Long-term patient outcomes for people with HIV (PWH) are largely dependent upon provision of quality healthcare. Bias or misinformation influencing care may be present before healthcare workers begin formal training. There are no known studies profiling attitudes of Australian medical students towards PWH. This descriptive study gauged medical students' opinions regarding PWH and their understanding of HIV/AIDS and its transmission. A REDCap-based self-administered survey was disseminated to undergraduate and postgraduate Monash University medical students over a 7-week period. The survey closed in March 2024. Of an estimated 1900 enrolled students, we received 136 responses. Of those, 54 identified as male, 81 identified as female, and 1 identified as another gender. The median age was 21 years (range 17-31). There were 48 (35.3%) preclinical and 88 (64.7%) clinical year students.Most preclinical (87.5%) and clinical year (67.0%) students had at least one inaccuracy in their HIV/AIDS knowledge. The majority (107/136, 78.7%) had inaccurate knowledge about HIV transmission. Only 6.8% clinical year students were confident in their ability to counsel a PWH on all relevant aspects of management. Insufficient education was cited by 41.2% of students and 88% felt that further education regarding HIV/AIDS would be beneficial.HIV/AIDS knowledge improved as students progressed through medical school. Bias against PWH was rare. While bias against PWH was low, this highlighted a crucial gap in students' knowledge and confidence regarding HIV management. These findings underscore a critical need for targeted HIV/AIDS education and training to ensure sustained delivery of quality HIV care.

Acute postoperative pain remains prevalent among patients undergoing gastrointestinal tumor surgery. The study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) in alleviating postoperative pain in this population. This patient- and assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine. Eligible participants who underwent elective laparoscopic gastrointestinal tumor surgery were randomly assigned to the taVNS or control stimulation group. Both groups received the stimulation on the day before surgery and the day after surgery. The primary outcome was the change in visual analogue scale (VAS) scores at 24h postoperatively. The median reduction in VAS scores was 12.0 in the taVNS group, compared with 5.0 in the control stimulation group (median [interquartile range, IQR] 12.0 [10.0-13.3] mm vs 5.0 [2.0-8.0] mm; P < 0.001). Additionally, the taVNS group showed lower cumulative morphine milligram equivalents (MME) at 48h (median [IQR] 0 [0-5] mg vs 5 [0-10] mg; P=0.004) and 72h (median [IQR] 0 [0-5] mg vs 5 [0-10] mg; P=0.002), and shorter time to first flatus (median [IQR] 45 [40-60]h vs 75 [60-85]h; P < 0.001). The incidence of complications, length of hospital stay, and quality of recovery-15 (QoR-15) scores are similar between groups. TaVNS statistically alleviated postoperative pain in patients undergoing gastrointestinal tumor surgery, decreased analgesic requirements, and promoted gastrointestinal function recovery. NCT06763913.

Voting is increasingly acknowledged as a social determinant of health. Voter turnout is correlated with self-reported health and influences other social determinants, such as housing and education. Vot-ER, a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization, focuses on promoting voter engagement within health care settings. This article details a strategy implemented at a large academic medical center to encourage voter registration among both patients and staff. Two internal medicine physicians, after completing the Vot-ER Civic Health Fellowship, utilized existing academic platforms, specifically Grand Rounds presentations to various departments, to emphasize the importance of civic health and introduce Vot-ER tools. This approach successfully engaged colleagues and established a network of health care providers dedicated to voter engagement. To evaluate the initiative, institution-specific QR codes on Vot-ER badge cards were tracked. Between June 2022 and October 2025, 1,282 badge scans resulted in 489 voter registrations. Building on this success and in alignment with the Association of American Medical Colleges' guidance, an official Vot-ER student organization was formed in September 2023 to further increase voter registration and policy awareness among students and staff. Key lessons learned include the importance of understanding institutional culture and leveraging personal relationships to gain support and legitimacy for such initiatives. This strategy demonstrates a practical approach to integrating civic health into health care practice, with implications for improving community health outcomes through increased voter participation.

Neurosurgery aspirants in UK medical schools: a national cross-sectional analysis of demographics, motivations, and confidence (FAST study).

Academic hospital medicine faculty possess diverse interests and pursue a variety of career pathways. Faculty development programs are essential for career advancement; however, a lack of alignment between individual faculty needs and development activities can impede career development efforts. To our knowledge, there are no studies that have examined whether clusters of faculty exist with similar development needs, for which tailored faculty development "packages" can be offered. To determine whether distinct clusters of faculty with shared development needs can be identified and to explore faculty-level factors associated with these clusters. We conducted a survey study among hospitalists at seven academic institutions from November 2023 to September 2024. We generated a comprehensive list of 33 potential faculty development topics and asked survey respondents to indicate whether each topic was important to them, choosing as many as applied. We used latent class analysis (LCA) to classify faculty into distinct clusters based on their selection of desired development topics. A total of 136 faculty (median age 38 years) participated in the study. LCA identified five distinct groups as the optimal solution: (1) Master clinician (29%), (2) medical education scholar (11%), (3) clinical investigator (24%), (4) educational leader (22%), and (5) operational leader (14%). In a representative sample of academic hospitalists, we identified five distinct latent classes of faculty based on their preference for faculty development topics. These results can be leveraged to curate specific packages to optimally align faculty development offerings with diverse faculty interests and career trajectories.

François Pourfour du Petit (1664-1741) is one of the most versatile scientists in medical history. Trained as a surgeon, chemist, ophthalmologist, and botanist, Petit was an intellectual who combined science with observation and experimentation. Through meticulous examination of the complex structure of the human nervous system, Petit provided important experimental observations on the decussation of the pyramidal tract and offered influential insights into the origin of the sympathetic nervous system. These discoveries directly influenced both the understanding of neurological injuries and the development of surgical interventions. His medical education began in 1687 as a student of Pierre Chirac at the Faculty of Medicine in Montpellier, culminating in his receiving the title of doctor in 1690. In Paris, at the Jardin Royal des Plantes, he studied under leading scientists of the time, including M. Duverney, M. de Tournefort, and M. Lémery, performing dissections and surgeries. While serving in Louis XIV's army, he observed neurological injuries in patients in military hospitals, providing revolutionary insights into the relationship between the nervous system and motor functions. Petit's meticulous measurements and experimental approach influenced not only brain anatomy but also eye anatomy and cataract surgery. While working as an ophthalmologist in Paris, he successfully performed cataract surgery on a woman in Fresnes in 1726, restoring her vision. Pourfour du Petit died after undergoing surgery for a long-standing recurrence of a hernia. He left behind not only his observations but also a methodological legacy aimed at understanding the structure of the human brain. His work remains a guiding light in the literature of neuroanatomy and brain surgery, ensuring that he is remembered as one of the pioneers of modern medicine.

What makes a great urology sub-internship? A survey of medical students, residents, and faculty.

The institutionalisation of older adults has become increasingly common in Sri Lanka due to recent socioeconomic changes. Tai Chi is a traditional Chinese martial art that provides numerous physical and psychological health benefits. Despite its proven effectiveness, Tai Chi is a relatively new intervention in Sri Lanka, with no local research on its feasibility and efficacy among older adults. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of Tai Chi on physical function and fall risk, lung function, depression, pain and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in older adults residing in aged care homes in Sri Lanka. A single-arm pretest-posttest feasibility study will be conducted among older adults aged 60 and over (n=40) living in aged care homes in Kandy District, Sri Lanka. A certified Tai Chi instructor will deliver two 60 min sessions of the Tai Chi for Arthritis and Fall Prevention programme per week over a 12-week period in aged care home settings. Acceptability, demand, implementation, practicality, adaptation, integration, expansion and study limitations will be assessed to determine feasibility. Baseline and post-12-week Tai Chi programme outcomes will be assessed, focusing on physical function and fall risk, lung function, pain, depression and HRQOL. Additionally, field notes will be taken during the intervention, and a post-intervention follow-up group discussion will be conducted. Paired t-tests will be used to assess the effectiveness of the Tai Chi programme. A narrative synthesis will be used to analyse qualitative data. The Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, approved this study (No.: 2024/EC/34). Written informed consent will be obtained from each participant before data collection. The findings will be presented at national and international research conferences and published in a reputed journal. This study was registered with the Sri Lanka Trial Registration (SLCTR/2025/025) at https://slctr.lk/trials/slctr-2025-025 (date: 26 June 2025).

A structured-light robotic system enables noninvasive surface-based facial registration for patient-to-image alignment; however, it has not been widely adopted for basal ganglia hematoma treatment. This study evaluates its safety, accuracy, and efficiency in patients with basal ganglia hematomas. Retrospective consecutive patients with spontaneous basal ganglia hematomas (10-30 mL) admitted from January 2022 to January 2024 were grouped as surgical or non-surgical. Outcomes were analyzed, focusing on registration accuracy and surgical efficiency. Baseline preoperative hematoma volume, GCS, NIHSS, and coagulation disorders were comparable between groups (p > 0.05). Mean registration time was 120 ± 56s and surgery time 102.22 ± 6.33min; hematoma clearance was 72% initially and 93% at 7 days. Entry-point discrepancy was 2.2 ± 0.7mm; catheter tip alignment in the upper/middle/lower hematoma segments was 4%/80%/16%, with a maximum 5.7-mm deviation from the midline axis. The surgery group showed faster recovery with higher 24h-GCS (p < 0.001) and better NIHSS/ADL/mRS than non-surgery (p < 0.001 at all time points; p = 0.003 and p = 0.026 at 30 and 90 days; p = 0.041). At 90 days, facial palsy, sensory loss, and ulcers were similar (p > 0.05), whereas pneumonia (p = 0.034) and UTIs (p = 0.002) were lower in the surgery group. No mortality, bleeding, or reoperations occurred. Surface registration using the 3D structured light technique is a fast and precise alternative treatment for selected patients with spontaneous medium-volume basal ganglia hematomas, which can improve clinical efficiency while maintaining sufficient accuracy and safety to meet clinical requirements. retrospectively registered with approval by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Fourth people's hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine (No. 2022327-001).

Lower extremity Ilizarov surgery, a common procedure for correcting bone deformities, is often associated with reduced physical activity (PA) and functional decline. The home-based PA intelligent programme (HB-PAIP) has shown promise in improving postoperative outcomes. However, standardised, intelligent programmes specifically designed for patients undergoing lower extremity Ilizarov surgery are lacking. This study aims to evaluate the effects of a 6-month home-based intelligent interaction programme on PA levels and to assess its impact on mental health, self-efficacy and quality of life among patients with lower extremity Ilizarov. A total of 166 participants aged ≥18 years who have undergone lower extremity Ilizarov surgery will be randomly allocated to either the HB-PAIP group or control group (CG) at a 1:1 ratio. The HB-PAIP group will receive a 6-month, structured and algorithm-guided home rehabilitation programme via an intelligent motion rehabilitation management system, whereas CG will receive traditional care. The assessments will be conducted at baseline, 3 months (mid-intervention) and 6 months (post-intervention). The primary outcome is functional mobility assessed by the Timed Up-and-Go test. Secondary outcomes include the 10-metre walking test, the passive ankle range of motion, the Activity of Daily Living score, the Visual Analogue Scale score, the mental status measured using the Hamilton Anxiety and Hamilton Depression Scales and serum levels of haemoglobin and albumin. This study was initially approved by the Human Ethics Review Board of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine on 26 January 2024 (approval number: 20240139). The protocol amendment was approved on 28 January 2026 (approval number: 20260134). Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and presentations at relevant scientific conferences. ChiCTR2400093880.

Purpose This study aimed to investigate the effects of career calling on the learning engagement of medical students, along with the psychological mechanisms of self-efficacy and achievement motivation in the relationship between them. Methods The study used a convenience sampling method to select 1,930 students from two undergraduate medical colleges in Anhui Province, China. The Career Calling Scale, Learning Engagement Scale, Achievement Motivation Scale, and Self-Efficacy Scale were used to conduct the survey. Results The results of the study found that career calling significantly and positively predicted the learning engagement of medical students. In addition, achievement motivation and self-efficacy not only partially mediated the relationship between career calling and learning engagement but also played a chain mediation role between them. Finally, there were significant gender differences in the above chain mediation model, and gender moderated the path from achievement motivation to learning engagement in the model. Conclusion Self-efficacy and achievement motivation act as chain mediators between career calling and learning engagement of medical students, and this path is moderated by gender. This study provides theoretical guidance and empirical evidence for improving the learning engagement of medical students and promoting the development of medical education.

BACKGROUND: Enhancing health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is a fundamental objective of healthcare delivery. Individuals with amputation might encounter physical, psychological, and social challenges in daily life which might be influenced by the type of prosthetic knee provided. OBJECTIVE: To understand the experience-based HRQoL of amputees who were using a microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee (MPK). METHODOLOGY: Amputees using an MPK for at least 3 months (C-Leg or Genium/Genium X3) participated in an online survey. In 2022 1,868 MPK user were invited to participate in the study via both desktop and mobile platforms of a German manufacturer database. HRQoL was assessed with the EuroQol 5-Dimension 5-Level (EQ-5D-5L) instrument. The data was analyzed descriptively and by measures of central tendency. FINDINGS: 512 participants (19.7% female, mean age 54 years (standard deviation 12.6)) responded and fully completed the EQ-5D-5L. The leading cause of amputation was trauma (56.1%), followed by tumor (15.6%) and peripheral arterial disease (PAD, 11.3%). 18.2% reported being completely problem-free. 2.9% had a hip disarticulation, 68.0% a transfemoral amputation, 26.6% a knee disarticulation and 2.5% a bilateral amputation. The share of “no problems” was 53.3% for mobility, 88.1% for self-care, 61.5% for usual activities, 25.0% for pain or discomfort, and 67.4% for anxiety/depression. The total mean index score based on the German value set was 0.84 (maximum score 1). The total mean visual analogue scale (VAS) score was 77.4 with variations observed for age and health status. CONCLUSION: Amputees with an MPK experienced very few issues in the self-care dimension but faced more challenges in the pain/discomfort and mobility dimensions. Utilities were similar to the general German norm reporting one medical condition. MPKs enable individuals to achieve quality of life outcomes that are comparable to those observed in the general population. Layman's Abstract We wanted to learn how amputees who use a special prosthetic knee controlled by a microprocessor (“MPK”) in their prosthesis feel about their quality of life. In 2022, 1,868 people who use an MPK from a German manufacturer were invited to take part in an online survey. About one in five participants (19.7%) were women. Most respondents had an above-the-knee amputation (68.0%), while about a quarter had a knee disarticulation (26.6%). A small number had a hip disarticulation (2.9%) or amputations on both sides (2.5%). A tool known as the EQ-5D-5L was used to measure their quality of life. Answers were evaluated descriptively and to identify patterns. A total of 512 people with an average age around 54 years responded to the quality-of-life questionnaires. Most of them lost their limbs due to an accident. About 18% of them said they had no problems at all. The most common problems they faced were related to pain, discomfort, and mobility. On average, their quality-of-life score was 0.84 out of a maximum of 1, where 1 means perfect health. This score is similar to what people in Germany with one chronic medical condition typically report. People using an MPK generally have few problems taking care of themselves but struggle more with pain and moving around. Their overall quality of life is similar as that of the general German population. MPKs enable individuals to achieve quality of life outcomes that are comparable to those observed in the general population. Article PDF Link: https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/cpoj/article/view/46403/34874 How To Cite: Brüggenjürgen B, Kannenberg A, Stukenborg-Colsman C, Hahn A. Health-related quality of life in amputees with a microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee measured by the EQ-5D-5L. Canadian Prosthetics &amp; Orthotics Journal. 2026; Volume 9, Issue 1, No. 4. https://doi.org/10.33137/cpoj.v9i1.46403 Corresponding Author: Prof. Dr. med. Bernd Brüggenjürgen, MPHAffiliation: Institute for Health Services Research and Technical Orthopedics, Orthopedic Department - Medical School Hannover (MHH) at DIAKOVERE Annastift Hospital, Hannover, Germany.E-Mail: brueggenjuergen.bernd@mh-hannover.deORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8866-0809

To describe the implementation of selected core Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) for entering residency in the pre-clerkship program of undergraduate medical education and analyze the growth curves of these EPAs over 12 months. A total of 242 (128 women-53.0%; 114 men-47.0%) first and second year University of Minnesota Medical School students, with mean age = 24.6 (SD = 2.81) at matriculation, participated. Students enrolled in a required Early Clinical Experience course requested EPA assessments by supervisors (residents, faculty members) while working on a patient case together. Assessments were depicted as curves describing student performance over the course of their ECE from November 2023 to November 2024. Regression models were employed to fit the curves, and reliability was examined with a generalizability analysis (Ep2 coefficients). There were 6,689 EPA-based assessments with a mean number of 28 (SD = 8.2) assessments per student, provided by 786 assessors (residents and faculty members). Growth curves of the EPA ratings follow predicted negative exponential learning theory with baseline performance, a latent phase, subsequent rapid growth and eventual rate of learning deceleration. The slope of the growth curves demonstrates considerable variation by EPA. For a subset of the EPAs assessed on at least 8 occasions, adequate reliability (Ep2 coefficient >0.7) was achieved with 4 raters assessing on 4 occasions. The results of this analysis are consistent with learning theory and suggest EPA ratings provide reliable and valid data about acquisition of clinical skills for learners in the pre-clerkship phase of training. These results provide further evidence for the value of early clinical experiences and demonstrate EPA assessments can be a meaningful method of assessment for these early learners. This early EPA program has promise as a standardized learning and assessment system during pre-clerkship experience in medical education to guide curriculum and teaching improvement.

Introduction Self-assessment (SA), a crucial psychological process in education, involves learners judging whether they meet their own identified standards. SA is a multi-dimensional construct shaped by various factors, including individual, contextual, and cultural influences. This cross-sectional study aims to explore how medical students develop and enact SA across training stages within an East Asian educational context, with particular attention to multilevel influences. Methods Conducted at a Hong Kong medical school, this study involved one-on-one semi-structured interviews with medical students at different stages of training. Interview focused on students’ SA practices and the factors influencing their development across different stages of training. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis, informed by the social ecological model, through iterative coding and interpretation. Results Interviews with 26 medical students across preclinical and clinical training stages revealed four interrelated levels influencing SA practices: individual level—perceived value, emotional, motivational factors, professional identity, and subconscious reflection; interpersonal level—teacher feedback, peer interaction, and patient feedback; institutional level—curriculum structure, frequency and format of assessments, a supportive environment, and alignment of teaching and learning objectives; and societal level—collectivist cultural norms, humility, and local academic expectations. Additionally, students recognized SA as both a cognitive and emotional regulatory process, shaped by culturally mediated norms around self-evaluation, feedback interpretation, and performance comparison. Discussion This study demonstrates that medical students’ SA practices are shaped by interacting influences across individual, interpersonal, institutional, and societal levels, with cultural norms playing a structuring role rather than a peripheral one. By highlighting how commonly described SA processes operate differently in an East Asian context, these findings extend existing SA and SRL literature and underscore the importance of culturally responsive educational and assessment practices to support students’ development of SA and lifelong learning.

In 2025, international neurology celebrates the bicentenary of J.-M. Charcot's birth. As a major medical scientist in Paris and the founder of modern clinical neurology, Charcot became friends with the celebrated literary figure Alphonse Daudet. Discord subsequently intervened, as Daudet, afflicted with tabes dorsalis, was treated by Charcot without success and even underwent suspension therapy that led to serious side effects. Daudet's son, Léon, blamed Charcot for his own failure in medical school and became a bitter social critic of the French medical system, condemning the hospital hierarchy, including Charcot. Further family discord occurred when Léon married the granddaughter of Victor Hugo, instead of Charcot's own daughter. Within this background, after Charcot's death in 1893, Alphonse Daudet incorporated Charcot into a fictional account, A la Salpêtrière, one of 3 short stories in his Trois Souvenirs (3 Recollections). This study dissects Daudet's Charcot depiction where he presents Charcot as mostly silent, passive, and distant within a circus-like atmosphere of disruptive patients, foreign visitors, and interns. The portrait is a striking contrast to the many other first-hand descriptions of Charcot's domineering, autocratic, and patronizing manner. However, the depiction of a quiet and distantly bland master in the fictional office consultation setting is historically anchored in Daudet's life experiences, which included visits to the Salpêtrière, first-hand knowledge of Charcot over many years, and the experience of being a patient with unremitting neurologic disease. The veracity of the actual events is questionable, given the personal antagonism that colored the last years of their lives, but it is also conceivable to see in Charcot a Janus-like figure of dominance and theatrical authority in the teaching amphitheater interfaced with a more passive, reflective observer in the intimacy of an office setting.

Over the past several decades, federal laws have instituted sweeping antidiscrimination protections to foster inclusion for people with disabilities in education and employment, but substantial barriers remain to full and meaningful inclusion in the practice of medicine. In this position paper, the American College of Physicians (ACP) highlights the barriers to entering medicine and offers policy recommendations to improve the accessibility of medical schools, training programs, and the practice of medicine. ACP affirms that a diverse physician workforce, inclusive of disability, is a key component of reducing disparities in health and health care.

Demographic and geographic characterization of the podiatric specialty through the CMS National Downloadable File.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of adult ADHD among undergraduate and postgraduate medical students in Pakistan, explore gender and academic-level differences, and assess the relationship between symptom severity and ADHD medication use. Study Design: Descriptive Cross-sectional study. Setting: Northwest School of Medicine, Peshawar. Period: May 2023 to September 2023. Methods: Was conducted among 394 medical students (227 undergraduates, 167 postgraduates) in Peshawar, Pakistan. Participants completed the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS). Using stratified random sampling from medical colleges and teaching hospitals in Peshawar. The ASRS (Urdu-translated and pre-validated version; Cronbach’s α = 0.84) was employed. Data were analyzed using SPSS 27, with chi-square tests used to evaluate associations among ADHD severity, gender, academic status, and medication use. Results: Overall, 53.3% of students screened positive for mild ADHD and 18.8% for severe ADHD. Females reported higher symptom severity than males (p = 0.039 (Cramér’s V = 0.13, 95% CI 0.04–0.23)”), and undergraduates more than postgraduates (p = 0.003 (Cramér’s V = 0.17, 95% CI 0.07–0.27)). Common symptoms included procrastination (78.2%), organizational difficulties (73.4%), and restlessness (77.9%). Students using ADHD medication (primarily modafinil) had a significantly lower prevalence of severe ADHD (37.83%) compared to those unmedicated (62.17%; p &lt; 0.001), though side effects such as insomnia (62%) and anxiety (38%) were frequent. Conclusion: ADHD is prevalent among Pakistani medical students, especially females and undergraduates. While medication appears to reduce symptom severity, adverse effects may limit adherence. Early identification and targeted academic support are critical for improving outcomes in this population.

Objective: To evaluate the association of mobile usage with depression disorder. Study Design: Case Control study. Setting: Private medical university and schools of Karachi. Period: Jan 2022 to June 2022. Methods: Mobile phone user depression level was assess with the help of Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) Score. Statistical analysis was done by version 25 SPSS and all data was expressed using mean and standard deviation. Results: Out of 258 participants, 172(66.7%) were male and 86(33.33%) female with male to female ratio of 2:1 with mean 32.85±10.85 years. Most of the participants were single 231(89.5%) cases and followed by married 27(10.5%) cases. The participants were student 159(61.6%) cases and followed by house hold 26(10.1%) cases, jobless 7(2.7%) cases and shop keeper 6(2.3%) cases. According to language majority participants were sindhi 159(61.6%) cases and followed by balochi 60(23.3%) cases, pashto 13(5%) cases, panjabi 7 (2.7%) and Urdu 6(2.3%) cases. Majority of the participants 150(58.1%) were used more than 3 hours, followed by 1 to hours 46(17.8%) and 2 to 3 hours 42(16.3%) and 20(7.8%) used were less than one hour (Table-I and II). Majority of the participants suffering the mild depression observed in 168(65.1%) due to mobile used, followed by moderate depression in 20(7.8%). Conclusion: Our study concludes that excessive mobile phone usage is associated with increased anxiety, stress, and mild depression symptoms.

Sex-based representation in anatomical atlases: An analysis of illustrations used in anatomy teaching in Poland.