Meat Quality Characteristics Research Articles

Effects of Whole Flaxseed in Reduced Energy Diets on Broiler Chickens Meat Quality and Carcass Characteristics Under Heat Stress Condition

This study aimed to assess the impact of heat stress (HS) on broiler chickens provided with a low-energy diet including whole flaxseed, focusing on carcass characteristics and meat quality. A total of 250 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly allocated into five groups (50 chicks per group), with two replicates for each group. The negative control treatment (T1) received a basal diet devoid of HS. The second treatment fed a basal diet under HS as a positive control (T2). In the third experiment, they fed a basal diet, including whole flaxseed, under heat-stress conditions (T3). The fourth treatment consisted of providing a low-energy diet with whole flaxseed under HS (T4). The fifth intervention was a reduced energy diet administered under HS (T5). The carcass characteristics and edible entrails in the T3 and T4 groups showed a significant improvement (P≤0.05) compared to the control groups. The meat quality in the T3 and T4 groups was considerably enhanced (P≤0.05) due to an increase in omega-3 fatty acid levels [α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)], as determined by GC mass spectrometry compared to the control group that had a corn-soybean diet. In conclusion, incorporating whole flaxseeds into a low-energy diet during HS augmented broiler chickens’ productivity, improved carcass characteristics, and elevated omega-3 concentrations in the meat.

Effects of Prickly Ash Seed Dietary Supplementation on Meat Quality, Antioxidative Capability, and Metabolite Characteristics of Hu Lambs.

In China, the processing of prickly ash (PA) produces a large number of by-products, including prickly ash seeds (PASs), which are rich in bioactive components such as flavonoids and phenolic compounds, and which may have an important influence on meat quality and muscle metabolites. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the impact of dietary PAS supplementation on the meat quality, antioxidant activity, and metabolite characteristics of lambs. Eighteen 3-month-old Hu lambs (25.66 ± 3.03 kg body weight) were randomly allotted to three different dietary treatment groups. In the three dietary treatments, 0% (basal diet, CON), 3% (CON with 3% PAS, low-dose PAS, and LPS), and 6% (CON with 6% PAS, high-dose PAS, and HPS) PASs were used. Results indicated significant improvements in the HPS group, including reduced cooking loss and increased fat content. The L* and b* 45 min values were significantly lower in the PAS groups than those in the CON group (p < 0.05). Additionally, dietary PAS supplementation increased in MUFA, PUFA, n-3 PUFA, PUFA/MUFA ratio, NEAA, and FFA compared to the CON group. Furthermore, PAS supplementation significantly improved serum and muscle antioxidant capacity. Metabolomic analyses revealed that increased metabolites, such as tryptophan, leucine, citric acid, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, creatine phosphate, inosine, and α-ketoglutaric acid, were primarily enriched in the biosynthesis of cofactors and nucleotide and purine metabolism pathways. Notably, supplementation with 6% of PASs exhibited the most prominent effect on lamb meat quality in this study. Therefore, the application of PASs as a feed component in lamb production can not only improve meat quality and muscle antioxidant capacity but also save feed costs.

Characterization and antibacterial application of peppermint essential oil nanoemulsions in broiler

In order to mitigate the risk of antibiotic resistance in poultry, scientists nowadays consider plant secondary metabolites to be a major organic antibacterial substitute. This study aimed to characterize and investigate the in silico, in vitro, and in vivo antibacterial effects of peppermint essential oil (PEO) in the form of a nanoemulsion (NE), termed PEONE. Menthol as a major compound of PEO has been identified by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GCMS) analysis as 32.3 %, while lower droplet size, polydispersity Index (PDI), and optimum zeta potential values depicted the stability of PEONE have been observed and validated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrograph image. In silico antibacterial activity was studied by molecular docking of menthol and enrofloxacin with Topoisomerase IV protein (PDB: 1s16;) of Escherichia coli K12 MG1655 and this effect was validated by in vitro and in vivo analysis. In vitro analysis, sustained release of PEONE has been observed against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In this study for in vivo experiments (n = 90) day-old broiler chicks were distributed into 6 dietary treatments with 5 replicates of 3 birds per replication. Dietary treatments included 1) Negative control (basal diet), 2) Positive control (basal diet + 200 µl enrofloxacin), 3) 25 µl PEONE + basal diet, 4) 50 µl PEONE + basal diet, 5) 75 µl PEONE + basal diet, and 6) 100 µl PEONE + basal diet. Analyzed data by different statistical tools confirmed that PEONE significantly affected body weight gain (BWG) with an improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the control group. A significant increase in cecal Lactobacillus count and a decrease in total coliform was observed. Positive effects on physiological parameters, visceral organs, and meat quality characteristics have been observed. In conclusion, our experiments suggest that PEONE can be used in the broiler industry as a substitute for antibiotics to minimize bacterial resistance.

Feeding of bakery products as replacement of cereal grains alter fecal microbiome and improve feed efficiency in fattening pigs

The re-integration of former foodstuffs, such as bakery products (BP), into pig feed reduces the feed-food competition and increases the sustainability of pig production. Nevertheless, there are concerns about the altered fatty acid profile in BP compared to standard diets and their effects on meat quality and the intestinal microbiome. The present study investigated the effects of replacing 30% cereal grains with BP in the diet on performance, microbiome composition and metabolites in feces of fattening pigs, economic aspects and meat quality characteristics. A total of 132 pigs (Large White × Piétrain; 11 weeks of age) were fed two diets containing 0 or 30% BP until reaching slaughter weight in three replicate batches. Fecal samples were collected for 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing after 6 weeks, whereas body fat samples were collected after 9 weeks on the diet. The results showed that BP can replace cereals in pig diets by up to 30% without impairing animal performance, while improving feed efficiency and reducing feed costs by 9% compared to the control. Additionally, pigs fed the BP diet had a 50%-higher n-3 fatty acid content in the neck and abdominal fat compared to the control. The improved feed efficiency in BP-fed pigs may be related to positive effects on the fecal microbiome, such as a higher alpha diversity and a reduction of fungi and yeasts. Our study provides valuable insights into the benefits of including BP in diets of fattening pigs, which should be investigated in future studies on other BP types.

The use of partially slatted floor designs as an alternative to littered systems in broiler chickens. I. The effects on the performance, slaughter and carcass traits.

In this study, the effects of fully littered, slatted and their varying combinations on growth, performance, carcass and meat quality characteristics in broiler chickens were investigated. In the experiment, five treatment groups were formed as fully littered (FL), fully slatted (FS), 1/3 littered + 2/3 slatted (2/3 SF), 1/2 littered + 1/2 slatted (1/2SF), 2/3 littered + 1/3 slatted (1/3 SF). Each treatment group included 5 replicates (24 chicks in each) and a total of 600 male-female mixed fast growing broiler chicks (Ross-308) were used during 6 weeks. Weekly body weight (BW, g), feed intake (FI, g), feed conversion ratio (FCR, g.feed intake/g.weight gain), livability (%) and EPEF (European Production Efficiency Factor) were determined as performance characteristics. Carcass yield (CY, %), and the percentages of abdominal fat (AFP, %), edible internal organs (EIOP, %), gizzard (GP, %), breast (BRP, %) and thigh (TP, %) meat were the carcass characteristics. Meat quality measured by pH and color (L*: lightness, a*: redness, b*: yellowness) of breast and thigh meat, and occurrence of white striping and hemorrhaging in breast meat. The weekly BW differences among the floor treatments were significant (P < 0.01), and 1/3SF broilers were the heaviest at slaughter age (3311.6g). The 6-week FCR in FS broilers was significantly worse than the others (1.471), but FI, livability and EPEF were similar among treatments. AFP tended to be higher in FL birds (P = 0.066), while CY, EIOP, GP, BRP and TP did not differ between groups. Breast pH was similar between treatments, with 1/2SF showing the highest (6.34) and FL the lowest (6.24) breast pH (P < 0.01). The partially slatted systems caused lighter, redder and yellower color values in breast meat (P < 0.01) than the fully littered or slatted systems, but did not change the color of the thigh meat. White striping and hemorrhaging in breast meat were not affected by the floor treatments. This study suggests that the use of partially slatted systems in broiler chickens improves meat color without compromising performance traits (body weight, feed efficiency, EPEF), litter moisture and slaughter traits and these systems could be an alternative to fully littered systems.

Performance, Meat Quality and Gene Expression of Grazing Lambs Supplemented with Macadamia Oil and Vitamin E

Macadamia oil has high concentrations of oleic and palmitoleic fatty acids, which can increase tissue sensitivity to insulin, improving glucose absorption efficiency, and reducing lipogenesis through gene modulation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of macadamia oil associated with vitamin E supplementation on performance, blood parameters, meat quality and sensory characteristics, meat fatty acid profile, and expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism in grazing lambs. The experimental treatments were control diet (Control), Control + 0.1% of body weight of macadamia oil (MO), MO + 745 IU of vitamin E/dry matter (MOVE). Macadamia oil improved feed efficiency, reflecting a lower dry matter intake, as the average daily weight gain did not differ from Control. Meat quality parameters were not affected by macadamia oil or vitamin E supplementation. Supplementation with macadamia oil improved meat appearance, flavor, and overall liking. Supplementation with macadamia oil provided a higher proportion of C18:3 n3 and a lower proportion of CLA. The expression of SREBP-1c, PPAR-α, SCD1, and ELOVL6 genes were not modified with the supplementation of macadamia oil and vitamin E. In conclusion, supplementation with macadamia oil improves feed efficiency and meat quality; and the inclusion of 745 IU of vitamin E/kg of dry matter for grazing lambs reduces 36% of lipid oxidation of the meat.

Study the Effect of Aqueous Extract of Alfalfa a and Clove as Natural Antioxidant on Some Meat Quality Characteristics in Common Carp Cyprinus carpio

Study the Effect of Aqueous Extract of Alfalfa a and Clove as Natural Antioxidant on Some Meat Quality Characteristics in Common Carp Cyprinus carpio

The effects of varying stocking densities during the first 10 days on the performance, welfare, slaughter and meat quality characteristics of broiler chickens in the subsequent period.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of varying stocking densities during the first 10 days on the performance, welfare, slaughter and meat quality characteristics of broiler chickens in the subsequent period (11-42 days). In the study, treatments representing 3 different stocking densities with the same group sizes were established and a total of 432 d-old chicks were used. In the first 10 days of the rearing period, treatments of 18 (SD18), 27 (SD27) and 36 (SD36) chicks per m2 were formed, and at 11 days of age, chicks in all treatments were reared at a density of 18 chicks/m2. Body weight differences in SD18, SD27 and SD36 treatments at 10 and 42 days of age were significant (P < 0.05), they were 252.6, 254.3 and 241.5g in SD18, SD27 and SD36 groups at 10 days and 2961.1, 2874.8 and 2842.7g at 42 days of age, respectively. In the first 10 days of growing period, SD36 showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) from the other groups in feed intake and feed conversion ratio, but this was not significant at slaughter age. The livability at 10 and 42 days was not different among treatments and was between 98.6 and 99.3% and 93.5-93.8%, respectively. The uniformity at 10 days was significant among the stocking density groups (P < 0.05) and the best uniformity level was obtained in the SD36 group, the differences in CV values at 42 days were not significant among the treatments. EPEF (European production efficiency factor) values were not different between the groups, the highest numerical value was determined in the SD36 group. Foot pad dermatitis, hock burn and breast burn levels were significantly higher in SD18 chickens (P < 0.05), however incidence of finger crookedness and valgus-varus deformity did not differ between the treatments. The litter moisture contents were similar between treatments, and ranged from 25.6 to 32.6%. Different stocking density treatments during the first 10 days of the experiment had no significant effect on slaughter, abdominal fat, carcass parts, color and pH values in the breast and thigh meat. In conclusion, rearing broiler chickens by dividing the poultry house area by half during the first 10 days (36 birds/m2) could help to improve the overall productivity (EPEF) by providing ease of maintenance, efficient heating and better control.

Effects of supplementing tributyrin on serum biochemical indices and meat quality characteristics of longissimus thoracis et lumborum of weaned Small-Tailed Han lambs

Effects of supplementing tributyrin on serum biochemical indices and meat quality characteristics of longissimus thoracis et lumborum of weaned Small-Tailed Han lambs

Growth Performance, Meat Quality, and Lipid Oxidation in Pigs’ Fed Diets Containing Grape Pomace

Grape pomace is a winery byproduct that is rich in polyphenols with antioxidant capacity. This study investigated the effect of 0, 5, and 10% inclusion of dehydrated grape pomace (DGP) in finishing pig diets on the growth performance, carcass traits, fatty acid profile, fresh meat quality, and fat stability of a local pig genotype. A total of 36 pigs, 18 barrows, and 18 gilts (83.23 ± 6.03 kg and 132.1 ± 5.6 days old) were allotted in a randomized block design considering the initial weight (block) within sex, with six replicates of each sex per treatment. Including DGP in the diets did not affect daily weight gain or the feed-to-gain ratio; however, daily feed intake increased linearly (p &lt; 0.05) and backfat thickness at the last rib, backfat thickness at the first sacral vertebrae, P2 backfat thickness, fat area, and the percentage of lean meat decreased linearly (p &lt; 0.05) in pigs. The inclusion of DGP in pig diets did not affect the antioxidant potential evaluated by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in mini hamburgers or the quality characteristics of fresh meat, except for intramuscular fat (EE). The dietary inclusion of DGP linearly increased (p &lt; 0.05) EE, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and Σω-3 and reduced the ω-6:ω-3 ratio in a linear way (p &lt; 0.05) in the loin of pigs. We concluded that it is feasible to include up to 10% of DGP in pig diets without affecting growth performance, but carcass quality may be impaired due to increased adiposity. Furthermore, meat quality can be improved by increasing intramuscular fat and ω-3 fatty acid content, but fat stability is not affected when DGP is included at up to 10% of the diet for 49 days prior to slaughter.

Influence of chitosan dietary supplement on growth performance, blood indices, and characteristics of meat quality in chickens

Influence of chitosan dietary supplement on growth performance, blood indices, and characteristics of meat quality in chickens

Replacing alfalfa-based total mixed ration with Moringa leaves for improving carcass and meat quality characteristics in lambs

The expected increase in the population will put more pressure on resources, which means there will be a greater demand for food and the need for different ingredients to feed animals. This study aimed to explore the potential benefits of replacing alfalfa-based total mixed ration (TMR) with Moringa spp. On carcass characteristics and meat quality traits in lamb. The experiment involved 60 intact male lambs of the Harri breed, averaging 24 ± 1 kg in weight and approximately 5 months old. Lambs were randomly divided into five feeding groups: T1 (40 % alfalfa-based TMR), T2 (40 % M. oleifera), T3 (40 % M. peregrina), T4 (20 % alfalfa-based TMR + 20 % M. oleifera), and T5 (20 % alfalfa-based TMR + 20 % M. peregrina. The results confirmed that incorporating Moringa spp. Into lamb diets significantly reduced intramuscular fat content. Supplementation also improved tenderness, texture properties, and water-holding capacity. Additionally, the treatment groups exhibited a significant decrease in total non-carcass components compared to the control group. Overall, these findings suggest positive changes and enhancements in lamb carcass traits and meat quality attributes with Moringa spp. Supplementation, without observed adverse effects.

Comparison of production performance and meat quality characteristics between Guizhou Black goats and F4 generation hybrids of South African Kalahari Goats

This study spanned 6 years and 4 generations, involving the progressive crossbreeding of South African Kalahari Goat (SK) and Guizhou Black Goat (GB) over three generations, followed by cross fixation F3 with F1 in the fourth generation, accompanied by the use of molecular markers technology to select a high fertility population, resulting in the creation of a hybrid goat, BKF4 (11/16 SK lineage and 5/16 GB lineage). A comparative evaluation of the BKF4 hybrid breed and its parental breeds was conducted. Reproductive and production parameters of GB, SK, and BKF4 goat groups were monitored, including lambing rate (LR), survival rate (SR), daily weight gain at 3 months of age (DWG), and adult body weight (ABW) (n = 110, 106, 112 per group). In addition, dressing percentage (DP) (n = 12 per group) and analyses of amino acids (n = 8, 6, 10 per group) and fatty acids (n = 6 per group) were conducted to evaluate meat quality indicators. Results: (1) Reproductive and production performance: The index of LR reached 199%, significantly higher than GB and SK (p ≤ 0.001), with a SR of 95.0%, markedly higher than SK (p ≤ 0.001); DWG was 276.5 g, ABW reached 56.6 kg and with a dressing percentage (DP) of 54.5%, they are significantly surpassing GB (p ≤ 0.001). (2) Regarding meat quality: pH45-value and crude protein content (CP) increased, while intramuscular fat content increased compared to GB and ash content decreased. The amino acid composition was similar to GB, but the taste was more similar to SK. However, there were some negative impacts on fatty acid composition and functionality. (3) PCA analysis revealed that: BKF4 exhibited superior meat quality compared to GB and SK, influenced by two key factors contributing 83.49% and 16.51% to the explained variance, respectively. The key factors affecting meat quality include intramuscular fat (IMF), nutrient index (NI), PUFAs/MUFAs, n-6FAs, and drip loss (DL).

Comparison of Muscle Fiber and Meat Quality Characteristics of Beef Strip Loin, Tenderloin, and Round Cuts among Jeju Black Cattle, Hanwoo, and Their Crossbreeds.

This study assessed and compared meat quality and fiber characteristics of longissimus lumborum (LL), psoas major (PM), and semimembranosus muscles among Hanwoo (HW), Jeju black (BL), and their crossbred (BH) cattle. Twelve carcasses from each breed (36 in total) were used in this study. BL and BH had higher moisture and crude ash contents and lower crude fat and protein contents than HW, regardless of the muscle type. BL had higher CIE a*, cooking loss, and shear force values than did the other breeds for all muscle types. The muscle fiber size (cross-sectional area) of BL and BH was larger than that of HW for all muscle types. Type IIX was the dominant muscle fiber type in both BL and BH, regardless of muscle type; however, HW had the highest composition of type I compared to the other types (IIA, IIAX, and IIX) in PM. Higher total fiber density was observed in the LL and PM muscles of HW than in those of BL and BH. Meat quality and muscle fiber characteristics of BL and BH were distinct from those of HW.

Longitudinal and transversal intramuscular variation of muscle fiber and meat quality characteristics in bovine M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum

This study evaluates longitudinal and transversal intramuscular variations in muscle fiber and meat quality characteristics in bovine M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL). The LTL muscles (n = 5) from the left side of the beef carcass were cut at intervertebral segment intervals (between 1st thoracic vertebra (TV) and 6th lumbar vertebra (LV)). The pennation angle demonstrated an increasing trend from the anterior to posterior regions regardless of the medial (M-zone) and lateral (L-zone) regions (P < 0.05). The M -zone had a higher pennation angle than the L-zone in the TV and 1st LV (P < 0.05). The cross-sectional area (CSA) of muscle fibers, excluding type I, was larger in the posterior region than the anterior region (P < 0.05). A larger CSA of type I/IIA, IIA, IIAX, and IIX was observed on the lateral side than on the medial side of the 13th TV (P < 0.05). Fiber types were more oxidative (types I and IIA) in the anterior region and more glycolytic (types IIA/IIX and IIX) in the posterior region. Fat content was higher in the anterior region than in the posterior region (P < 0.05). The lowest redness, yellowness, and Warner-Bratzler shear force values were observed in the middle of the muscle, whereas the lightness value was lower in the posterior region regardless of the transversal region (P < 0.05). Therefore, bovine LTL muscles exhibit unique morphological properties and contribute to understanding meat quality associated with morphological and muscle fiber characteristics in relation to their intramuscular variations.

Comparison of growth, carcass and meat quality characteristics of triploid and diploid Black Sea trout (Salmo trutta labrax) under laboratory conditions

Comparison of growth, carcass and meat quality characteristics of triploid and diploid Black Sea trout (Salmo trutta labrax) under laboratory conditions

Dietary Crude Protein and Lysine Levels Affect Meat Quality and Myofiber Characteristic of Slow-Growing Chicken.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) and lysine levels on growth performance, slaughter performance, meat quality, and myofiber characteristics of slow-growing chicken. A 3 × 3 factorial experiment was arranged, and the chickens were fed with 3 levels of dietary CP (16.0%, 17.0%, 18.0%) and 3 levels of dietary lysine (0.69%, 0.84%, 0.99%). A total of 540 8-week-old Beijing-You Chicken (BYC) female growing chickens were randomly allocated to 9 groups, 5 replicates per group, and 12 chickens per replicate. The birds were randomly allocated to one of the 9 experimental diets. Growth performance, slaughter performance, meat quality, and myofiber characteristics were determined at 16 weeks of age. The results showed that dietary CP level and the interaction of dietary CP and lysine levels affected average feed intake (AFI) (p < 0.05). The AFI in the 16.0% CP and 17.0% CP groups was higher than in the 18.0% CP group (p < 0.05). Dietary CP levels significantly affected body weight gain (BWG) (p < 0.05) at 9 to 16 weeks. The 18.0% CP group had the highest BWG (93.99 g). Dietary CP levels affected the percentage of leg muscle yield, and the percentage of leg muscle yield of the 16.0% CP group was significantly lower than that in the other two groups (p < 0.05). Dietary CP and lysine levels alone and their interactions did not affect pH24h, drip loss, and cooking loss of breast muscle (p > 0.05). The shear force of the 18.0% CP group (29.55 N) was higher than that in the other two groups (p < 0.01). Dietary CP level affected myofiber characteristic (p < 0.01), with the lowest myofiber density (846.35 p·mm-2) and the largest myofiber diameter (30.92 μm) at 18.0% CP level. Dietary lysine level affected myofiber diameter, endomysium thickness, perimysium thickness (p < 0.01), with the largest myofiber diameter (29.29 μm) obtained at 0.84% lysine level, the largest endomysium thickness (4.58 μm) at 0.69% lysine level, and the largest perimysium thickness (9.26 μm) at 0.99% lysine level. Myofiber density was negatively correlated with myofiber diameter and endomysium thickness (R = -0.883, R = -0.523, p < 0.01); perimysium thickness had a significant negative correlation with shear force (R = -0.682, p < 0.05). Therefore, reducing dietary CP level and adding appropriate lysine can reduce myofiber diameter and increase perimysium thickness, reducing shear force and improving meat tenderness. A high lysine level (0.99%) in the low-CP (16.0%) diet can improve meat tenderness by regulating the myofiber characteristic without affecting production performance.

Effect of gestational naural pasture allowance on muscle development of lambs

To study the effects of gestational undernutrition induced by a lower natural pasture allowance on myogenesis and meat production in lambs, two experiments were carried out. In the first, Corriedale sheep were fed contrasting natural pasture allowances (23 days before conception until gestation day 122) and myogenesis was evaluated in 70-day-old fetuses and newborns. In the second, similar ewes were fed with contrasting natural pasture allowances (day 30 of gestation until parturition) and the productive performance, quantity and quality of meat and muscular characteristics in 200-day-old lambs were evaluated. A lower pasture allownace affected fetal myogenesis (fewer secondary fibers) and was associated with reduced mitotic and myoblastic fusion activity in some muscles. In newborns, maternal undernutrition affected muscle histology, fibrillar biological and contractile properties (MyHC-I and GLUT-4). Likewise, undernutrition strongly reduced muscle IGF-1 and could compromise neonatal hypertrophic compensation. On the other hand, maternal undernutrition from day 30 to parturition affected growth, carcass quality and muscle weights at 200 days, although these effects were mainly sex-dependent, with males being the most affected. Maternal undernutrition affected fibrillar composition (greater oxidative activity) in all muscles at 200 days. Biochemical and meat quality characteristics were also affected, although these effects depended on both muscle and sex. In summary, a lower gestational pasture allowance negatively affected fetal myogenesis and neonatal muscle characteristics (worse hypertrophic capacities), and induced fetal programming effects on muscle mass and muscle characteristics at 200 days. This implies that, regardless of postnatal conditions, intrauterine alterations induce muscular changes, which may be related to the ability to grow and the quality of the meat produced. Likewise, our results highlight the importance of considering the sex of the animal and the muscle when studying these effects.

Effect of Adding Red Pepper Powder on Meat Quality Characteristics in Broilers Without Adding Antibiotics or Vaccines

Effect of Adding Red Pepper Powder on Meat Quality Characteristics in Broilers Without Adding Antibiotics or Vaccines

Meat Quality and Carcass Characteristics of Lambs Born to Supplemented Hamari Ewes, Sudan

Meat Quality and Carcass Characteristics of Lambs Born to Supplemented Hamari Ewes, Sudan