Intermediate Variable Research Articles

Analysis of the Influence of Financial Manager Competence, Access to Capital, and Community Economic Independence on the Effectiveness of Financial Management of MSME Actors in Kwala Serapuh Village, Langkat with Financial Information System as an Interve

This study aims to analyze the influence of three main factors, namely the competence of financial managers, access to capital, and economic independence of the community on the effectiveness of financial management of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Kwala Serapuh Village, Langkat. In addition, this study also explores the role of financial information systems as intervening or intermediary variables. The first factor studied is the competence of financial managers in managing MSME finances. It includes knowledge and skills in financial planning, transaction recording, and financial analysis. This research will identify the extent to which these competencies affect the effectiveness of MSME financial management. The sample in this study is 85 MSME actors. The method used is PLS analysis. The results of the study show that Financial Management Competency (KPK) has a significant positive effect on Financial Management Effectiveness (EMK). Financial Management Competence (KPK) has a significant positive effect on the Financial Information System (SIK). Access to Capital (AM) has no positive and insignificant effect on the Effectiveness of Financial Management (EMK). Access to Capital (AM) has a significant positive effect on the Effectiveness of the Financial Information System (SIK). Economic Independence (KE) has no positive and insignificant effect on the Effectiveness of Financial Management (EMK). Economic Independence (KE) has a significant positive effect on the Financial Information System (SIK). The Financial Information System (SIK) has a significant positive effect on the Effectiveness of Financial Management (EMK).

Influence of Brand Promotion on The Reputation of Private Universities with Co-Creation as a Mediating Variable

This study evaluates the influence of private universities' brand promotion, co-creation, and reputation on the purchase intention of prospective students in Palembang. The variables studied include brand promotion as the independent variable, private university reputation as the dependent variable, and co-creation as the mediator variable. This study used quantitative analysis with hypothesis testing and involved eleven randomly selected alumni of private universities in Palembang. The results showed that brand promotion positively and significantly influences private university reputation and co-creation. In addition, co-creation also has a positive and significant influence on private college reputation and acts as a significant mediator in the relationship between brand promotion and college reputation. These findings confirm that brand promotion and co-creation play an essential role in enhancing the reputation of private colleges and attracting prospective students.

Neural network-based adaptive fault-tolerant control for nonlinear systems with unknown backlash-like hysteresis and unmodeled dynamics

This paper explores adaptive neural fault-tolerant control for nonlinear systems characterized by a nonstrict-feedback structure, tackling the difficulties arising from unmodeled dynamics and unknown backlash-like hysteresis. A dynamic signal is introduced to mitigate the adverse effects of unmodeled dynamics, while radial basis function neural networks (RBFNNs) are utilized to capture the unknown nonlinear uncertainties presented in the system. Furthermore, the impact of unknown hysteresis input is compensated for by approximating an intermediate variable. By employing the backstepping technique along with neural network approximations, an adaptive neural fault-tolerant control scheme is developed. Through the application of Lyapunov stability theory, the proposed control strategy guarantees the boundedness of all signals within the closed-loop system and ensures that the tracking error meets the specified performance criteria, even in the presence of challenges such as unmodeled dynamics, unknown backlash-like hysteresis, and actuator faults. Two illustrative examples are included to showcase the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.

The effect and mechanism of digital economy on green total factor productivity — Empirical evidence from China

In the context of global digitalization, it is of great significance to promote the development of digital economy to reduce carbon emissions and improve green total factor productivity (GTFP). Based on the data of 30 provinces in China from 2011 to 2021, this study constructs a variety of methods, such as Super-SBM model, fixed effect model and intermediary effect model, to empirically test the impact and mechanism of digital economy (DIE) on GTFP. Based on the research findings, the growth of DIE contributes to the improvement of GTFP. Moreover, the impact of DIE on GTFP in eastern China is greater than that in central and western China. There are significant differences between the development level of DIE and GTFP in eastern, central and western regions. Further research shows that digital economy affects the improvement of GTFP through three intermediary variables: economic scale, industrial structure and technological innovation. This study provides empirical evidence to support the effective enhancement of GTFP in developing countries as the digital economy evolves. It provides effective recommendations for developing countries and emerging economies to develop a green economy. However, this study has limitations in data sample, research scope and mechanism analysis depth. Therefore, the conclusions drawn in this study can only provide empirical evidence for identifying the relationship between the DIE and GTFP to a certain extent. Future research should be expanded in these aspects.

Impact mechanism and spatial spillover effect of the digital economy on the high-quality development of undertakings for the aged in China

BackgroundDigitalization and population aging have had a profound impact on the development of undertakings for the aged, which brings challenges as well as opportunities for elder care system. This study examines the impact of the digital economy on the high-quality development (HQD) of undertakings for the aged in China.MethodsBased on the panel data of 31 provinces in mainland China from 2013 to 2021, this study explores the influence mechanism of the HQD of undertakings for the aged driven by the digital economy and its spatial spillover effects. The benchmark regression model is used to investigate the impact of the development level of the digital economy on the HQD of undertakings for the aged. The mediation effect model is used to explore the indirect effects of the digital economy on the HQD of undertakings for the aged through the influence of the intermediary variable. The spatial panel model is then used to analyze the spatial spillover effect of the digital economy on the HQD of undertakings for the aged.ResultsThe digital economy has a positive effect (coefficient = 0.1530, P-value < 0.01) on the local HQD of undertakings for the aged and a negative effect (coefficient = − 0.1012, P-value < 0.01) on the level of the HQD of undertakings for the aged in neighboring areas after controlling for other variables. The mediation effect of the proportion of the tertiary industry in GDP accounts for 6.6% of the total effect of the digital economy on the HQD of undertakings for the aged.ConclusionsThe digital economy can significantly promote the HQD of undertakings for the aged by transforming the development of the tertiary industry. The improvement in the digital economy has a significant spatial spillover effect. This research enriches the existing body of literature by suggesting effective ways to enhance the HQD of undertakings for the aged through the digital economy and the tertiary industry.

Analysis of System Quality Factors &amp; Information Quality with Mediation Variables of Ease of Use To the Success of PT XYZ's E-Procurement

This study examines the influence of system quality and information quality on the success of e-procurement at PT XYZ, with a focus on the mediating role of ease of use. Data were collected from 42 respondents in the purchasing department, all users of the e-procurement system, and analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Key findings include that system quality and information quality both positively affect ease of use. High-quality systems and accurate information make the e-procurement system easier to use. Information quality also directly enhances the success of e-procurement. Additionally, ease of use positively impacts the success of the system, indicating that when users find the system easy to use, its success rate increases. While system quality alone does not directly impact success, it does so when combined with high information quality and ease of use. For PT XYZ, these findings suggest that improving system quality and information quality can significantly enhance e-procurement success. Practical steps include ensuring robust internet connectivity, comprehensive data documentation, timely updates, and clear, accurate information. Simplifying the e-procurement process and enhancing user skills will also contribute to more effective and efficient procurement operations.

Accommodation of posttraumatic stress symptoms: A scoping review of the literature.

Social support is protective in the recovery from mental health diagnoses. However, well-intended support can also interfere with treatment, as in the case of accommodation, when a support person changes their behaviors to alleviate a patient's distress. This paper describes a scoping review of the research literature regarding posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and accommodation, conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items extension for Scoping Review Guidelines (PRISMA-ScR). A total of 26 articles were included in the review. Designs and settings were mixed, but most studies examined accommodation by female adult intimate partners of male military members, veterans, and first responders with PTSS. Most participants were White. Accommodation was typically associated with negative relationship outcomes, and some couples treatments (e.g., cognitive behavioral conjoint therapy interventions) were associated with improvements in PTSS accommodation. Future work on PTSS accommodation should prioritize recruiting more diverse participants (i.e., gender, race, ethnicity, military status, types of support people). In addition, researchers should continue to examine accommodation as a mediator or moderator variable. Further examination of accommodation and PTSS may provide helpful insights into the involvement of support people in treatment to increase treatment effectiveness.

Digital Health Delivery of Parenting Skills to Improve Conduct Problems in Middle School Youth Across Two Distinct Randomized Trials

AbstractThis study evaluated direct and indirect effects of the Family Check-Up Online (FCU-O) across two distinct randomized trials with middle school youth and families. The FCU-O is a digital health adaptation of the Family Check-Up that is delivered in a brief, online format with supportive coaching. The FCU-O was delivered to parents of middle school youth with a focus on targeting both proximal and distal outcomes that impact the development of conduct problems, including a range of parenting skills, effortful control, and youth emotional problems. Participants were primary caregivers of children aged 10 to 14 years. Eligibility varied across the trials and included endorsing depression or significant stress, or having a child enrolled in a school with limited resources. A total of 374 participants across trials were included in the analysis and were randomly assigned to receive the intervention or control. Using Integrative Data Analytic techniques, we examined the effects of random assignment on a range of outcomes, including emotional and behavior problems, parenting skills, parenting confidence, and effortful control. We examined the indirect effects of the FCU-O on changes in conduct problems from baseline to 6 months via changes in mediator variables at the first follow-up assessment (2–3 months). The FCU-O improved emotional problems, effortful control, parenting confidence, and parent sense of importance at the first follow-up. Mediation analyses suggested indirect effects on conduct problems at 6-month follow-up via improvements in effortful control and emotional problems, but not via improvements in parenting confidence or sense of parenting importance. Results indicate the FCU-O has potential as a public health intervention for families with middle school youth to reduce behavioral risk. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT 03060291; NCT 05117099.

Perceived Age Discrimination has Different Effects on Japanese People's Wellbeing Based on Age Groups.

This study elucidates the direct and indirect effects of perceived age discrimination on depressive symptoms and life satisfaction among young, middle-aged, and older adults-through the mediator variables of psychosocial resources and aging stereotypes. Data were collected through a web-based survey conducted in Japan. The total sample size was 2400: 400 men and women in each of the age groups 20 to 39, 40 to 59, and 60 to 79. Our findings indicate that perceived age discrimination is linked depressive symptoms, even among young adults, who report more age discrimination than older adults. Its effect on life satisfaction, however, is stronger among older adults. Across age groups, most of its effect on life satisfaction was explained by both psychosocial resources and aging stereotypes. By contrast, its effect on depressive symptoms did not differ significantly by age group, and was partly explained by the mediators. These differing results may be attributable to selection bias in the web survey.

Abstract 4139179: Is Prenatal Diagnosis Responsible for Differences in Timing to Postnatal Intervention for Critical Congenital Heart Defects?

Introduction: The relationships between prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart defects (CHDs) and outcomes are inconsistent. Some studies have shown that compared to postnatal diagnosis, prenatal diagnosis is associated with later surgical timing and worse outcomes. These findings could be due to confounding because more severe CHDs are likelier to be diagnosed on prenatal ultrasonography. To bypass this confounding, we evaluated prenatal diagnosis as a mediator. Aim: To evaluate whether prenatal diagnosis of CHD mediates the association between disease severity and timing to postnatal intervention. Hypothesis: Infants with severe CHD receive intervention sooner than those with mild CHD due to a higher prenatal diagnosis prevalence. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of all infants who received their initial cardiac catheterization or surgery between 0-60 days (i.e., critical CHD) at Ann&amp;Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago (2015-2021). Birthing individuals with inadequate prenatal care were excluded. The primary exposure variable was a three-level categorical variable derived from existing literature, categorizing disease severity based on anatomic factors (mild, moderate, and severe CHD). The outcome was age at intervention, i.e., cardiac catheterization or surgery, whichever occurred sooner, in days. The mediator variable was whether prenatal diagnosis occurred. Control variables included birth weight, sex, surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic, race, ethnicity, birth hospital’s level of perinatal care as designated by Illinois state, presence of a syndrome or non-cardiac abnormality, and insurance status. Results: In total, 429 parent-infant pairs met inclusion criteria; 68.3% had prenatal diagnosis and 28.4% had severe CHD. In adjusted analyses, compared to those with the mild CHD, those with moderate CHD had 40.0% higher probability of prenatal diagnosis (p&lt;0.001) and on average, received intervention 14 days sooner (p=0.001). Those with severe CHD had a 59.5% higher probability of prenatal diagnosis (p&lt;0.001), and on average received intervention 19 days sooner (p&lt;0.001). In a mediation analysis, prenatal diagnosis accounted for 27.2% of the difference in surgical timing between moderate and mild disease, and 29.5% of the difference in surgical timing between severe and mild disease ( Figure 1 ). Conclusion: The relationship between CHD severity and timing to postnatal intervention is partly attributable to prenatal diagnosis.

Shape Mediation Analysis in Alzheimer's Disease Studies.

As a crucial tool in neuroscience, mediation analysis has been developed and widely adopted to elucidate the role of intermediary variables derived from neuroimaging data. Typically, structural equation models (SEMs) are employed to investigate the influences of exposures on outcomes, with model coefficients being interpreted as causal effects. While existing SEMs have proven to be effective tools for mediation analysis involving various neuroimaging-related mediators, limited research has explored scenarios where these mediators are derived from the shape space. In addition, the linear relationship assumption adopted in existing SEMs may lead to substantial efficiency losses and decreased predictive accuracy in real-world applications. To address these challenges, we introduce a novel framework for shape mediation analysis, designed to explore the causal relationships between genetic exposures and clinical outcomes, whether mediated or unmediated by shape-related factors while accounting for potential confounding variables. Within our framework, we apply the square-root velocity function to extract elastic shape representations, which reside within the linear Hilbert space of square-integrable functions. Subsequently, we introduce a two-layer shape regression model to characterize the relationships among neurocognitive outcomes, elastic shape mediators, genetic exposures, and clinical confounders. Both estimation and inference procedures are established for unknown parameters along with the corresponding causal estimands. The asymptotic properties of estimated quantities are investigated as well. Both simulated studies and real-data analyses demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed method in terms of estimation accuracy and robustness when compared to existing approaches for estimating causal estimands.

Innovative factors affecting performance of local government organizations in Thailand

This dissertation aimed (1) to study factors that have causal influences that affect the performance of municipalities. (2) to study the causal relationship model of innovative organizations, innovative capabilities, service innovation and performance management that influences the performance of municipalities. (3) to develop a linear structural equation model of the influence of service innovation, innovation organization, innovative capabilities and performance management that affects the performance of local government organizations in the category of municipalities in Thailand. The sample group were 320 executives of local government organizations in the category of municipalities in Thailand. Sampling was done in 2 steps: stratified and systematic sampling. This study is a quantitative study, and the research tool was a structured questionnaire and data were analyzed by percentage, mean, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, and confirmatory component analysis and structural equation model analysis. The findings of this study demonstrate significant direct effects of innovative capabilities, service innovation and performance management on performance of local government organizations in Thailand. Moreover, it was observed that innovative organizations and innovative capabilities also exerted indirect effects on performance of local government organizations through their influence on performance management, serving as mediator variables. Through the development of a structural equation model, it was determined that innovative capabilities had the greatest overall influence on the performance of local government organizations in the category of municipalities in Thailand, followed by performance management, service innovation and innovation organization, respectively. This research study made executives of local government organizations in category of municipalities in Thailand can be used as a guideline in determining strategies for managing their organization to be able to keep up with changes in the digital world and to ensure that the performance of the local government organization achieves the specified goals in terms of both efficiency and effectiveness.

Do audit committees impact corporate social responsibility? A review of empirical quantitative research and research opportunities

Purpose The purpose of this study was to analyze whether audit committees (ACs) influence corporate social responsibility (CSR) outputs. Design/methodology/approach A structured literature review of 57 archival studies on the influence of ACs on CSR outputs was conducted. According to a stakeholder–agency theoretical framework, the AC variables were structured as follows: presence, composition and resources, incentives and diligence. CSR is mainly divided into CSR performance, CSR reporting and CSR assurance. Findings Previous studies have mainly focused on AC composition and CSR reporting. There are indications that AC composition and CSR performance and assurance are positively linked. Moreover, AC resources, incentives and diligence increase CSR reporting. Research limitations/implications This study stresses the need for linking AC composition with sustainability, the inclusion of moderator and especially mediator variables and addressing endogeneity concerns via advanced regression models. Originality/value This paper reports the first literature review on the interaction between AC and CSR. It presents the main variables that have been included in previous studies, the limitations of these studies and useful recommendations for future research, business practice and regulators.

The Mediating Effect of Organizational Commitment and Occupational Self-Efficacy on Work Engagement

The goal of this study is to determine the effect of occupational self-efficacy on work engagement in millennial-generation employees, with organizational commitment as a mediation variable. The population of this research includes members of the millennial generation working in Jabodetabek. The sample comprises 250 respondents; the sampling technique is non-random sampling using the convenience sampling technique. Data processing uses Macro Preacher &amp; Hayes contained in SPSS verse 25, called PROCESS. The study results reveal that occupational self-efficacy has a significant effect on organizational commitment, and organizational commitment has a significant effect on work engagement. Occupational self-efficacy has a significant effect on work engagement, and organizational commitment mediates occupational self-efficacy and work engagement among millennial generation employees who work in Jabodetabek. The direct effect of occupational self-efficacy on work engagement is greater than the indirect effect.

The impact of team psychological safety on employee innovative performance a study with communication behavior as a mediator variable.

This study aims to delve into the impact of team psychological safety on employee innovative performance and to analyze the mediating role of communication behavior in this process. Given the central role of innovation in the sustained competitiveness of enterprises, understanding how team psychological safety promotes employee innovation through communication behavior is of significant theoretical and practical importance. The study employs a structural equation model (SEM) to analyze survey data from 580 employees across various high-tech enterprises. The results indicate that the three dimensions of team psychological safety-team collaboration and understanding, team information sharing, and team give-and-take balance-have a significant positive impact on employee innovative performance. Moreover, communication behavior plays a significant mediating role between team psychological safety and employee innovative performance. This study reveals the positive influence of team psychological safety on employee innovative performance through communication behavior, emphasizing the importance of building a positive team psychological safety environment to stimulate employee innovation potential. It provides empirical evidence for enterprise managers to optimize team communication strategies and enhance employee innovative performance.

The Difference between Consistent and Inconsistent Planned Impulse Buying Based on External Stimulus and Virtual Cart Use

Impulse-buying behavior is enjoyable for consumers and profitable for marketers. Selecting what they want and putting it in the shopping cart gives customers a sense of shopping enjoyment. However, the virtual shopping cart feature can be a barrier to impulse-buying behavior due to the abandonment of virtual carts. Sellers can overcome abandonment behavior in virtual carts by understanding consumer behavior, one of which is when exposed to external stimuli. The application of different external stimuli also produce different consumer behavior as well. The research aimed to validate the differences between Consistent Planned Impulse Buying (CPIB) and Inconsistent Planned Impulse Buying (IPIB) based on the influence of external stimuli: informativeness, appearance, and sales promotion, with the virtual cart used as the mediator variable using cognitive consistency theory. Data collection was carried out by distributing online questionnaires to 364 participants in Indonesia from October to November 2021 using a hierarchical linear model as the data analysis method. The analysis shows that sales promotion distinguishes between CPIB and IPIB. Sales promotions do not influence CPIB. Meanwhile, sales promotion affects IPIB. Hence, e-marketplace owners and their seller partners can apply the most appropriate external stimulus to induce impulse-buying behavior of different types. The research results also reveal a positive and significant relationship between the independent variables on virtual cart use and virtual cart on CPIB and IPIB.

Double machine learning for partially linear mediation models with high-dimensional confounders

To estimate and statistically infer the direct and indirect effects of exposure and mediator variables while accounting for high-dimensional confounding variables, we propose a partially linear mediation model to incorporate a flexible mechanism of confounders. To obtain asymptotically efficient estimators for the effects of interest under the influence of the nuisance functions with high-dimensional confounders, we construct two Neyman-orthogonal score functions to remove regularization bias. Flexible machine learning methods and data splitting with cross-fitting are employed to address the overfitting issue and estimate unknown nuisance functions efficiently. We rigorously investigate the asymptotic expressions of the proposed estimators for the direct, indirect and total effects and then derive their asymptotic normality properties. In addition, two Wald statistics are constructed to test the direct and indirect effects, respectively, and their limiting distributions are obtained. The satisfactory performance of our proposed estimators is demonstrated by simulation results and a genome-wide analysis of blood DNA methylation dataset.

Building Harmony of Music Course Customer Loyalty in Jakarta: The Critical Role of Customer Value, Trust, Satisfaction, and Customer Engagement

The music education industry in Indonesia, especially in Jakarta, is growing rapidly as people's interest in music increases. However, the industry faces challenges in retaining customers and increasing their loyalty. This study aims to identify the factors that affect Customer Loyalty of music course customers in Jakarta, focusing on the influence of customer value, trust, and customer satisfaction on Customer Loyalty, as well as the role of customer engagement as a mediation variable. This study uses a quantitative method with a survey approach. The sample consisted of 95 respondents who were consumers of music courses in Jakarta over 18 years old and had used music course services for at least three months. Data was collected through questionnaires and analyzed using Partial Least Squares (PLS) with SmartPLS software version 3.0. The results of this study are expected to provide insight for music course managers in developing effective marketing strategies to increase customer loyalty. By understanding the factors that affect Customer Loyalty, managers can increase customer value, build trust, and increase customer satisfaction, which will ultimately increase customer engagement and customer loyalty.

Sex differences in the substrate of atrial fibrillation and the outcome of thoracoscopic ablation

Abstract Background Women with atrial fibrillation (AF) suffer more from AF symptoms, a lower quality of life, and have an enhanced risk of stroke. The AF recurrence after ablation is higher in women than in men. We hypothesize that sex specific differences in the atrial fibrotic substrate underlie these differences in clinical outcome. Here, we sought to characterize atrial fibrosis and fibrosis formation in the left atrial appendage (LAA) of women and men undergoing thoracoscopic ablation of AF. Methods We used the excised LAA of 30 female and 30 male patients with persistent AF undergoing thoracoscopic AF ablation. Patients were matched for age. In addition propensity score matching was also conducted for adjusting intermediary variables such as AF duration, Age ≥ 75, Body mass index (BMI), and CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥ 4. LAAs were stained with picrosirius red to quantify collagen and with vimentin for fibroblasts. Images were analyzed automatically (Image J version 1.50i) using color deconvolution to identify the area fraction of collagen and fibroblast. Results Women had similar age as men (66.4±7.76 vs 66.1 ±7.57, P= 0.85) but had a trend toward more cardiovascular risk factors [CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥ 4, (23.3 vs 6.7)%, P=0.07]. The total percentage of fibroblasts was larger in women 14.98 (9.79-24.95) % than men 13 (5.85-17.46) %, P=.018. In addition, in women fibroblasts were located more in epicardially and endocardially than in the interstitium.[women 8.18 (5.06-13.36) % vs men 6.49 (2.73-9.92) % , P=0.005].There was not a remarkable differences in total amount of collagen between the groups [women 16.03 (9.67-26.98) % vs men 15.50 (9.50-20.90) %, P=0.57 ], but there was a trend towards more epicardial and endocardial collagen in women than men [11.81(5.75-22.11)% vs 10.24 (6.06-15.10) % , P=0.06]. Conclusion We demonstrate more epicardial and endocardial fibroblasts in the LAA of women compared to men with persistent AF. There was similarly a trend towards more epicardia and endocardial but not interstitial collagen deposition. These findings may –at least in part- underlie sex specific differences in AF pathophysiology and ablation outcome.

Structural relationship among aggression, depression, smartphone dependency, and cyberbullying perpetration

This study aims to examine the structural relationship between aggression, depression, smartphone dependency, and cyberbullying perpetration in youth and explores gender differences in that relationship. We analyzed the 2nd wave data of the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey 2018 for middle school students. Structural equation modeling results showed that smartphone dependency partially mediated the relationship between aggression and cyberbullying perpetration (β = 0.050, p < 0.01). In contrast, smartphone dependency fully mediated the relationship between depression and cyberbullying perpetration (β = 0.029, p < 0.01). Aggression, depression, and smartphone dependency are the main predictors of cyberbullying perpetration. The effects of aggression and depression on cyberbullying perpetration were different through the mediator variable of smartphone dependency. The positive effect of aggression on smartphone dependency was twice greater in girls (Boys, B = 0.222, p < 0.001; Girls, B = 0.497, p < 0.001), and that of depression on smartphone dependency was three times greater in boys (Boys, B = 0.308, p < 0.001; Girls, B = 0.097, p < 0.05). These results were interpreted as reflecting the boys’ emotional suppression. Adolescent boys tend to suppress depression more than to express it according to the process of masculine emotional socialization. Various educational interventions are needed, such as providing cognitive behavioral therapy to convert adolescents’ relational aggression into a sound coping method considering girls’ sensitivity to relationships. Based on the findings, we present field-oriented practical considerations for improving our understanding of cyberbullying and preventing cyberbullying perpetration.