Mechanism Of Pancreatic Secretion Research Articles

Activities of selected digestive enzymes during larval development of large yellow croaker ( Pseudosciaena crocea)

Large yellow croaker is an important marine fish species for aquaculture in China. Larval rearing of this species is still based on live prey feeding. The aim of this study was to describe the onset and development of the main digestive enzymes during larval development of this species, in order to obtain essential data for the formulation of a compound diet adapted to larvae. Enzymatic assays were conducted from day 1 post hatching to day 40 in larvae fed the following live prey sequence: rotifers, Artemia nauplii, copepods, and then frozen copepods. Assays were done on whole larvae until day 19, then on dissected larvae and on purified brush border membranes of intestine. Pancreatic enzymes, amylase, and trypsin, showed high activities from early stages, even before mouth opening. Mechanisms of pancreatic secretion were achieved from day 19. Enzymes of brush border membranes, alkaline phosphatase, and aminopeptidase N, increased abruptly between day 23 and 25, showing maturation of the intestinal digestive process. These data, together with data describing mouth enlargement during development, suggest that large yellow croaker larvae could be fed successfully with a compound diet from early stages, at least from day 23.

The Evolution of Therapy in GastroenterologyBy Irvin Modlin. 357 pp. Axcan Pharma. Inc., Birmingham, Alabama, 2002. ISBN 2-9807504-0-9

The aim of this book is to provide a historical perspective on the evolution of therapy in gastroenterology but also to couple it with artwork appropriate for the period described. The author accomplishes this purpose in a brilliant fashion. Virtually all of the 343 pages of text contain at least one and usually two appropriate illustrations and/or photographs relevant to the topic being discussed. I found myself intrigued by the unique juxtaposition of text and artwork. The text begins with early concepts of health and disease and reviews Egyptian concepts, Greek medicine (which dealt largely with herbal polypharmacy and the nature of symptoms), Hindu medicine, and Chinese medicine, (where healing was done primarily by priests and sorcerers.) The advent of Christianity led to the consideration of disease as a manifestation of sin, and therapy was considered feasible only if administered under the auspices of religion. Rome and its physicians and medical writers are discussed, and in particular Celsius who recommended cleanliness and that wounds be washed and treated with substances now considered to be somewhat antiseptic such as vinegar. The section on medieval pharmacology is interesting in that the publication of medical information led to widespread dissemination of knowledge and rapid awareness of the properties of drugs. A section on the administration of therapy deals with the art and science of enema administration. The early enema preparations consisted of herbs, honeys, and water. Other preparations consisted of ox brain, warm milk, fresh oil, and honey. Commonly used drugs prior to the 19th century included wine (alcohol), opium (morphine), belladonna (atropine), Ma huang (ephedrine), ergot (ergotamine), cocoa leaves (cocaine), and foxglove (digitoxin). Modlin also traces the early development of gastroenterology as a discipline. He notes that between 1869–1885 Kussmaul, Boas, and Ewald had already decided that gastroenterology and gastrointestinal problems warranted the attention as a discipline. Boas was the first to devote a journal to Gastroenterology as a discipline. It is interesting to note that Rokitansky and Virchow accumulated over 30,000 cases and provided a precise correlation of symptoms with autopsy findings. Modlin then devotes entire sections to the esophagus, stomach and duodenum, pancreas, gut-neuroendocrine system, hepatobiliary tract, small bowel, and colon. To the development of esophageal disorders, Modlin identifies Sir Arthur Hurst, F. Avery Jones, Norman Barrett, Rudolph Nissen, and Charles Code as prime movers. In his discussion of the stomach and duodenum he reminds us of the classic contributions of William Beaumont and his patient Alexis St. Martin, and these observations laid the foundation for the study of human gastric physiology. He also points out the contributions of Rudolph Heidenhaim, Rudolph Schindler, Horace, Davenport, George Sachs, and Sir James Black. It is interesting to note that several investigators in the late 19th century noted bacteria in ulcers and as far back as 1875 Bizzozero, Boas, and Jaworski postulated that bacteria caused ulcers. This antedates by over l00 years the classic description of H. pylori by Marshal and Warren in 1982. Modlin identifies contributors to our knowledge of pancreatic disorders including Reginald Fitz, who first systematically assessed the pathologic alterations in pancreatic disease, Bayless and Starling who provided evidence regarding the mechanism of pancreatic secretion, Comfort, who provided the first comprehensive assessment of the concept of chronic pancreatitis, and Pavlov, who is regarded as the father of gut-neuroendocrine system. With regard to the hepatobiliary tract, he recounts the accomplishments of Vesalius who accurately described cirrhotic livers followed by Laennec and Cruvheilier. With regard to small bowel disease, it is not generally appreciated that Gee in 1888 provided an excellent description of what is now recognized as celiac disease, and Crohn’s classic paper in 1932 describing regional ileitis is cited. Modlin also traces the development of modern gastrointestinal Endoscopy to Basil Hirschowitz and his description of the fiberoptic endoscope in 1957, and to Wolf and Shinya who popularized colonoscopy and effective polypectomy. Basil Morrison’s contributions include the comprehensive pathologic descriptions of ulcerative colitis. Reading all of this in the context of beautiful art amplifies the message in a unique way. The quality and presentation of the figures is excellent. The book’s subject matter clearly does add something new to the already existing body of knowledge but it also reflects Modlin’s surgical orientation. This book can be compared to a book edited by Joseph Kirsner entitled, The Growth of Gastroenterologic Knowledge During the 20th Century. The latter book contains more scientific information, whereas Modlin’s text is, as noted above, coupled with impressive artwork reproductions. I believe this book will be appealing to individuals who are interested in both the history of the evolution of therapy in gastroenterology as well as art. Bottom Line: This is a unique compilation and it is a “good read” as well.

Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP): A regulatory mediator of the negative feedback mechanism of pancreatic secretion?

Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP): A regulatory mediator of the negative feedback mechanism of pancreatic secretion?

Patterns of Pancreatic Secretion in the Anaesthetised Guinea Pig Following Stimulation with Secretin, Cholecystokinin Octapeptide, or Bombesin

The guinea pig is frequently used for studies of the cellular mechanisms of pancreatic secretion. Despite this, little is known about the control of pancreatic secretion in this species. To remedy this omission, we have studied the effects of secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK) octapeptide, and bombesin on the secretion of fluid, electrolytes, and amylase in the anaesthetised guinea pig. While the actions of secretin were similar to those in other species, the actions of CCK were not. As well as stimulating amylase release, CCK evoked a marked fluid secretion whose electrolyte composition differed little from that evoked by secretin. Bombesin had actions similar to those of CCK. It is suggested that this fluid secretion is derived from pancreatic acini. Whether a similar secretory component exists in other species (including humans), albeit as a minor component, needs to be determined.

Secretory and vascular response to various biogenic and foreign substances of the perfused canine pancreas

Secretory and vascular responses to various biogenic and foreign substances of the isolated blood-perfused canine pancreas were investigated. The majority of cholinergic drugs such as acetylcholine, methacholine, carbachol, bethanechol pilocarpine, neostigmine, lobeline, nicotine, TMA and McN-A-343, and gastrointestinal hormones such as secretin, pancreozymin, gastrin, glucagon caused an increase of output of pancreatic juice with vasodilatation. Bradykinin and kallikrein inhibited the secretion with vasodilatation, and DMPP, physostigmine and dopamine increased the secretion with vasoconstriction. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP, histamine, nitroglycerin and methylxanthines such as caffeine, theophylline and theobromine also caused a secretion with vasodilatation. Vasopressin inhibited the secretory rate of pancreatic juice with vasoconstriction. Most adrenergic drugs such as nor-adrenaline, adrenaline, phenylephrine, methoxamine, ephedrine, tyramine and isoprenaline except dopamine, had no effect on secretion. Vascular responses of the pancreas to various drugs were found to be similar to those of the mesenteric vessels. Since the secretion of pancreatic juice did not change in parallel with the rate of local blood flow, the mechanism of pancreatic secretion appears to be independent of the blood supply to the pancreas.

Secretory and vascular response to various biogenic and foreign substances of the perfused canine pancreas.

Abstract Secretory and vascular responses to various biogenic and foreign substances of the isolated blood-perfused canine pancreas were investigated. The majority of cholinergic drugs such as acetylcholine, methacholine, carbachol, bethanechol pilocarpine, neostigmine, lobeline, nicotine, TMA and McN-A-343, and gastrointestinal hormones such as secretin, pancreozymin, gastrin, glucagon caused an increase of output of pancreatic juice with vasodilatation. Bradykinin and kallikrein inhibited the secretion with vasodilatation, and DMPP, physostigmine and dopamine increased the secretion with vasoconstriction. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP, histamine, nitroglycerin and methylxanthines such as caffeine, theophylline and theobromine also caused a secretion with vasodilatation. Vasopressin inhibited the secretory rate of pancreatic juice with vasoconstriction. Most adrenergic drugs such as nor-adrenaline, adrenaline, phenylephrine, methoxamine, ephedrine, tyramine and isoprenaline except dopamine, had no effect on secretion. Vascular responses of the pancreas to various drugs were found to be similar to those of the mesenteric vessels. Since the secretion of pancreatic juice did not change in parallel with the rate of local blood flow, the mechanism of pancreatic secretion appears to be independent of the blood supply to the pancreas.

The secretion of electrolytes by the human pancreas; the effect of diamox, ACTH, and disease.

The concentration of HCO3 in the pancreatic juice of man is a direct function of the rate of secretion. The primary defect in patients with chronic pancreatitis is a distortion of the normal bicarbonate-flow relationship, so that these individuals fail to achieve comparable HCO3 concentrations as the normal subjects do at comparable rates of flow. The HCO3 concentration tends to remain elevated when the rate of flow is reduced by Diamox (acetazolamide), suggesting an HCO3 −-Cl− exchange mechanism. From these data and from evidence obtained in a study of the electrolyte secretion after ACTH and adrenal steroids, it is concluded that the mechanism of pancreatic secretion is best explained by the secretion of a primary fluid consisting of HCO3 isotonic with the blood, and that this fluid undergoes alteration in the ductular system. This new hypothesis of pancreatic secretion postulates a distinct ductular function: an HCO3 −-Cl− exchange.

The Secretion of Electrolytes by the Human Pancreas

The concentration of HCO3 in the pancreatic juice of man is a direct function of the rate of secretion. The primary defect in patients with chronic pancreatitis is a distortion of the normal bicarbonate-flow relationship, so that these individuals fail to achieve comparable HCO3 concentrations as the normal subjects do at comparable rates of flow. The HCO3 concentration tends to remain elevated when the rate of flow is reduced by Diamox (acetazolamide), suggesting an HCO3−-Cl− exchange mechanism. From these data and from evidence obtained in a study of the electrolyte secretion after ACTH and adrenal steroids, it is concluded that the mechanism of pancreatic secretion is best explained by the secretion of a primary fluid consisting of HCO3 isotonic with the blood, and that this fluid undergoes alteration in the ductular system. This new hypothesis of pancreatic secretion postulates a distinct ductular function: an HCO3−-Cl− exchange.

The Effect of a Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor, Diamox, On Human Pancreatic Secretion : Implications on the Mechanism of Pancreatic Secretion

The Effect of a Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor, Diamox, On Human Pancreatic Secretion : Implications on the Mechanism of Pancreatic Secretion

The Effect of Subtotal Gastrectomy Upon External Pancreatic Secretion in Dogs

The influence of gastric juice upon external secretion of the pancreas was first suggested by the classic work of Bayliss and Starling2, in which it was shown that dilute hydrochloric acid, introduced into the duodenum, is capable of provoking a pancreatic response. The mechanism of this ' reaction was shown to involve the release of a hormone, secretin, from the duodenal mucosa into the blood stream, which conveys it to the pancreas. The same observers reported that the more proximal portions of the small intestine (i.e., duodenum and upper jejunum) contain larger quantities of secretin than its more distal segments, and extracts of mucosa from the terminal ileum evoked no pancreatic response at all. Purified secretin, on injection, stimulates the secretion of water and bicarbonate, but the output of enzymes is relatively low. Secretion of the pancreatic enzymes depends either upon stimulation by way of the vagus nerves3, or upon another hormone, pancreozymin, which is elaborated in the intestinal mucosa • Clinical interest in the secretin mechanism of pancreatic secretion has recently been enhanced by the observation that acute inflammatory disease of the pancreas may be produced by voluminous pancreatic secretion in the presence of obstructed pancreatic ducts5• 6. As a result, attempts have been made to lessen the daily output of pancreatic juice in patients with acute pancreatitis by gastric aspiration7 and administration of anti-cholinergic drugs such as Banthine8, the rationale being to reduce the amount of gastric acid entering the duodenum, and thus minimize stimulation by secretin. With similar reasoning, chronic pancreatitis has been treated by subtotal gastrectomy9. However, a recent report of ThistlethwaitelO on the effect of subtotal gastrectomy upon pancreatic secretion in dogs indicates that the influence of this operation is variable. In spite of this report it seems reasonable to suppose that some change in pancreatic response must be expected as a result of the decrease in acidity and the diversion of gastric chyme which accompanies the operation. In fact, Annis and Hallenbeckll have shown a decisive reduction in the pancreatic response to food following subtotal gastrectomy. Accordingly, to clarify this point effectively, a project * Submitted for publication Nov. 11, 1953. A preliminary report of this work was presented before the Clinical Research Forum of the N. Y. Academy of Medicine, April 23, 1952, (1). This work was supported in part by grants from the Altman Foundation and Wyeth, Inc.

The Effect of Complete Vagisection and Vagal Stimulation on Pancreatic Secretion in Man

The frequent use of vagotomy in the treatment of duodenal ulcer1o, regional ileitis6 • 7, and ulcerative colitisSIO has brought up the question of possible undesirable side effects of vagal interruptionu14• This problem has been adequately studied for gastric1o-17 and biliary secretion1S22 but the results of vagisection on pancreatic secretion in man remain to be elucidated. Indeed, the vagal mechanism of pancreatic secretion and its significance in human digestion is still obscure2329 • 33 i most of what is accepted today has been inferred from animal experimentation. The following is a report of an investigation of the influence of vagal stimulation on pancreatic secretion in man, with and without prior vagal interruption.

An evaluation of radical surgery for carcinoma of the pancreas and ampullary region.

Article1 October 1949AN EVALUATION OF RADICAL SURGERY FOR CARCINOMA OF THE PANCREAS AND AMPULLARY REGIONALLEN O. WHIPPLE, M.D.ALLEN O. WHIPPLE, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-31-4-624 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThe justification for present day radical surgery should be determined by the threat of the untreated lesion, the operative risk if radically treated, the life expectancy after operation, and the prospect of comfortable living subsequently. Radical surgery may be curative, but much of it may be only palliative. This of course is true of many forms of medical therapy.Radical surgery of the past 15 years, and especially that of today, has been made possible by many factors: a better understanding of supportive treatment, blood transfusion, maintenance of fluid, protein and electrolyte balance, improved methods of anesthesia, intelligent use of...Bibliography1. KAUSCH W: Das Carcinom der Papilla duodeni und seine radikale Entfernung, Beitr. klin. Chir., 1912, lxxviii, 439-486. HIRSCHEL, G.: Die Resektion der Duodenums mit der Papille wegen Karzinoms, München. med. Wchnschr., 1914, lxi, 1728. TENANI, O.: Contributo alla chirurgia della papilla del Vater, Policlinico, 1922, xxix, 291. Google Scholar2. HOWLANDCAMPBELLMALTBYROBINSON GWREJWL: Dysinsulinism; convulsions and coma due to islet cell tumor of pancreas, with operation and cure, Jr. Am. Med. Assoc., 1929, xciii, 674-679. CrossrefGoogle Scholar3. WHIPPLEPARSONSMULLINS AOWBCR: Treatment of carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater, Ann. Surg., 1935, cii, 763. CrossrefGoogle Scholar4. WHIPPLE AO: Pancreatoduodenectomy for islet cell carcinoma: a five year followup, Ann. Surg., 1945, cxxi, 847. CrossrefGoogle Scholar5. PRIESTLEYCOMFORTRADCLIFFE JTMWJ: Total pancreatectomy for hyperinsulinism, Ann. Surg., 1944, cxix, 211. CrossrefGoogle Scholar6. PAVLOV JP: Die Arbeit der Verdauungsdrüsen, 1898, Wiesbaden. Google Scholar7. BAYLISSSTARLING WMEH: The mechanism of pancreatic secretion, Jr. Physiol., 1902, xxviii, 325. CrossrefGoogle Scholar8. LAGERLÖF HO: Pancreatic function and pancreatic disease studied by means of secretin, 1942, P. A. Norstedt and Söner, Stockholm. Google Scholar9. COMFORTPARKEROSTERBURG MWRLAE: Concentration of pancreatic enzymes in the duodenum of normal persons and persons with disease of the upper abdomen, Am. Jr. Digest. Dis., 1939, vi, 249. CrossrefGoogle Scholar10. BAUMANWHIPPLE LAO: The diagnostic value of pancreatic function tests in 47 surgically treated patients, Am. Jr. Med. Sci., 1944, ccvii, 281. CrossrefGoogle Scholar11. CATTELLPYRTEK RBLJ: An appraisal of pancreatoduodenectomy: a followup study of 61 cases. Read before the Southern Surgical Association Meeting, Dec. 6, 1948; to be published in Ann. Surg., 1949. Also personal communication, March 8, 1949. Google Scholar12. LOCKWOOD JS: Personal communication, March 28, 1949. Google Scholar13. WAUGH JM: Personal communication, March 15, 1949. Google Scholar14. BRUNSCHWIG A: Personal communication, March 20, 1949. Google Scholar15. HOWES EL: Experiments not yet published. Quoted by Dr. Lockwood. Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: *Read before the Thirtieth Annual Session of the American College of Physicians, New York, N. Y., March 31, 1949. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byGemcitabine-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer does not affect mortality and morbidity after pancreatic resectionNeoGemTax: Gemcitabine and Docetaxel as Neoadjuvant Treatment for Locally Advanced Nonmetastasized Pancreatic CancerDuodenopancreatectomía cefálica en tumores periampulares. Disección de la arteria mesentérica superior como abordaje inicial. Descripción de la técnica y evaluación de nuestra experiencia inicialControversies in the Surgical Management of Pancreatic CancerClinicopathologic Features and Treatment Trends of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: Analysis of 9,821 PatientsNational Failure to Operate on Early Stage Pancreatic CancerSurgery for Pancreatic Cancer: Recent Controversies and Current PracticeA review of important contributions of surgery for cancer of the gastrointestinal tractCarcinoma of the pancreasCancer of the pancreasDie Krankheiten der BauchspeicheldrüseCancer of the Pancreas.: A Clinical mid Pathological Studya,b,c,d 1 October 1949Volume 31, Issue 4Page: 624-627KeywordsAnesthesiaBlood transfusionLesionsLife expectancyPalliative carePancreasProteinsSurgery ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 October 1949 PDF downloadLoading ...

Mechanism of Pancreatic Secretion

Mechanism of Pancreatic Secretion

A Comparative Study of the Choleretic Effect of Bile Salts and Oleic Acid and Bile Salts

Article1 May 1933A Comparative Study of the Choleretic Effect of Bile Salts and Oleic Acid and Bile SaltsREUBEN FINKELSTEIN, M.D., F.A.C.P., EMANUEL W. LIPSCHUTZ, M.D.REUBEN FINKELSTEIN, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this author, EMANUEL W. LIPSCHUTZ, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-6-11-1465 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptFor the past year we have employed a mixture of oleic acid and bile salts for the treatment of patients suffering from various forms of gall-bladder disease. The results obtained, which were reported elsewhere15were gratifying in a large number of cases. We then decided to undertake an experimental study of the choleretic effect of bile salts and of oleic acid with bile salts to ascertain whether oleic acid which has a direct action on the gall-bladder also enhances the well known choleretic effect of bile salts. Theoretically, as will be shown later, it appeared plausible that such would be...Bibliography1 STERNERBARTLELYON RFHJBB: The cholagogue effect of the intravenous injection of sodium dehydrocholate, with résumé of literature on bile salt metabolism, Am. Jr. Med. Sci., 1931, clxxxii, 822-839. CrossrefGoogle Scholar2 COPHERKODAMA GHS: The regulation of the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum, Arch. Int. Med., 1926, xxxviii, 647-653. CrossrefGoogle Scholar3 WHITAKER LR: Diagnosis of gall-bladder disease: application of recent advances in physiology, Jr. Am. Med. Assoc., 1927, lxxxviii, 1791-1796. Google Scholar4 IVY AC: Hormone mechanism of gall-bladder contraction and evacuation, Am. Jr. Surg., 1929, vii, 455-459. CrossrefGoogle Scholar5 IVYOLDBERG ACE: Hormone mechanism for gall-bladder contraction and evacuation, Am. Jr. Physiol., 1928, lxxxvi, 599-613. CrossrefGoogle Scholar6 CRANDALL LA: Mechanisms of the contraction and evacuation of the gall-bladder, Arch. Int. Med., 1931, xlviii, 1217-1224. CrossrefGoogle Scholar7 LIPSCHUTZ EW: A new diagnostic and therapeutic aid in biliary tract disease, Med. Jr. and Rec., 1927, cxxv, 321-322. Google Scholar8 STEWARTRYAN WHEJ: Cholecystographic studies after administration of some of the popular cholagogues, Am. Jr. Roentgenol. and Radium Therap., 1928, xix, 341-343. Google Scholar9 BAYLISSSTARLING WMEH: The mechanism of pancreatic secretion, Jr. Physiol., 1902, xxviii, 325-353. CrossrefGoogle Scholar10 MELLANBY J: Bile salts and secretin as cholagogues, Jr. Physiol., 1928, lxiv, 331-340. CrossrefGoogle Scholar11 IVY AC: Newer physiology of the gastrointestinal tract, Am. Jr. Med. Sci., 1927, clxxiii, 453-460. Google Scholar12 WAKEFIELDPOWELSONMCVICAR EGHPC: The use of a sodium salt of dehydrocholeic acid (decholin) as a choleretic, ANN. INT. MED., 1929, iii, 572-577. Google Scholar13 MCCLUREWETMOREREYNOLDS CWASL: Physical characters and enzymatic activities of duodenal contents; findings during gastric digestion in normal young men, Jr. Am. Med. Assoc., 1921, lxxvii, 1468-1469. Google Scholar14 OKADASAKURAIIMAZUKURAMOCHI SETK: Pancreatic function; quantitative estimation of pancreatic secretion, Arch. Int. Med., 1928, xlii, 270-281. CrossrefGoogle Scholar15 FINKELSTEINLIPSCHUTZ RSW: Final report on the therapeutic effect of oleic acid and bile salts in gall-bladder disease, Clin. Med. and Surg., 1933, xl, 78-80. Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Brooklyn, New York*Received for publication June 3, 1932.†From the Gastrointestinal Department of the Beth-El Hospital. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byStudies on the cholagogue and choleretic effects of bile acids as compared with oleic acidStudies in human biliary physiology 1 May 1933Volume 6, Issue 11Page: 1465-1473KeywordsBileChemical analysisPatientsSalts ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1933 PDF downloadLoading ...

The mechanism of pancreatic secretion

The mechanism of pancreatic secretion