Diversity Of Medicinal Plants Research Articles

Bayesian approach and Imprecise Dirichlet Model for the selection of (underused/overused) medicinal plants in the Guinean zone of Togo

Identifying priority medicinal plants at the local level is crucial for the improvement of integrative and strong conservation solutions around these resources. This study was carried out to determine underused and overused botanical families, and, analyse the correlation between botanical families, used plant parts, and categories of treated diseases in the Guinean zone of Togo. Ethnobotanical field surveys conducted via semi-structured interviews (individuals/focus groups) among traditional healers and medicinal plant sellers helped to identify the rich diversity of medicinal plants used in the Guinean zone. Bayesian statistics and the Imprecise Dirichlet Model (IDM) were used to detect botanical families' level of use (under/overused). A matrix analysis via phylogeny coupled with a cladogram was carried out to highlight the preferences of users in plant parts and botanical families in the treatment of diseases. It appears that 12.43% of the local flora in the Guinean zone of Togo is used in traditional medicine. The most treated diseases with a high plant diversity are general and unspecified categories of diseases (228 plants), followed by cardiovascular diseases (133 plants). Both Bayesian and IDM approaches show that the most overused families are Amaranthaceae, followed by Combretaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Meliaceae, Myrtaceae, and Rutaceae. The underused families are Cyperaceae, Orchidaceae, and Poaceae. The leaves and roots are the plant parts in high demand for the preparation of medicinal drugs. The presence of chemical groups such as phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponosides, coumarins, and alkaloids would justify the choice of a botanical family or specific plant parts for the treatment of a category of diseases. It is necessary to develop conservation strategies for overused plant families to ensure sustainability for future generations.

Plantas medicinais utilizadas nos distúrbios do trato gastrointestinal pela comunidade acadêmica do Campus CECITEC-Tauá, Ceará

Medicinal plants are used by a large part of the world's population as an alternative medicinal resource for the treatment of various diseases, since in many communities, they represent a more accessible resource in relation to allopathic medicines. There is a great diversity of medicinal plants that are used by people to combat diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, which justifies the present work. The objective of the study was to evaluate the ethnonknowledge of the Academic Community of CECITEC on the use of medicinal plants used in gastrointestinal tract disorders. The survey was conducted in 2019 through an interview using a structured questionnaire, the data obtained were transformed into tables and graphs to better elucidate them. The choice of participants was made randomly where they signed a Free and Informed Consent Form (ICF) of participation. The research consisted of 72 students. 32 varieties of plants used to prevent and combat infections common to the gastrointestinal tract were cited. The most cited plants were: Boldo (Peumus boldus Molina) with 29, 6% and macela (Egletes viscosa (L.) Less) with 17%. The most commonly used parts were leaves and seeds in the form of tea. It was concluded that CECITEC students have a vast knowledge about the use of medicinal plants.

The Ethnobotanical Significance of Allium stracheyi in Uttarakhand: From Tradition to Conservation

High-altitude ecosystems are considered to be hotspots of medicinal plant diversity. The government has declared Uttarakhand as herbal state due to the highest diversity of medicinal plant species. Allium stracheyi belonging to the family Alliaceae and locally known as Jamboo or Faran has been practiced by the Bhotiya communities of Niti and Milam valleys since the past several years. It was originally brought from Tibet decades ago. Traditionally, the plant has been known for its uses as spices, pickles and medicines for jaundice, cold, cough, wound healing and other stomach problems. Besides, it is used as a traditional vegetable. The plant is in endangered status and has been included in the Red Data Book of Indian plants due to its indiscriminate collection and resulting threat to its existence. The present study aimed to provide a general review of the Allium stracheyi on its ethnopharmacological uses, climatic distribution and Habitat, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, threat and conservation status, cultivation practices, future perspectives and its commercialization.

The Use of Medicinal Plants and Its Implication on Plants Conservation: The Case of West Usambara, Tanzania

In recent decades, medicinal plants have been overused. The failure of some modern medicines, an increase in degenerative diseases and the trading of medicinal plants are among the factors that have triggered such overutilization. This study was carried out in West Usambara Mountains, in Tanzania, to investigate the effects of medicinal plant harvesting on plants conservation. We collected ethnobotanical data from 160 respondents. Interviews and field observation were the main data collection methods. SPSS Version 25 was used to analyse the collected data to understand the knowledge on the parts of medicinal plant used, the preparation of medicines from plants, amount harvested, and the effects of harvested herbs on plants conservation. Information obtained from key informants was analysed through thematic analysis. The study revealed that some medicinal plant species such as Omphalogonus calophyllus and Aloe spp. were being unsustainably harvested. Furthermore, the change from cultural ways of using medicinal plants to commercial purposes was found to be threatening plant species in the area. The study concludes that West Usambara is a rich region of diverse medicinal plants and traditional healthcare knowledge. However, the change from the culture of using medicinal plants for domestic use only to commercial use is threatening the existence of medicinal plants. Hence, it signals the need for serious efforts to be made to create public awareness; initiate and establish laws so that appropriate measures are taken to conserve medicinal plants in the fragile natural ecosystem of the West Usambara Mountains.

Diversity of the medicinal plant in homegarden of local communities in the coastal area of Prigi Bay, Trenggalek, East Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Agustina N, Hutauruk TJW, Sulistyaningrum N, Yudhanto SM, Liza N, Kusumaningrum L, Sugiyarto, Yasa A, Saensouk S, Naim DMD, Setyawan AD. 2022. Diversity of the medicinal plant in homegarden of local communities in the coastal area of Prigi Bay, Trenggalek, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 6302-6312. Homegarden is a part of the agroforestry system that is essential in a food security program. It also reflects the social and traditional practices in certain areas that define the composition of plants. One common plant that grows in a homegarden area is herbal medicine. The knowledge about medicinal plants in society is essential to ensure the sustainability of this local wisdom to be passed through the subsequent generations. This research aimed to examine the diversity of medicinal plants planted in homegarden in Tasikmadu, Prigi, and Karanggandu Villages, Watulimo Sub-district, East Java, Indonesia. The research used a field survey of plant inventory and a semi-structured interview to gather ethnobotanical information. A total of 60 respondents were obtained by purposive sampling, with residents with homegardens preferred to be interviewed. The discussion results showed that 32 families of 59 medicinal plant species found in the study areas are consumed for medicinal purposes. Zingiberaceae is referred to as the highest family consumed by the respondents. Leaves and rhizomes are the most commonly utilized part, while decoction is the most popular preparation method. This study revealed that people aged 46-55 have the highest knowledge of medicinal plants. At the same time, women are considered to know more about herbal medicine compared to men.

Diversity and Distribution of Medicinal Plants along Altitudinal Gradient in Temperate Himalayan Ecosystem

The present study was carried out to determine the floristic diversity and their distribution in Bangus valley of Langate Forest Division, District Kupwara (J&K) India. The aim of this study was to evaluate the distinction in diversity of medicinal plants at varying altitudes based on the onsite vegetation analysis. Hence, the phytosociological study was conducted to assess the floristic diversity of the region and the discussions were held with local people to ascertain the socio-economic importance of the plant diversity. The study reveals that majority of the medicinal plant species are mainly distributed between 2900 to 3200 meters altitude from this relatively unexplored valley. In all the sampled sites, around 51 plant species belonging to 24 families were recorded, among which 2 were tree, 3 shrub and 46 herb species. The tree vegetation was found to be dominated by Abies pindrow whereas Pinus wallichiana has very rare distribution in all the sampled sites. The shrub vegetation was dominated by Viburnum grandiflorum followed by Rosa brunonii and Berberis lycium respectively. In addition, around 80 plant species were reported to be used in different systems of traditional medicine. Therefore, the study provided first comprehensive baseline information on the distribution, diversity and use of plants in different traditional systems of medicine in Bangus valley of Kashmir. This baseline study can be effective for framing various conservation strategies of medicinal plants.

Edge Effects on Vegetation Structure and Resource Use Pattern at Two Community Forests of Surkhet, Nepal

This study assessed the forest structure and regeneration at the edge and core parts of two community forests, Ram Janaki and Furkesalli of Surkhet district, Western Nepal, and the forest resources use pattern. Different blocks designated by community forest user groups were considered to designate edge and core strata for stratified random sampling. For vegetation analysis and regeneration of tree 15 circular plots (n = 60) of 10m radii; for shrubs 5m radius subplot and for herbs three 1 m radii subplots within the 10 m radii circular plots were considered. Semi-structured questionnaire approach was employed for the collection of ethnobotanical data. Based on importance value index dominant herbs were Ageratum haustoniaum in edge and Heteropogon contortus core part; dominant shrub were Phoenix acaulis in both community forests (RCF and FCF); and Shorea robusta was dominant tree at edge forest of both RCF and FCF whereas Lagerstroemia parviflora was dominant at FCF coreforest. The species diversity was recorded higher in core parts in both forests. The forests are rich in the diversity of medicinal plants with 26 species under 25 genera and 23 families of which root parts were mostly used as ethnomedicine and mostly for gastrointestinal disorder. Besides medicines, firewood, fodder, fruits, vegetable, timber and bedding material were the other uses of forest resources.

Diversity, distribution, and sustainability of traditional medicinal plants in Kaski district, western Nepal.

Medicinal plants are the primary source of traditional healthcare systems in many rural areas mostly in developing countries. This study aimed to document and analyze the diversity, distribution, and sustainability of the traditional medicinal plants used by the Gurung people of the Sikles region in western Nepal. Ethnobotanical data were collected through focus group discussions and individual interviews, and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Prior informed consent was obtained before each interview. Quantitative ethnobotanical indices such as informant consensus factor, relative frequency of citation, and use values were also calculated. A possible association among these indices was tested using correlation analysis. A total of 115 wild medicinal plant species belonging to 106 genera and 71 families were documented. Asteraceae and Rosaceae were the dominant families whereas herbs were the most dominant life form. Roots were the most used plant part, paste was the most common method of preparation, and most of the medical formulations were taken orally. The highest number of medicinal plants were used to treat stomach disorders. The average informant consensus value of 0.79 indicates a high consensus among respondents in selecting medicinal plants. Lindera neesiana, Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora, Paris polyphylla, and Bergenia ciliata were found to be high-ranking medicinal plants based on the relative frequency of citation and use value. The genders did not affect medicinal plants' knowledge but age had a significant correlation. Most of the informants agreed that medicinal plants are under pressure due to overharvesting and a lack of proper forest management practices. The number of medicinal plants reported from the study area indicates that the Gurung people possess rich traditional knowledge, and the vegetation of the Sikles region constitutes rich diversity of medicinal plants.

Etnobotany of Traditional Medicine Plants in the Wawo District, Bima Regency in 2022

Ethnobotany is the study of the traditional use of various kinds of plants by rural communities. Ethnobotany has a very important role to understand the relationship between people and plants. This study aims to determine the number of species medicinal plants and how to use traditional medicinal plants in Wawo distrrict, Bima Regency. This research is descriptive exploratory. Data collection techniques by means of interviews, observation, documentation, and experience. Determining the initial information in this study was carried out by purposive sampling method continued with the snowball sampling method until the data was saturated. Data analysis uses qualitative and quantitative analysis. We documented 83 species belonging to 37 families. The most abundant families are Zingiberaceae (13 species), and Fabaceae (6 species). There are 8 ways to use it, namely that is, by drinking without boiling (18%), boiled before drinking (40%), smeared (20%), dripped (5%), rubbed (8%), blown (3%), gargle (3%), sprayed (3%), the method of utilizing medicinal plants which is most often used by the people of In the Wawo district by boiling before drinking with the highest percentage, which is 40%. The percentages of medicinal plant diversity based on habitus were 55% trees, 6% lianas, 12% small trees, and 25% herbs. There is a need for written documentation regarding knowledge about the use of medicinal plants in In the Wawo Disrict and can be passed on to the younger generation, as well as the need for bioactive research so that traditional use by the community can be scientifically proven.

Diversity of medicinal plants and their therapeutic usages of Kachin people (Jinghpaw) in the central part of Kachin State, Myanmar

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe traditional medical system plays a major role in healthcare in Kachin State, Myanmar, where long-term political instability persists and conventional healthcare facilities are inadequate. A knowledge of the traditional medicinal plants therefore benefits the Kachin people, yet documentation and records of the uses of these plants are rare. In this study, we attempt to answer the questions on what medicinal plants and how they are used by the Kachin people. Aim of the studyWe aimed to document knowledge of the traditional medicinal plants and to identify those most frequently used by the Kachin people. Materials and methodsEighty-two informants from eight villages in three townships were interviewed, and their knowledge of medicinal plants was recorded. The reported ailments were classified to the standard categories of the International Classification of Primary Care-2 (ICPC-2) system. Use reports (UR) were employed to evaluate the knowledge consensus of the informants. ResultsWe recorded a total of 117 species used as medicinal plants, of which 22 are newly recorded medicinal plant species for Myanmar. The plants belonged to 103 genera in 52 families, and were used to treat a total of 72 ailments from 17 ICPC-2 disease categories. Fabaceae and Lamiaceae were the most highly represented families of medicinal plants, with eleven and eight species used, respectively. The most cited species based on URs were Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. & Thomson (URs = 39), Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz (URs = 28), Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. (URs = 26), Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. (URs = 24), and Chloranthus elatior Link. (URs = 22). Digestive system disorder was the most prevalent disease category, and was treated with 47 different medicinal plants (URs = 142). Leaves were the most commonly used plant part; decoction was the dominant method of preparation; and oral consumption was the most frequent method of administration. ConclusionOur study documented a list of 117 medicinal plants and their uses in traditional medicine based on the local knowledge of the Kachin people. The study also identified the five most frequently cited species and found that the plants investigated are used to treat a total of 72 diseases. The 642 therapeutic reports we collected showcase a rich and diverse living knowledge of medicinal plant use by the Kachin people. Moreover, we present 22 new medicinal records, enriching the list of known medicinal plants in Myanmar. This exploratory study has enabled us to assemble the local knowledge of the Kachin people into solid dataset that will allow further scientific validation and will potentially contribute to better integration of medicinal plants into the healthcare provision for Kachin people in Myanmar.

Ethnobotany and traditional medicine in the Pamir

The article describes diversity of medicinal plants of the Pamir and their use in traditional medicine for the treatment of bone diseases - rheumatoid arthritis, arthrosis, radiculitis, bone fracture and others. Mainly, degenerative processes, cartilage tissue destruction or inflammation lead to these health issues. The research shows that more than 20 medicinal plants of the Pamir are widely used in ethno medicine as therapeutic agents for the above mentioned problems. Such plants like Chenopodium rubrum, Berberis iliensis, Equisetum arvense, Nepeta glutinosa, Artemisia sieversianus etc, some of which widely distributed in the Pamir, contain bioactive components that helpful for bone diseases. The eth-nobotanical studies helped us to show the value of these plants in traditional medicine of the Pamir. Based on the results, we recommend the plants for the further pharmacognostic and pharmacologic research as source of therapeutic agents and identification their potential for future use in medicine.

Bioactive Components and Health Potential of Endophytic Micro-Fungal Diversity in Medicinal Plants.

The endophytic fungi that reside inside medicinal plants have the potential to produce various pharmaco-potential bioactive compounds. The endophytic fungi Graminicolous helminthosporium, Bipolaris australiensis and Cladosporium cladosporioides were isolated from different medicinal plants. The GC-MS analysis of intra- and extracellular products of endophytic fungi revealed the presence of various bioactive metabolites, such as Anthracene, Brallobarbital, Benzo [h] quinolone, Ethylacridine, 2-Ethylacridine, Cyclotrisiloxane, 5 methyl 2 phenylindolizine, and 1,4-Cyclohexadien-1-one, etc. The phytochemical composition analysis of endophytic fungus extracts also revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, saponins, carbohydrates, glycosides, and proteins. The intra- and extracellular endophytic extracts exhibited strong antibacterial and antioxidant activity, which was screened with the agar-well diffusion method and DPPH, H2O2, and nitric oxide scavenging activity, respectively. The bioactive compounds identified in the endophytic extracts from GC-MS profiling served as ligands for molecular-docking analysis to investigate the anticancer potential against non-small cell lung carcinoma receptor EGFR. Molecular docking results showed that compounds, such as Brallobarbital, and 5 methyl 2 phenylindolizine had the lowest E- min values, which suggests that these compounds could be used in anticancer drug development. Thus, the isolated endophytic fungal species can be used to produce various bioactive compounds that could be used in novel drug development from natural sources and reduce the environmental burden of synthetic chemical drugs.

Chloroplast genome structure characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of Artemisia indica

Artemisia indica is an important medicinal plant in the Asteraceae family, but its molecular genetic information has been rarely reported. In this study, the chloroplast genome of A. indica was sequenced, assembled, and annotated by the high-throughput sequencing technology, and its sequence characteristics, repeat sequences, codon usage bias, and phylogeny were analyzed. The results showed that the length of the chloroplast genome for A. indica was 151 161 bp, which was a typical circular four-segment structure, including two inverted repeat regions(IRs), a large single-copy(LSC) region, and a small single-copy(SSC) region, with a GC content of 37.47%. A total of 132 genes were annotated, and 114 were obtained after de-duplication, including 80 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. Fifty long repeat sequences and 191 SSRs were detected in the chloroplast genome of A. indica, and SSRs were mainly single nucleotides. Codon usage bias analysis showed that leucine was the most frequently used amino acid(10.77%) in the chloroplast genome, and there were 30 codons with relative synonymous codon usage(RSCU)>1 and all ended with A/U. The phylogenetic tree constructed based on the chloroplast genomes of the 19 species from the Asteraceae family showed that A. indica and A. argyi were closest in the genetic relationship, and Artemisia species clustered into separate evolutionary branches. The results of this study are expected to provide a theoretical basis for the genetic diversity and resource conservation of Artemisia medicinal plants.

Diversity of medicinal plant resources in Lai Son island, Kien Giang province

This study was conducted with the aim of assessing the diversity of medicinal plants in Lai Son Island, Kien Giang province, which is a scientific basis for more effectively using, managing, and preserving this medicinal plant resource in this province. In this study, the PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal), field investigation, morphological comparison, and classification, with the aid of specialized medicinal plant books were used. The results showed a total of 353 species of medicinal plants belonging to 264 genera of 112 families in 4 divisions. Among them, Magnoliophyta was the most diverse division with 94.90% % species, 95.08% genera, and 90.18% families. Seven species were listed in “Red List of Vietnamese medicinal plants” (2006), “Vietnam Red Book” (2007), and the Decree 06/2019/ND-CP. The medicinal plant species were divided into ten life forms and distributed in six biotopes. The most species diversity was recorded in the natural forest on rocky mountain biotope. Ten parts of plants were used to medicate 36 disease types. Twenty-four species were commonly used by local people.

Complex ecological and socioeconomic impacts on medicinal plant diversity.

Medicinal plant diversity (MPD) is an important component of plant diversity. Over-collection based on medicinal and economic value has the potential to damage the stability of the regional ecosystem. It is important to understand the current distribution of MPD and the factors influencing it. However, it is still unclear whether environmental and socioeconomic conditions have an impact on their distribution. We selected the Inner Mongolia as a representative study area which covers a wide area, accounting for 12.29% of China's national land area and 0.79% of the world's land area. At the same time, the region is a long-standing traditional medicinal area for Mongolians in China. Therefore, the region is significantly influenced by changes in environmental factors and socio-economic factors. We used 9-years field survey of the distribution of medicinal plants in Inner Mongolia for assessing the distribution of MPD as influenced by environmental and socioeconomic activities by combining spatial analyses, species distribution models, and generalized additive models. The results from the spatial analysis show that the western region of Inner Mongolia is the main cold spot area of the MPD, and the central-eastern and northeastern regions of Inner Mongolia are the main hot spot areas of the MPD. At the same time, the distribution of cold spots and hot spots of MPD is more obvious at large spatial scales, and with the refinement of spatial scales, the cold spots in scattered areas are gradually revealed, which is indicative for the conservation and development of MPD at different spatial scales. Under the future climate change of shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP), areas with high habitat suitability for medicinal plants remain mainly dominated by the Yellow River, Yin Mountains, and Greater Khingan Range. Notably, the SSP245 development pathway remains the most significant concern in either long- or short-term development. The nonlinear relationship between the driving factors of MPD at different spatial scales shows that temperature, precipitation and socioeconomic development do have complex effects on MPD. The presence of a certain temperature, altitude, and precipitation range has an optimal facilitation effect on MPD, rather than a single facilitation effect. This complex nonlinear correlation provides a reference for further studies on plant diversity and sustainable development and management. In this study, the spatial distribution of medicinal plant resources and the extent to which they are driven by ecological and socioeconomic factors were analyzed through a macroscopic approach. This provides a reference for larger-scale studies on the environmental and socioeconomic influences on the distribution of plant resources.

Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Kenyah community of Borneo

Ethnopharmacological relevanceSarawak is located in one of the world’s most biodiverse regions and is home to more than 40 sub-ethnic groups that each have their own distinct culture, language and lifestyle. This has given rise to numerous, unique ethnobotanical systems. However, due to rapid urbanization, this traditional knowledge is at a risk of extinction. Yet, ethnobotanical studies in Sarawak are almost non-existent, especially among Orang Ulu communities like the Kenyah. Aim of studyTherefore, this study was conducted to document the ethnomedicinal knowledge of the Kenyah community. The main objectives of this study are: 1) To determine and document the diversity of medicinal plants used by the Kenyah community, 2) To determine whether the availability of modern medicine has affected Kenyah traditional medicine, and 3) To identify plants which have not been previously cited or used for previously unreported medical uses. Materials and methodsWe conducted repeated interviews and field surveys at the Asap-Koyan Resettlement Area, Belaga Sarawak. A total of 24 respondents from four Kenyah longhouses were interviewed in this study. Individuals possessing extensive traditional medicinal knowledge were identified via preliminary interviews or by viva voce. Translators were employed to ensure that there was no miscommunication. The results were evaluated based on the plant’s total use-reports and number of respondents citing the plant. The data was also evaluated based on use-reports by ailment category. ResultsOver 95% of the respondents were 40 years and older (58.21 years old ± 11.21). This was due to the younger members of the community (40 years old and below) admitting that they had almost no knowledge regarding traditional medicine, as they preferred relying on modern medicine. A total of 61 plant species were mentioned by the 24 respondents Seven plants had five or more respondents citing it, which was more than 20% of the respondents. These plants were Piper betle, Homalomena cordata, Senna alata, Annona muricata, Derris elliptica, Blumea balsamifera and Coscinium fenestratum. ConclusionAlmost all of the cited plants had been previously recorded to be used in either Ayurvedic, Chinese herbal medicine, Malay traditional medicine or other Asian ethnomedicinal systems. However, there were four highly cited species that were used for treatments that were scarcely reported in past literature. These were piper betle (used by Kenyah to treat fever), Sauropus andrognus (used by Kenyah to treat fever), Derris elliptica (used by Kenyah to treat fever and influenza) and Coscinuim fenestratum (used by Kenyah to treat toxic effects from non-medical substances).

Ethnobotany and diversity of medicinal and food plants used in the region Chtouka Ait Baha and Tiznit (Western Anti-Atlas), Morocco

Western Anti-Atlas of Morocco represents an important area with interesting knowledge of medicinal and food plants, particularly the use of medicinal plants for human healthcare. Moreover, the geographic location of this region makes this site a remarkable area of incredible biodiversity and the highest levels of endemism. This work aims to make an inventory of plant species used in Chtouka Ait Baha and Tiznit provinces in folk medicine to manage different diseases and, at the same time, used in food. The survey was carried out using semi-structured questionnaires. A total of 450 interviews were conducted with traditional health practitioners and knowledgeable villagers. The data were analyzed using the use-value (UV) and the relative frequency citation (RFC). Eighty-four species belonging to 37 families were inventoried in this survey, with Lamiaceae as the dominating family. Two species that showed a significant value of UV (UV≥1.50) and RFC (RFC≥0.50) are Thymus leptobotrys Murb. and Thymus saturejoides Coss. with the highest value obtained for Thymus leptobotrys Murb. (UV=2.60). The digestive system was the highest foremost treated disease in the region (22% of treated infections). The obtained results also showed that seeds and leaves were the most cited plant part used, and the decoction is the preferred mode of preparation. The method of consumption the medicinal plants as food is fresh or dried with a percentage of 36%.

Documentation of Indigenous Traditional Knowledge on Some Medicinal Plants in Saharanpur District of Uttar Pradesh, India

The present ethnomedicinal exploration study presents the indigenous use of certain medicinal plants by the local people of the Saharanpur district in the Uttar Pradesh state of India. The survey was conducted during 2020-2022 in order to access information about traditional knowledge on medicinal plants of the study area and their conservation. Saharanpur is situated in the foothills of Shiwalik that constitute the outer Himalaya. This region forms the northern most part of Ganga-Yamuna Doab. The climate of the area is tropical due to the proximity of the Himalayan region. This area represents a great diversity of medicinal plants and contains deep indigenous traditional knowledge. The objective of the study was to record and document this traditional knowledge of medicinal plants for the welfare of future generations. The methods employed for ethnomedicinal data collection included semi-structured interviews, field observation, preference ranking and direct-matrix ranking. For the collection of ethnomedicinal information, the knowledgeable persons, plant collectors and ayurvedic medical practitioners of the study area were interacted. The conventional medicines obtained from these medicinal plants has been proved highly beneficial in maintaining good health and accordingly ethnic community still depends upon their indigenous knowledge to a greater extent to heal their ailments. A total of 82 plant species were collected, of which 66 plants of medicinal importance were documented with their botanical name, local name, family, habit and parts used. These 66 plant species belong to 59 genera and 35 families. The most dominant families recorded were Amaranthaceae followed by Asteraceae, Malvaceae, Lamiaceae and Moraceae. Herbs were the most common growth form followed by trees, shrubs and climbers. Among the different plant parts, the leaves were most commonly used to treat various diseases followed by root, seed, whole plant, fruit, stem, bark, flower and wood. It was observed that these plants are widely used for the treatment of various ailments such as asthma, kidney stone, rheumatism, fever, urinary infections, syphilis, leucorrhoea, tuberculosis, eye infections, leprosy and skin disorders by the local inhabitants of the study area. This investigation will be of great importance to conserve the heritable knowledge in the field of herbal treatment.

The composition of medicinal plants used for the treatment of skin diseases by the Thai ethnic minority at Muong La nature reserve, Son La province

This research aimed to evaluate the composition and use-value of medicinal plants for skin disease treatments according to the Thai ethnic minority’s experiences at Muong La nature reserve, Son La province. The research was carried out under a traditional botanical method from January 2021 to January 2022. The results showed that there were 121 species of medicinal plants belonging to 111 genera and 56 families of 3 vascular plant divisions. The diversity of medicinal plants for the treatment of skin diseases with survival spectrum was determined as SB = 66.12Ph + 10.74Hm + 9.09Ch + 8.26Th + 5.79Cr. The medicinal plants used by Thai ethnic people for treatments of 11 skin disease groups, including boils, itchy sores, nine meters (nine cheeks), atopic dermatitis, zona... accounted for the highest rate of 86 species (71.07%). Leaves were the most used part of plants for skin disease treatment accounting for 67.77%, followed by trunk parts with 35 species. Two medicinal species (1.65%) at risk of being threatened were identified in Vietnam Red Data Book (2007) and 2 species in the Governmental Decree No. 84/2021/ND-CP.

Keanekaragaman Tumbuhan Berpotensi Obat Di RPH Sekar Kabupaten Malang

The purpose of this study was to determine the value of the index of biodiversity and the value of the important index of medicinal plants that exist in the protected forest of RPH Sekar Malang. This study used the plot line method and was carried out in stages, namely sampling, determining the location path that had been surveyed and making measuring plots consisting of 8 plots with a distance of 100 m between plots with a plot size of 20m x 20m. The research data were analyzed using the diversity value index, vegetation analysis and descriptive utilization. Based on the results of the identification and determination of potential medicinal plants, 8 species of medicinal plants were found. The total number for the diversity value index is 1. This indicates that the medicinal plant diversity index in the RPH Sekar protected forest area is in the moderate category. The importance value index for the seedling category showed the highest yield in Piper aduncum of 20.167, the stake category was Centella asiatica with the highest score of 2.899 and for the pole and tree category the largest was shown in the same species, Dendrocnide stimulant with a pole value of 6.771 and a tree value of 13.15.
 
 Keywords; Diversity, Protected Forest, Medicinal Plants