Source Of Mechanical Energy Research Articles

Synergistic electronic regulation and piezocatalytic effect in CoTiO3-BaTiO3 heterojunction for boosting fenton-like oxidation toward pollutants degradation

Water flow is a sustainable mechanical energy source. Utilizing such energy for promoting Fenton-like oxidation toward water remediation is anticipated, yet rarely reported. Herein, CoTiO3-BaTiO3 (CT-BT) nanorod was constructed as piezocatalysis for triggering Fenton-like oxidation toward pollutant degradation via peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. The CT-BT was synthesized by coprecipitation method, and its physicochemical property was comparatively analyzed by a series of characterizations, including SEM, TEM, XRD, PFM, FT-IR, N2 adsorption/desorption, and XPS. The p-n heterojunction formed by CT-BT provided a built-in electric field induced charge redistribution, thereby enhancing affinity toward PMS and facilitating electron transfer. Furthermore, a rectangular tubular reactor was designed to utilize water flow to trigger piezoelectric effect of CT-BT, boosting the generation of reactive oxygen species. High-speed turbulence (turbulent kinetic energy > 50 m2/s2) was generated as the water flowed through the slits inside the tubular reactor. The water flow greatly promoted PMS activation on CT-BT for berberine degradation (100 % removal within 30 min), with a kinetic constant of 0.1206 min−1, which was 4.7 times that of the non-piezoelectric catalytic process. Practical application experiments demonstrated decent anti-interference capability and stability (Co leaching < 20 μg/L) of the piezocatalytic system. This work is hoped to advance piezocatalysis in promoting Fenton-like oxidation through utilizing hydrokinetic energy.

Application Of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting At Airports: Energy Sources, Materials And Design

Airports have many areas with intensive activities that can be potential sources for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting because airports are places that produce much mechanical energy that has not been realized. This mechanical energy comes from various sources, such as passenger and visitor traffic, vehicle movement, elevator and conveyor use, and aircraft activity on runways and taxiways. The research methodology used is a Literature Review. This article reviews the factors that affect PEH, namely energy sources, materials, and design, and it is a literature study article related to smart airport technology. This article aims to establish hypotheses of influence between variables as a reference for further research. This literature review article will produce: 1) Energy source affects Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting; 2) Materials affect Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting; and 3) Design affects Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting. This research will produce a deeper understanding of the potential mechanical energy utilized at airports and how energy harvesting technology can be applied to optimize these mechanical energy sources. Hopefully, this article will provide an overview of designing Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting suitable for airports.

A robust antagonistically assembled triboelectric nanogenerator based on dead‐end closed pore through a one‐step improved phase separation

AbstractThe ongoing global energy crisis presents a significant challenge all over the world. In this study, triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) made of recyclable thermoplastic polycarbonate has been proposed as a promising environmentally friendly solution due to its potential capability to convert low‐frequency mechanical energy sources such as human motion and ocean waves into electricity with potential applications including powering wearable electronic devices and self‐powered sensors. We introduce an antagonistically structured TENG (A‐TENG) composed of honeycomb porous polycarbonate (hc‐PC) and convex‐patterned dimethylsiloxane, employing a novel one‐stage improved phase separation method. This A‐TENG overcomes the demerits of others thanks to its high surface contact area, simplified fabrication process, enhanced energy conversion efficiency, and cost‐effectiveness, requiring minimal investment. More importantly, this work utilized hc‐PC as a framework for slippery liquid‐infused porous surface (SLIPS) based TENG owing to the special honeycomb porous structure to impregnate silicon oil within pore arrays and mechanically support the whole system. The practical application of SLIPS‐TENG was demonstrated while deployed on the house rooftop to harvest raindrop energy and act as a rain detection sensor.

Prediction of dynamic behaviors of vibrational-powered electromagnetic generators: Synergies between analytical and artificial intelligence modelling

The electric efficiency of vibrational electromagnetic generators is highly dependent on their ability to ensure effective adaptability to uncertain and irregular dynamics of mechanical energy sources. Such adaptive ability demands a planning operation considering future information of the highly nonlinear dynamics of these generators and mechanical excitations patterns. High accurate energy predictions are then mandatory for high energy generation efficiencies. However, on the one hand, high prediction accuracy by analytical modelling from first principles requires high modelling complexity; on the other hand, artificial intelligence models ensuring high prediction accuracy have not yet been explored to enhance the performance of these generators, even though their pre-training holds potential to significantly reduce the energy production costs. We here provide a multifaceted study highlighting the synergies between analytical and artificial intelligence modelling for optimizing the efficiency of vibrational-powered electromagnetic generators. Two main innovations are introduced: (1) development and experimental validation of a time-series forecasting artificial intelligence model based on the deep deterministic policy gradient method; (2) validation of a pre-training scenario by analytical modelling ⟶ artificial intelligence modelling synergy. Both the analytical and artificial intelligence models were able to provide high prediction accuracies to periodic and random 3D motions combining translations and rotations. Moreover, the pre-training scenario, using simulation training data sets, ensures prediction accuracies within the ±20% absolute error surfaces, profiling approximately normal distributions centered at approximately null error. These are impacting results in the scope of vibrational electromagnetic generation, holding potential to be extended to innovative self-adaptive electromagnetic generators, including those with ability to absorb complex 6 DOF external mechanical excitations. Besides, it can support the implementation of high-performance AI modelling⟶analytical modelling synergies, aiming to re-parameterize the high complex analytical models throughout the EMG operation, such that a superior controllability of the adaptive systems can be achieved.

Innovative Designs in Vibration Energy Harvesting: Performance Evaluation and Comparative Analysis

This paper explores the realm of vibration energy harvesting (VEH) and its potential applications in powering electronic devices. With the increasing demand for constant power supply in various sectors, including medical, transportation, and communication, the drawbacks of traditional battery solutions prompt the exploration of alternative energy sources. Vibration, omnipresent in our environment, presents itself as a promising source of mechanical energy that can be converted into electrical power. This study delves into three distinct VEH designs: a flute-inspired broadband piezoelectric device with mechanical intelligence, an electromagnetic harvester utilizing a magnet-array-based vibration-to-rotation conversion mechanism, and a piezoelectric harvester for ultra-low frequency waves with magnetic coupling driven by rotating balls. Through extensive analysis and experimentation, each design's performance, features, and potential applications are evaluated and compared. While each design offers unique advantages and limitations, understanding their characteristics facilitates identifying suitable scenarios for deployment, thereby advancing the development of self-powered devices.

Degradation of dye through mechano-catalysis using BaBi4Ti4O15 catalyst

Ferroelectric BaBi4Ti4O15 was prepared using solid-state calcination at 950 °C for four hours. X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were utilized to understand its microstructure and other structural aspects. Particle size was around < 1.5 µm. This oxide is able to demonstrate piezocatalysis and tribocatalysis as reflected in its dye degradation performance. This oxide showed piezocatalytic activity around 40% in 2 h and tribocatalytic activity around 90% in 12 h. The rate constant for the piezocatalytic reaction is 0.003 min−1 and for tribocatalytic reaction is 0.169 h−1. The rotation speed also affected the tribocatalytic activity of the oxide. Oxide showed 25%, 90%, and 94% tribocatalytic activity at 300, 500, and 700 rpm respectively. This material has demonstrated notable performance of catalysis under different types of mechanical energy sources and under different mechanisms.

Stepless Transmission Optimization for Green Micromobility

Small, electrified vehicles are becoming possible for urban environmental mobility due to their environmental performance, including zero-emission driving. Vehicles of this type use electric motors as sources of mechanical energy. Today, two types of transmission are most used in electrical micromobility vehicles (skateboards, scooters, tricycles, quadricycles, mopeds, motorcycles, go-karts, etc.): chain transmission and belt transmission. This transmission types provides a constant gear ratio that can only compromise between the maximum speed and the starting torque values, thus reducing the usage efficiency of the engine. This reduces vehicle manufacturers’ choice of less powerful drive and control elements, as well as balancing performance and efficiency at low and high speeds as well as on terrain.A novel design of a continuously variable transmission (CVT) for an electric go-kart is presented in this paper. The CVT consists of an inertial driving pulley mounted on an electric motor shaft, a timing V-belt, a gear wheel on the drive axle and 2 pressure rolls, which are moved by a servo motor for tensioning the V-belt. Gear ratio of a transmission can change seamlessly in the range of 1.5 - 2.2. The CVT has been tested under real conditions. The top speed of the electric go-kart with the given CVT and motor power 24.7 kW is 133km/h; time to accelerate to the top speed is 25 s. Total efficiency of the transmission (motor shaft, CVT, drive axle and wheels) is 65-72 % now, but there exist a lot of possibilities to improve it in the future. The conditions under which the novel CVT has an advantage over belt and chain transmissions with constant gear ratios have been studied. The developed mathematical model, the method for determination its constants, the algorithm for numerical calculations and the optimization criterion makes it possible to determine the optimal gear ratio for a vehicle with various CVT (not only belt) at any point in time in different racing modes. The model has been proved experimentally during acceleration and deceleration tests of the go-kart; it describes precisely the motion of the go-kart within the speed measurement error.The developed solution is applicable in urban micromobility. An optimized and stable transmission system focused on energy efficiency, resource saving, using less powerful drive and zero-emission.

Energy harvesting with dielectric elastomer tubes: active and (responsive materials-based) passive approaches

Mechanical to electrical energy conversion is a well-established energy transduction approach. However, cases in which a mechanical energy source is not available call for new approaches to harvest electrical energy. In the present study, we demonstrate energy harvesting in soft dielectric elastomer (DE) tubes. Broadly, energy harvesting is obtained through inflation of the tube, electrical charging of the DE layer, and deflation, which results in a decrease in capacitance and an increase in voltage. We propose two methods to mechanically charge (or inflate) the system: (1) active, in which the tube is inflated through the application of mechanical pressure, and (2) passive, in which a passive cylindrical component placed inside the DE tube deforms radially in response to an environmental stimulus such as thermal excitation or water uptake and inflates the DE tube. To demonstrate passive charging, we consider gels as the passive component and employ well-known models with the properties of the commonly employed DE VHB 4910 to simulate the mechanical response of the system and estimate the harvested electrical energy. Our findings reveal that energy-densities in the order of ∼10–50 mJ cm–3 can be harvested. The proposed approach and the inclusion of a passive component to mechanically charge the system opens new opportunities to generate energy in environments lacking traditional mechanical energy sources.

Enhancing piezoelectric effect of PVDF electrospun fiber through NiO nanoparticles for wearable applications

Flexible electrospun fiber-based piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) has attracted a lot of interest due to its ability of generating electrical energy from mechanical energy sources. The present work aims to improve the piezoelectric output of PENG devices based on electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) doped with nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) in different concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 wt.-%). Crystalline phase changes and β-crystalline content in electrospun fibers were evaluated using XRD and FTIR-ATR, respectively. Surface morphology and surface roughness of the electrospun fibers were observed using FE-SEM and AFM, respectively. The hydrophobic nature of the fibers was analyzed using a wettability test. PENG output voltage and short-circuit current performance of neat PVDF and PVDF doped with NiO (PN) composite electrospun fibers were calculated using a customized variable-pressure setup with an optimized force of 1.0 kgf and 1.0 Hz frequency. Neat PVDF-based PENG exhibited only 1.7 V and 0.7 μA, whereas, PVDF doped with 6 wt.-% NiO NP (PN-6) based PENG generated a high output voltage of 5.5 V and 1.83 μA current. The optimized PN-6 PENG device is demonstrated for use in wearable devices towards identifying certain body movements like tapping, wrist movement, walking and running.

A Three-Phase Microgenerator Based Solution for Power Harvesting Applications

With the fast growth of wireless communications between nodes/sensor units, devices installed in remote places require continuously energy supply for their functionality or communication requirements. For these applications energy harvesting takes place as a good solution to increase the availability of energy, in opposition to the conventional systems of energy supply. Regenerative energy sources like thermoelectric, magnetic, piezoelectric, and/or renewable sources such as photovoltaic and wind, among others, allowed the development of different powering solutions for sensor units. The purpose of this work is to characterize a three-phase micro generator that is used to convert the energy extracted from wind or water flow, among others mechanical energy sources, to electrical energy. The study is carried out taking into account the velocity of axis versus power provided to a load.

Energy efficiency assessment of alternative power supply system for isothermal wagon for live fish transportation

The research object is the power supply system of isothermal car for live fish transportation. The aim of the work is to assess the reduction of total energy costs when supplying electricity to an isothermal wagon for live fish transport by alternative sources in the form of wind turbines and solar panels. It is proposed to use centrifugal and centripetal wind turbines with vertical rotor as sources of mechanical energy of the aeration system of water tanks with live fish, and flexible solar panels placed on the roof of the isothermal wagon and thermoelectric converters as additional sources of electrical energy. When calculating the total energy costs for supplying electric power to the isothermal wagon for live fish transport, data from the literature sources were used. According to the calculations, by adding alternative sources of electricity to the existing isothermal wagon power supply system for fish transport, the total energy costs can be reduced by more than 30%.

Highly positive fluorophlogopite for enhanced power generation in triboelectric nanogenerators prepared on a flexible Ni–Cu fabric

Recent developments in triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) facilitate creation of sustainable, self-powered energy harvesting systems. In our study, we introduce fluorophlogopite as a positive triboelectric material with excellent electron transfer capabilities. We investigate the efficacy of a fluorophlogopite-based TENG, MgF-mica-TENG. We use a simple spray method on flexible Ni–Cu conductive fabric platforms to perform electrical analyses including open-circuit voltage (Voc), short circuit current (Isc), and peak power density using a home-made, 3D-printed, M-shaped spring setup. MgF-mica-TENG exhibited enhanced performance compared to the conventional muscovite-based TENG (Al-mica-TENG). This enhanced performance is primarily attributed to the increased surface potential of fluorophlogopite, which facilitate efficient charge transfer upon the contact of two electrodes, combined with optimized 11fabrication parameters. Based on our findings, we anticipate that MgF-mica materials can pave the way to the development of a comprehensive strategy to powering smart electronics, harnessing the abundant mechanical energy sources found in our daily surroundings.

STABILIZATION OF THE REVERSING SPEED OF THE DRIVE MOTOR SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR PRIVATE VOLTAGE WITH ACCUMULATORS BATTERIES

To limit the consequences of natural disasters and natural disasters (Japan's Fukushima NPP, Chornobyl NPP), reliable power supply systems are used for responsible mechanisms, which include engines of the cooling system of nuclear reactors, feed pumps and other consumers. Therefore, the use of reliable power supply systems increases the trouble-free operation of the station. Diesel generator sets, turbo generators, and batteries are used as sources of reliable power.&#x0D; A significant disadvantage of thermal sources of mechanical energy is the softness of external characteristics. Known sources do not cover the issue of using electromechanical converters for generating units with a capacity from 100 kW to several thousand kW.&#x0D; Theoretical studies on the basis of existing autonomous sources of power supply proved that existing heat engines do not allow to stabilize the speed of rotation of the synchronous generator, which feeds responsible consumers, even in the presence of a general-mode speed regulator. Therefore, a stabilization system was developed and proposed when powering a DC motor from a battery.&#x0D; The calculated dependences confirmed the stability of the generator rotation speed with the proper selection of the feedback coefficients.

A complete physical 3D model from first principles of vibrational-powered electromagnetic generators

The dynamic behavior of a vibrational electromagnetic generator using a magnetic levitation architecture was theoretically and experimentally studied in great detail, when operating under a wide range of three-dimensional excitations. We developed a complete rigorous physical model from first principles based on the theory of electrodynamics of continua, centered on the laws of electrodynamics and balance of mass, linear momentum, angular momentum, energy and entropy. Local electromagnetic and gravitational body forces, couples and powers were considered, and the surface tractions were divided into constraint and friction components, as well as those due to external mechanical energy sources. The balance of linear momentum, angular momentum and circuit equations resulted in up to 13 non-linear differential equations describing the dynamics of the levitating-magnet and container, relating input forces and torques with output displacement, constraint forces and voltage. The balance of energy yielded a consistent equivalence between the time rate of change of the internal kinetic and potential energies of the generator and the output power, associated with the external circuit, Ohmic losses and friction losses, as well as the input mechanical power being supplied to the system by the environment. Both the input and output powers were proven to tend to increase equally when operating the generator under resonant conditions. The levitating generator was shown to be sensitive to axial translational and centrifugal inertial forces, each one effectively resulting in a uni-stable or bi-stable system. The dynamical response yielded multiple initial conditions dependent steady-states, hysteretic frequency output and chaotic characteristics. Relevant guidelines to optimize the energy conversion efficiency of energy harvesters are provided. This model was validated by experimental tests, including general 3D motions combining translations and rotations: cross-correlations exceeding 90% were achieved. Such Newtonian and Langrangian modelling approaches hold great potential to be easily adapted to a wide range of other electromagnetic generators, with multiple degrees-of-freedom and operating under various environments, such that significant advances in energy technologies can be supported.

Mathematical model of the hovercraft lift system

BACKGROUND: Currently, hovercrafts are used worldwide thanks to their amphibian capabilities and mobility at water and slightly prepared areas with low supporting properties. Whereas, in practice, hovercrafts have two main systems ensuring motion, lift and traction which can be combined (operating from a common source of mechanical energy) as well as separated.&#x0D; This paper considers a hovercraft with separated lift and traction systems. The lift system of this hovercraft consist of piston diesel internal combustion engine (ICE), hydrostatic transmission, axial fans, feeding channel and an air-cushion plenum. The considered variant is chosen because hydrostatic transmission has a number of sufficient advantages in comparison with mechanical transmission with universal shafts and pulley drives, widely used at present time. The paper considers the open plenum lift system.&#x0D; AIM: Development of the combined mathematical model of the hovercraft lift system consisting of piston diesel ICE, hydrostatic transmission and a fan supplying air into the air-cushion plenum.&#x0D; METHODS: Using the MATLAB/Simulink environment, the engine power adjustment at hovercraft motion on various ground surfaces is studied with regard to increasing the efficiency of the fan and the whole system. Analytical scheme of the system is given, acceptable transient characteristics are obtained. Efficiency and range of optimal operation of the Sauer-Danfoss pump and hydraulic motor are estimated. The process of hovercraft adjustment from the established mode to a new state when motion condition change is considered.&#x0D; RESULTS: According to the simulation results, there is influence of the income control signal (adjustment parameter of engine operation modes) and disturbance signal (pressure change coefficient that defines properties of ground surface) on parameters describing the hovercraft motion.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: The developed mathematical model helps to choose and evaluate adjustment parameters of engine operation modes at hovercraft motion on various ground surfaces, to analyze and to improve the system energy efficiency.

To the question of the description of the internal combustion engine in the mathematical model of the lifting system of the hovercraft (on the example of the ZMZ-51432.10 CRS engine)

Introduction. It is known that about one third of the total capacity of the power plant of the hovercraft (SVP) is spent on the creation of an air cushion that ensures the rise of the main hull of the vessel. At the same time, in SVP, the source of mechanical energy, as a rule, is a diesel internal combustion engine (ICE). This article discusses one of the issues related to the creation of a mathematical model of the lifting system of the SVP, using: ICE, hydraulic transmission, axial fans and an air cushion nozzle scheme. Since in the vast majority of cases, the internal combustion engine performs its work in partial load modes, it becomes necessary to effectively control the power of the internal combustion engine in order to achieve its high efficiency in partial load modes.&#x0D; AIMS. The purpose of this study is to develop a mathematical description of the operation of the internal combustion engine both in external and partial modes of operation, for use in a mathematical model of the operation of the lifting system of the SVP.&#x0D; Methods. In this study, a ZMZ-51432.10 CRS diesel engine is used for the lifting system of the hovercraft.&#x0D; Results. Using the data obtained using the DIESEL-RK program for this ICE, in the Microsoft Excel environment, the corresponding trend lines were obtained for them by approximating the points that identify the partial characteristics of the engine with fourth-order polynomials, as well as the dependence of the coefficients of these polynomials on the control parameter of the ICE operation mode .&#x0D; Conclusion. The developed mathematical description of engine operation can be integrated with various load models when simulating real systems using internal combustion engines as energy sources. This means that it can also be used in mathematical modeling of the SVP lifting system in the MATLAB Simulink package.The approach proposed in this article makes it possible to build mathematical models of various systems using internal combustion engines, simplifying the study and saving computational time. Also, the results obtained can be of reference value.

Evaluation of the operating conditions of the Stirling engine heat exchangers

The development of modern energy is inextricably linked with the further improvement of heat engines, which are still the only primary sources of mechanical energy on an industrial scale. Given the existing environmental problems, Stirling engines can be a good alternative to internal combustion engines and turbines. Of the many problems of creating such a sufficiently powerful and economical engine, it is customary to consider three main ones: 1) efficient transfer of large heat fluxes in the heater, regenerator and refrigerator; 2) creation of reliable and durable seals to hold the working fluid in the cylinder; 3) ensuring minimal friction in bearings and seals. And yet, of the three listed problems, the first should be given more attention, first of all, due to the unique conditions associated with the continuously changing thermo and mechanical loads. The instability of the loads is further complicated by the sharply different heat transfer coefficient on the external and internal heat transfer surfaces. That is, there are factors that contradict the requirements for the size of the heat transfer surface, the friction resistance of the working medium and the dead volume of the engine as a whole. In this regard, it is of interest to search for possible ways to reduce the effect of negative factors of non-stationary heat transfer in the calculation of heat exchangers. The current lack of suitable theoretical methods of calculation forces the use of semi-empirical methods. The aim of the paper is to assess the significance of the unique, characteristic of Stirling engines, the negative phenomenon of the delay in the flow of the working fluid in heat exchangers. For this purpose, a real kinematic diagram of the movement of the engine pistons with a rhombic drive by R. Meyer, created using the design program, is used. The analogue is the 4–235 type real engine of the Philips Company. In the calculations, a step-by-step procedure for calculating the time-varying parameters of the working fluid is used. The need for such a solution is due to the fact that in the rhombic drive of R. Meyer, the pistons movement and the change in the displaced volumes complexly depend on the angle of rotation of the engine shaft. In addition, the exact value of the real change in volume is possible only when the terms of the analytic equation of volume change under consideration are decomposed into a Fourier series.

Advances in Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Sustainable and Renewable Energy: Working Mechanism, Tribo-Surface Structure, Energy Storage-Collection System, and Applications

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are emerging as a form of sustainable and renewable technology for harvesting wasted mechanical energy in nature, such as motion, waves, wind, and vibrations. TENG devices generate electricity through the cyclic working principle of contact and separation of tribo-material couples. This technology is used in outstanding applications in energy generation, human care, medicinal, biomedical, and industrial applications. TENG devices can be applied in many practical applications, such as portable power, self-powered sensors, electronics, and electric consumption devices. With TENG energy technologies, significant energy issues can be reduced or even solved in the near future, such as reducing gas emissions, increasing environmental protection, and improving human health. The performance of TENGs can be enhanced by utilizing materials with a significant contrast in their triboelectrical characteristics or by implementing advanced structural designs. This review comprehensively examines the recent advancements in TENG technologies for harnessing mechanical waste energy sources, with a primary focus on their sustainability and renewable energy attributes. It also delves into topics such as optimizing tribo-surface structures to enhance output performance, implementing energy storage systems to ensure stable operation and prolonged usage, exploring energy collection systems for efficient management of harvested energy, and highlighting practical applications of TENG in various contexts. The results indicate that TENG technologies have the potential to be widely applied in sustainable energy generation, renewable energy, industry, and human care in the near future.

Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Marine Applications: Recent Advances in Energy Harvesting, Monitoring, and Self‐Powered Equipment

Progress in advanced electronics has initiated the investigation of new ways to develop and apply self‐powered smart devices. The concern for meteoric exhausting non‐renewable energy sources has spurred such endeavors. Even so, using external power sources like batteries is problematic due to limited capacity, maintenance inconvenience, replacement, and environmental hazards. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) capable of converting various forms of mechanical energies into electrical output are gaining popularity. The marine and coastal areas are abundant sources of salvable mechanical energy. TENGs can convert lower‐frequency, ununiform, multidirectional energies into usable electricity. This can solve the device‐powering problem and can generate diverse signals to act as monitoring or sensing platforms themselves. In this review, three main TENG‐based/TENG‐driven application themes are addressed, i.e., energy harvesting, marine environment monitoring, and self‐powered equipment for marine‐related activities. It attempts to emphasize that various design features of TENGs can influence output performance; TENGs can power devices and monitor ocean parameters; TENGs‐integrated modern IoT networking systems can transmit real‐time data. Overall, this review encompasses the fundamental working mechanisms, structure designs, and practical implementation scenarios of recently developed devices in diverse marine applications. Finally, the existing challenges and potential future directions for TENG‐based marine self‐powered electronic systems are discussed.

Liquid Vibration Energy Harvesting Device Using Ferrofluids.

Mechanical vibrations can be effectively converted into electrical energy using a liquid type of energy harvesting device comprised of a ferrofluid and a permanent magnet-inductor coil assembly. Compared to solid vibration energy harvesting devices, the liquid nature of the ferrofluid overcomes space conformity limitations which allow for the utilization of a wider range of previously inaccessible mechanical vibration energy sources for electricity generation and sensing. This report describes the design and the governing equations for the proposed liquid vibration energy harvesting device and demonstrates vibration energy harvesting at frequencies of up to 33 Hz while generating up to 1.1 mV. The proposed design can continuously convert mechanical into electrical energy for direct discharge or accumulation and storage of electrical energy.