatives for enhancing the safety and quality of meat.

Unlocking the anti-cancer potential of phytocompounds from essential oils extracted from Cymbopogon martini, Melaleuca alternifolia, Rosmarinus officinalis and Boswellia serrate: in-silico docking and wet lab validation

Cymbopogon martini, Melaleuca alternifolia, Rosmarinus officinalis and Boswellia serrata are medicinal plants that include ingredients that have therapeutic and medicinal phytocompounds endowed with innumerable pharmacological and biological activities. These plants are widely known for producing herbal essential oils (EOs) that are used as traditional and complementary medicine to cure various ailments. This study aimed in-silico docking of major phytoconstituents against cancer associated cancer-related human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTORC2) proteins as relevant targets for cancer medication development followed by wet lab validation using in vitro approach. The hydro-distillation process was used to extract the EOs from plants. Subsequently, the most dominant compounds along with some minor compounds from all EOs were docked using computational study. Subsequently, an in-vitro confirmation study was conducted to ascertain each EO's potential for anticancer effects. The (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) MTT test measured the essential oil's anti-cancer effect on HeLa cell line. A study on EO’s antioxidant properties was also conducted. The pharmacokinetic characteristics were also established. Findings from the in-silico investigation indicated a strong docking of phytochemicals against HER2 and mTORC2 cancer cell targets. The ADMET prediction tool was utilized to estimate the in-silico pharmacokinetic and drug-like characteristics of the key compounds. The observed findings shown that all phytocompounds have drug like properties. Finally, during wet lab validation, EOs were shown to exhibit robust cytotoxicity against the HeLa cell line after 24 h incubation. Moreover, EOs possess potent antioxidant properties observed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid (ABTS), Hydroxyl Radical scavenging and Iron Chelating Assays. These foremost findings may help in the development of novel anti-proliferative treatment drugs. Therefore, more research is necessary to establish the in vivo anticancer properties of this species of Cymbopogon martinii, Melaleuca alternifolia, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Boswellia serrata in cancer cells as well as to investigate the molecular processes behind their anticancer activities.