Medium Modifications Research Articles

ϕ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\phi $$\\end{document} meson mass and decay width in magnetized strange hadronic matter

We investigate the medium modifications in mass and decay width of ϕ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\phi $$\\end{document} meson in the presence of an external magnetic field. The in-medium mass of ϕ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\phi $$\\end{document} meson has been calculated using the decay process ϕ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\phi $$\\end{document}→\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\rightarrow $$\\end{document}KK¯\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$K {\\bar{K}}$$\\end{document} at one-loop level. The medium modifications are introduced by using a chiral SU(3) model employing a mean-field effective approach. Due to the introduction of the magnetic field, masses of charged K+\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$K^+$$\\end{document} and K-\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$K^-$$\\end{document} increases with advancing magnetic field values. A negligible change in the value of neutral K0\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$K^0$$\\end{document} and K¯0\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\bar{K}}^0$$\\end{document} has been observed for varying magnetic fields. Due to electromagnetic interactions with charged K and K¯\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\bar{K}}$$\\end{document} mesons, there is a gradual augmentation in the effective mass of ϕ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\phi $$\\end{document} meson. The probability of the mentioned decay process ceases to be zero for low density and strangeness fraction values at higher magnetic field values. Investigating the decay width and effective mass of ϕ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\phi $$\\end{document} meson under the influence of an external magnetic field is relevant to understanding the hadronic matter properties under extreme conditions achievable at heavy-ion collision experiments.

Formation of cell spheroids using Standing Surface Acoustic Wave (SSAW).

3D bioprinting becomes one of the popular approaches in the tissue engineering. In this emerging application, bioink is crucial for fabrication and functionality of constructed tissue. The use of cell spheroids as bioink can enhance the cell-cell interaction and subsequently the growth and differentiation of cells in the 3D printed construct with the minimum amount of other biomaterials. However, the conventional methods of preparing the cell spheroids have several limitations, such as long culture time, low-throughput, and medium modification. In this study, the formation of cell spheroids by SSAW was evaluated both numerically and experimentally in order to overcome the aforementioned limitations. The effects of excitation frequencies on the cell accumulation time, diameter of the formed cell spheroids, and subsequently, the growth and viability of cell spheroids in the culture medium over time were studied. Using the high-frequency (23.8 MHz) excitation, cell accumulation time to the pressure nodes could be reduced in comparison to that of the low-frequency (10.4 MHz) excitation, but in a smaller spheroid size. SSAW excitation at both frequencies does not affect the cell viability up to 7 days, > 90% with no statistical difference compared with the control group. In summary, SSAW can effectively prepare the cell spheroids as bioink for the future 3D bioprinting and various biotechnology applications (e.g., pharmaceutical drug screening and tissue engineering).

Nuclear medium meson structures from the Schwinger proper-time Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model

In this paper, we report the results of our study on the nuclear medium modifications of the meson electromagnetic form factors in the framework of the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model with the help of the Schwinger proper-time regularization scheme to tame the loop divergence and simulate the effect of QCD confinement. In our current approach, the meson structure and nuclear medium are constructed in the same Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model at the quark level. We examine the free-space and in-medium charge radii of kaon and pion, the spacelike elastic electromagnetic form factors of kaon and pion, and their quark-sector form factors, which reflect their internal structures. By comparing our result to experimental data, we found that the free-space elastic electromagnetic form factors of the mesons are consistent with the data, while the in-medium elastic electromagnetic form factors of the mesons are found to decrease as the nuclear matter density increases, leading to a rise of meson charge radius, which is consistent with the prediction of other theoretical calculations. We also predict the axial nucleon coupling constant gA in nuclear medium computed via the Goldberger-Treiman relation, which is crucial for searching the neutrinoless double beta decay (0νββ). Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Charmonium production in hot magnetized hyperonic matter: Effects of the baryonic Dirac sea and pseudoscalar-vector mixing

We investigate the medium modifications of the masses of pseudoscalar open charm (D and D¯) mesons and the charmonium state [ψ(3770)] in hot isospin asymmetric strange hadronic medium in the presence of an external magnetic field within a chiral effective model. The in-medium partial decay widths of ψ(3770) to charged and neutral DD¯ mesons are computed from the medium modifications of the masses of the initial and final state mesons. These are computed using two light quark pair creation models—(I) the P03 model and (II) a field theoretical (FT) model of composite hadrons with quark (and antiquark) constituents. The production cross sections of ψ(3770), arising from scattering of the D and D¯ mesons, are computed from the relativistic Breit-Wigner spectral function expressed in terms of the in-medium masses and the decay widths of the charmonium state. The effects of the magnetic field are considered due to the Dirac sea (DS) of the baryons, the mixing of the pseudoscalar (S=0) and vector (S=1) meson (PV mixing), the Landau level contributions for the charged hadrons. The anomalous magnetic moments (AMMs) of the baryons are also taken into account in the present study. For magnetized nuclear matter, at ρB=ρ0, the effect of Dirac sea leads to inverse magnetic catalysis (IMC), which is drop of the magnitude of the light quark condensates (proportional to the scalar fields) with increase in the magnetic field, contrary to the opposite effect of magnetic catalysis (MC) at ρB=0. The inclusion of hyperons to the nuclear medium is observed to lead to magnetic catalysis. There are observed to be significant effects from the DS and PV mixing on the properties of the charm mesons. The production cross sections of ψ(3770) arising due to scattering of D+D−(D0D¯0) mesons in the hot magnetized strange hadronic matter are observed to have distinct peak positions, when the magnetic field is large. This is because the production cross sections have contributions from the transverse as well as longitudinal components of ψ(3770), which have nondegenerate masses due to PV [ψ(3770)−ηc′] mixing. These can have observable consequences on the dilepton spectra as well as on the production of the charm mesons in ultrarelativistic peripheral heavy ion collision experiments, where the produced magnetic field is huge. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Asymmetric jet shapes with two-dimensional jet tomography

Two-dimensional (2D) jet tomography is a promising tool to study jet medium modification in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. It combines gradient (transverse) and longitudinal jet tomography for selection of events with localized initial jet production positions. It exploits the transverse asymmetry and energy loss that depend, respectively, on the transverse gradient and jet path length inside the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). In this study, we employ 2D jet tomography to study medium modification of the jet shape of γ-triggered jets within the linear Boltzmann transport (LBT) model for jet propagation in heavy-ion collisions. Our results show that jets with small transverse asymmetry (ANn⃗) or small γ-jet asymmetry (xJγ=pTjet/pTγ) exhibit a broader jet shape than those with larger ANn⃗ or xJγ, since the former are produced at the center and go through longer path lengths while the later are off center and close to the surface of the QGP fireball. In events with finite values of ANn⃗, jet shapes are asymmetric with respect to the event plane. Hard partons at the core of the jet are deflected away from the denser region while soft partons from the medium response at large angles flow toward the denser part of QGP. Future experimental measurements of these asymmetric features of the jet shape can be used to study the transport properties of jets and medium responses. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

General-relativistic Radiation Transport Scheme in Gmunu. II. Implementation of Novel Microphysical Library for Neutrino Radiation—Weakhub

We introduce Weakhub, a novel neutrino microphysics library that provides opacities and kernels beyond conventional interactions used in the literature. This library includes neutrino–matter, neutrino–neutrino interactions and plasma process, along with corresponding weak and strong corrections. A full kinematics approach is adopted for the calculations of β-processes, incorporating various weak corrections and medium modifications due to the nuclear equation of state. Calculations of plasma processes, electron neutrino–antineutrino annihilation, and nuclear de-excitation are also included. We also present the detailed derivations of weak interactions and the coupling to the two-moment based general-relativistic multigroup radiation transport in the general-relativistic multigrid numerical (Gmunu) code. We compare the neutrino opacity spectra for all interactions and estimate their contributions at hydrodynamical points in core-collapse supernovae and binary neutron star (BNS) postmerger remnants, and predict the effects of improved opacities in comparison to conventional ones for a BNS postmerger at a specific hydrodynamical point. We test the implementation of the conventional set of interactions by comparing it to an open-source neutrino library NuLib in a core-collapse supernova simulation. We demonstrate good agreement with discrepancies of less than ∼10% in luminosity for all neutrino species, while also highlighting the reasons contributing to the differences. To compare the advanced interactions to the conventional set in core-collapse supernova modeling, we perform simulations to analyze their impacts on neutrino signatures, hydrodynamical behaviors, and shock dynamics, showing significant deviations.

Heavy quark diffusion and radiation at intermediate momentum

Heavy quark diffusion and radiation are discussed in an intermediate-momentum regime where finite mass effects can be significant. Diffusion processes are described in the Fokker-Planck approximation for soft momentum transfer, while radiative ones are taken into account by nearly collinear gluon emission from a single scattering in the Boltzmann equation. There are also radiative corrections to the transverse momentum diffusion coefficient, which are O(g2) suppressed more than the leading-order diffusion coefficient but logarithmically enhanced. Numerical results show that the heavy quark distribution function depends on the energy loss mechanism so that the medium modifications by diffusion and radiation are distinguishable. The nuclear modification factor is estimated by employing the heavy quark diffusion coefficient which is constrained by lattice quantum chromodynamics data. The suppression factor exhibits a transition from diffusion at low momentum to radiation at high momentum. The significance of the radiative effects at intermediate momentum depends on the diffusion coefficient and the running coupling constant. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Improvement of Plasmid Volumetric Yield by Addition of Glycerol and Phosphate Buffer in Escherichia coli TOP10 Batch Culture

The investigation of mRNA development has gained substantial interest, particularly in the ex vivo and in vivo therapy. mRNA is widely used for the development of gene editing-based therapies and mRNA vaccines. The aim of this study was to optimize the medium and harvest time to increase plasmid DNA production as part of mRNA production. This study modified used a medium modification approach to achieve high density culture of Escherichia coli TOP10 pGEMT-N in batch cultivation method. Various media formulations were assessed, including LB; LB with phosphate buffer (K2HPO4 12.549 g/L and KH2PO4 2.31 g/L); LB with glycerol (50 g/L); LB with glycerol and phosphate buffer; LB with phosphate buffer, glycerol, glucose (15 g/L), and galactose (15 g/L). The effect of additional carbon sources and phosphate buffer on culture density was measured through OD600 and wet cell weight analysis. The highest OD600 and wet cell weight was observed when LB with glycerol and phosphate buffer was used, with OD600 of 4.78±0.14 and wet cell weight of 36.00±0.63 mg/ml. Plasmid DNA was subsequently isolated from these cultures following 5- and 7.5-hour incubation periods. The utilization of LB medium with glycerol and phosphate buffer resulted in a substantial increase in the volumetric concentration of plasmid DNA of 1,516.97±385.00 ng/ml after 5 hours of incubation. In conclusion, a remarkable enhancement in plasmid DNA volumetric yield within 5 hours was achieved by addition of glycerol and phosphate buffer to LB medium, leading to incubation period.

Influence of medium modifications (optimization) on high nematicidal activity of the fermentation broth of Clostridium beijerinckii.

Introduction: The nematode species Meloidogyne incognita has been responsible for significant financial losses within the agricultural sector. Nematophagous bacteria, characterised by their extensive distribution and broad spectrum of hosts, exhibit remarkable efficacy as natural antagonists against nematodes. Sneb518 (Clostridium beijerinckii) fermentation broth displayed substantial biocontrol activity against M. incognita in previous research. Optimizing fermentation conditions is a fundamental technique for dramatically enhancing end product performance. There has been no such study conducted yet on enhancing the nematicidal activities of Sneb518 (Clostridium beijerinckii) fermentation using response surface methodology (RSM). Methods: The influence of strain Sneb518 fermentation media and conditions on nematicidal activity was examined using the three-factor technique and a Plackett-Burman design, and the interaction between various fermentation factors was examined using a Box-Behnken design. The present study employed response surface methodology (RSM) to examine and enhance the nematicidal activity of Sneb518 culture filtrates by identifying and optimising the influential components. Results: Glucose, peanut cake flour, and potassium chloride as carbon, nitrogen, and inorganic salts displayed considerably increased nematicidal potential in the present study. Furthermore, the corrected mortality of J2 ranged from 52.24% to 91.15% when utilizing the Box-Behnken design. These findings clearly support the application of RSM for medium optimization. Moreover, the outcomes of the validation experiment corresponded to the model predictions. Discussion: This research has enhanced the biocontrol ability of C. beijerinckii to control M. incognita and this research has led to the advancement of new biocontrol agents.

Increasing the production of insulin glargine in Pichia pastoris through medium modification

Increasing the production of insulin glargine in <i>Pichia pastoris</i> through medium modification

Medium modification for the growth of Rhizopus oligosporus and Acetobacter xylinum as starter cultures in the production of biofoam, environmentally friendly packaging

Acetobacter xylinum was injected to reduce the porosity value and water absorption of biofoam which was made using bagasse and Rhizopus oligosporus. However, data interpretation of the total counts of both microbes could be misleading. Therefore, the aim of this research was to create a specific medium for the growth of both microbes. The research was conducted in three stages. In the first stage, soybean flour was added into bagasse to produce depithed bagasse at different ratios (1:1 and 1:1.5) for use in the growth of Rhizopus oligosporus. In the second stage, urea and bean sprouts extract were used to grow Acetobacter xylinum. Finally, modified media was used to grow both starters. The results showed that the total plate counts of Rhizopus oligosporus on bagasse medium was quite similar with the depithed bagasse ranging from 4.58 to 4.87 log cfu/gram. The addition of bean sprouts extract had an absorbance yield of 0.162 while the addition of urea had an absorbance value of 0.085. Therefore, bagasse and soybean flour (in the ratio of 1:1.5) and bean sprouts extract are recommended to grow both starters because of the efficiency process and the highest absorbance yield.

On trajectory control of magnetized spherical solids driven by magnetic force through soft medium

Manipulation of untethered millimeter-sized devices (bots) inside the human body has many medical applications. Most of the prior work focused on movement of such bots inside fluids, usually at low Reynolds numbers. Yet, many medical procedures are performed within soft tissues. Bot translation in soft materials differs dramatically from their motion in fluid. This paper focuses on trajectory control of small, untethered spheres driven magnetically in soft media commonly used to simulate tissues. While spherical bot shapes offer the advantage of potentially rapid change in the direction of motion, the main challenge in controlling trajectories through soft materials is their nonlinear and history dependent response forces associated with irreversible medium modification. This paper introduces control modules for manipulating spherical bots in soft media along elementary trajectories of circular and straight segments, from which more general trajectories may be assembled. The proposed control is based on a phenomenological model of soft media response forces. Numerical implementation of the proposed trajectory control along circular trajectories is shown to compare well with the results of experimental tests indicating that the accuracy on the order of the bot radius is readily achievable for trajectories whose radii of curvature is on the order of 10 bot radii.

Stabilizing Metal Halide Perovskites for Solar Fuel Production: Challenges, Solutions, and Future Prospects.

Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) are emerging photocatalyst materials that can enable sustainable solar-to-chemical energy conversion by virtue of their broad absorption spectra, effective separation/transport of photogenerated carriers, and solution processability. Although preliminary studies show the excellent photocatalytic activities of MHPs, their intrinsic structural instability due to the low formation energy and soft ionic nature is an open challenge for their practical applications. This review discusses the latest understanding of the stability issue and strategies to overcome this issue for MHP-based photocatalysis. First, the origin of the instability issue at atomic levels and the design rules for robust structures are analyzed and elucidated. This is then followed by presenting several different material design strategies for stability enhancement, including reaction medium modification, material surface protection, structural dimensionality engineering, and chemical composition engineering. Emphases are placed on understanding the effects of these strategies on photocatalytic stability as well as the possible structure-performance correlation. Finally, the possible future research directions for pursuing stable and efficient MHP photocatalysts in order to accelerate their technological maturity on a practical scale are outlined. With that, it is hoped to provide readers a valuable snapshot of this rapidly developing and exciting field.

Accumulation of Liquid Byproducts in an Electrolyte as a Critical Factor That Compromises Long-Term Functionality of CO2-to-C2H4 Electrolysis.

Electrochemical conversion of CO2 using Cu-based gas diffusion electrodes opens the way to green chemical production as an alternative to thermocatalytic processes and a storage solution for intermittent renewable electricity. However, diverse challenges, including short lifetimes, currently inhibit their industrial usage. Among well-studied determinants such as catalyst characteristics and electrode architecture, possible effects of byproduct accumulation in the electrolyte as an operational factor have not been elucidated. This work quantifies the influence of ethanol, n-propanol, and formate accumulation on selectivity, stability, and cell potential in a CO2-to-C2H4 electrolyzer. Alcohols accelerated flooding by degrading the hydrophobic electrode characteristics, undermining selective and stable ethylene formation. Furthermore, high alcohol concentrations triggered the catalyst layer's abrasion and structural disfigurements in the Nafion 117 membrane, leading to high cell potentials. Therefore, continuous removal of alcohols from the electrolyte medium or substantial modifications in the cell components must be considered to ensure long-term performing CO2-to-C2H4 electrolyzers.

Preconditioning Concepts for the Therapeutic Use of Extracellular Vesicles Against Stroke.

Various preclinical stroke models have demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of extracellular vesicles (EVs) obtained from several types of cells, including neurons, astrocytes, microglia, neuronal progenitor cells, bone marrow stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells. EVs interfere with key mechanisms in stroke pathophysiology such as cell death, neuroinflammation, autophagy, and angiogenesis. The mode of action and efficacy depend on the specific EV content, including miRNAs, proteins, and lipids, which can be modified through (I) bioengineering methods, (II) choice of source cells, and (III) modification of the source cell environment. Indeed, modifying the environment by preconditioning the EV-secreting cells with oxygen-glucose deprivation or medium modification revealed superior neuroprotective effects in stroke models. Although the concept of preconditioned EVs is relatively novel, it holds promise for the future treatment of ischemic stroke. Here, we give a brief overview about the main mechanisms of EV-induced neuroprotection and discuss the current status of preconditioning concepts for EV-treatment of ischemic stroke.

Medium Response and Jet–Hadron Correlations in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions

The study of high-energy heavy-ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the Large Hadron Collider has evolved from a qualitative understanding to the precise extraction of the properties of the quantum chromodynamics medium at extremely high temperatures. Jet quenching has offered unique insights into the transport properties of the quark–gluon plasma (QGP) created in these energetic collisions. Apart from medium modification of jets, jet-induced medium excitation constitutes another crucial aspect of jet–QGP interaction and is indispensable in understanding the soft components of jets. We review recent theoretical and phenomenological developments regarding medium response to jet energy loss, including an overview of both weakly and strongly coupled approaches for describing the thermalization and propagation of energy deposition from jets, effects of medium response on jet observables, and exploration of its unique signatures in jet–hadron correlations. Jet-induced medium excitation is shown to be an essential component in probing the in-medium dynamics of jets and a critical step toward precise extraction of the QGP properties.

Search for jet quenching effects on the plain jet mass in Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC with a multiphase transport model

The plain jet mass distributions of reconstructed jets are investigated in p+p and 0–10 $$\%$$ most central Pb+Pb collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{\textrm{NN}}} = 2.76~\textrm{TeV}$$ using a dynamical multiphase transport model with a string melting mechanism. It is observed that the mean charged jet mass increases with increasing jet transverse momentum and jet radius in central Pb+Pb collisions. It is demonstrated that the plain jet mass of reconstructed partonic jet is shifted to a higher value after the evolution of partonic stage due to jet quenching in central Pb+Pb collisions. However, the jet mass shift effect is strongly weakened by non-perturbative effects from hadronization and hadronic rescatterings. This makes it difficult to observe significant hot medium modification effects on the plain jet mass distribution in the final state of relativistic heavy-ion collisions.

Comparing the martini and cujet models for jet quenching: Medium modification of jets and jet substructure

Jets produced by the initial hard scattering in heavy ion collision events lose energy due to interactions with the color-deconfined medium formed around them: The quark-gluon plasma (QGP). Jet-medium interactions constitute an important theoretical and experimental field for studies of QGP, and various models with different assumptions have been proposed to describe them. A fair and direct comparison of these models requires that all other aspects of the simulation be fixed, which is achieved in this work by relying on the jetscape framework. We employ jetscape to directly and comprehensively compare two successful energy loss models: cujet and martini. We compare the models with the results of measurements of jet spectra and substructure observables. With the strong coupling tuned separately, we find that the two models broadly agree with each other in nuclear modification factors for charged hadrons and jets with cone size $R=0.4$. Systematic differences are reported in fragmentation functions, jet shape, and cone-size dependent jet ${R}_{AA}$.

Z 0 boson associated b-jet production in high-energy nuclear collisions* *Supported by the Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research (2020B0301030008), the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou (2019050001), and the NSFC of China (11935007, 12035007, 12247127). S. Wang is supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2021M701279)

The production of vector boson tagged heavy quark jets potentially provides new tools to probe the jet quenching effect. In this paper, we present the first theoretical study on the angular correlations (), transverse momentum imbalance (), and nuclear modification factor () of boson tagged b-jets in heavy-ion collisions, which was performed using a Monte Carlo transport model. We find that the medium modification of the for + b-jet has a weaker dependence on than that for + jet, and the modification patterns are sensitive to the initial jet distribution. Additionally, with the high purity of the quark jet in + (b-) jet production, we calculate the momentum imbalance and the nuclear modification factor of + b-jet in Pb+Pb collisions. We observe a smaller and larger of + b-jet in Pb+Pb collisions relative to those of + jet, which may be an indication of the mass effect of jet quenching and can be tested in future measurements.

Jet Radius and Momentum Splitting Fraction with Dynamical Grooming in Heavy-Ion Collisions

We investigate the medium modifications of momentum splitting fraction and groomed jet radius with both dynamical grooming and soft drop algorithms in heavy-ion collisions. In the calculation, the partonic spectrum of initial hard scattering in p+p collisions is provided by the event generator PYTHIA8, and the energy loss of fast parton traversing in a hot/dense quantum-chromodynamic medium is simulated with the linear Boltzmann transport model. We predict the normalized distributions of the groomed jet radius θ g and momentum splitting fraction z g with the dynamical grooming algorithm in Pb+Pb collisions at = 5.02 TeV, then compare these quantities in dynamical grooming at a = 0.1, with that in soft drop at z cut = 0.1 and β = 0. It is found that the normalized distribution ratios Pb+Pb/p+p with respect to z g in z cut = 0.1, β = 0 soft drop case are close to unity, those in a = 0.1 dynamical grooming case show enhancement at small z g, and Pb+Pb/p+p with respect to θ g in the dynamical grooming case demonstrate weaker modification than those in the soft drop counterparts. We further calculate the groomed jet number averaged momentum splitting fraction 〈z g〉jets and averaged groomed jet radius 〈θ g〉jets in p+p and A+A for both grooming cases in three intervals, and find that the originally generated well balanced groomed jets will become more momentum imbalanced and jet size less narrowed due to jet quenching, and weaker medium modification of z g and θ g in the a = 0.1 dynamical grooming case than in the soft drop counterparts.