Social Control Measures Research Articles

Social control is associated with increased reproductive skew in a wild mammal.

In group-living species, reproductive variation among individuals of the same sex is widespread. By identifying the mechanisms underlying this reproductive skew, we gain fundamental insights into the evolution and maintenance of sociality. A common mechanism, social control, is typically studied by quantifying dominance, which is one of many attributes of sociality that describes how individuals exert influence on others and is an incomprehensive measure of social control as it accounts only for direct relationships. Here, we use the global reaching centrality (GRC), which quantifies the degree of hierarchy in a social network by accounting for both direct and indirect social relationships. Using a wild, free-living population of adult female yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris), we found a positive relationship between the reproductive skew index and GRC: more despotic social groups have higher reproductive skew. The GRC was stronger predictor for skew than traditional measures of social control (i.e. dominance). This allows deeper insights into the diverse ways individuals control other group members' reproduction, a core component in the evolution of sociality. Future studies of skew across taxa may profit by using more comprehensive, network-based measures of social control.

Lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic: lessons from a polarized scenario in Brazil.

The COVID-19 pandemic led many countries to adopt strict measures aimed at reducing circulation of the virus and mitigating the burden on health services. Among these, the lockdown (social distancing/confinement) was probably the most controversial and most widely debated, since it affected the population's daily life abruptly, with consequences for people's emotional state and the operational logic of various economic sectors. Analyze the relationship been Brazilians' opinions on lockdown during the pandemic and individual, sociodemographic, and belief characteristics. We conducted an online survey to evaluate Brazilians' opinions on the lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic. We prepared a questionnaire with questions on sociodemographic aspects and individuals' points of view toward the lockdown. We sent a link for the survey through social media and encouraged participants to also share the link in their respective social networks, as a snowball sample. Cluster analysis was performed to identify different opinion profiles. Cluster Analysis is a multivariate approach that aims to segment a set of data into distinct groups, using some classification criteria. From April to May 2021, the link received 33,796 free participations via social networks from all over Brazil. We analyzed data from 33,363 participants. Pro-lockdown opinions predominated in most of the sociodemographic strata. Cluster analysis identified two groups: pro-lockdown, aligned with the scientific recommendations, and anti-lockdown, characterized by economic insecurity and denialism. Anti-lockdown participants downplayed the pandemic's seriousness and believed in unproven measures to fight SARS-CoV-2. However, these same participants were afraid of losing their jobs and of being unable to pay their bills. In general, participants did not believe in the feasibility of a lockdown in Brazil or in the efficacy of the prevailing government administration's measures. The study identified a lack of consensus among participants concerning lockdown as a practice. Issues such as disbelief in the pandemic's seriousness, denialism, and economic insecurity were important in the determination of the profiles identified in the study. Denialism is believed to have been a subjective defense against the economic problems resulting from social control measures and the lack of adequate social policies to deal with the pandemic. It was also highlighted that political polarization and the lack of central coordination during social distancing are crucial aspects. The variation in results in different locations highlights the diversity of the Brazilian scenario. By analyzing Brazilians' opinions about the lockdown, considering individual characteristics, the study seeks insights to face the pandemic and prepare for future crises, contributing to more effective public health strategies.

Optimal Social and Vaccination Control in the SVIR Epidemic Model

In this paper, we introduce an approach to the management of infectious disease diffusion through the formulation of a controlled compartmental SVIR (susceptible–vaccinated–infected–recovered) model. We consider a cost functional encompassing three distinct yet interconnected dimensions: the social cost, the disease cost, and the vaccination cost. The proposed model addresses the pressing need for optimized strategies in disease containment, incorporating both social control measures and vaccination campaigns. Through the utilization of advanced control theory, we identify optimal control strategies that mitigate disease proliferation while considering the inherent trade-offs among social interventions and vaccination efforts. Finally, we present the results from a simulation-based study employing a numerical implementation of the optimally controlled system through the forward–backward sweep algorithm. The baseline model considered incorporates parameters representative of typical values observed during the recent pandemic outbreak.

How Society Anxiety Influences Attention Control in College Students: The Moderated Mediation Effect of Cognitive Flexibility and Resting-state Electroencephalography Activity.

Social anxiety is a prevalent issue among college students, adversely affecting their overall well-being. Drawing from the cognitive model of social anxiety and attention control theory, heightened levels of social anxiety may correspond to poorer attention control ability. However, little is known about the underlying cognitive mechanisms of the relationship between social anxiety and attention control. To address this research gap, the current study recruited a sample of 156 college students (56 women) who underwent self-report measures of social anxiety, cognitive flexibility, and attention control, followed by a resting-state EEG recording. The results revealed a significant negative predictive effect of social anxiety on attention control, with cognitive flexibility partially mediating this relationship. Furthermore, resting-state theta power emerged as a significant moderator, accentuating the negative impact of social anxiety on cognitive flexibility among individuals with lower theta power. In addition, frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) demonstrated a moderating effect, with lower FAA intensifying the predictive influence of cognitive flexibility on attention control. Taken together, these results suggested that social anxiety can predict attention control either directly or indirectly via the mediating role of cognitive flexibility, and lower theta power and FAA has a risk amplification effect, which provide novel insights into the treatment and prevention of social anxiety and its negative impact on college students.

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE PERMITTED BY HUSBAND AGAINST WIFE FROM A CRIMINOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

From a perspective, this study aims to ascertain the causes of husbands' violence against wives and attempts to stop such violent acts. The data used to answer the problems in this research was obtained through a literature study by reading, quoting, studying, and reviewing existing literature or materials, as well as laws and regulations related to the problems studied. The research results show that the factors causing violence perpetrated by husbands against their wives are economic factors, partner behavioural factors, and psychological factors. Economic factors are the things that most often trigger domestic violence. This starts with the husband's duty, which should not only fulfil basic needs but also other needs that must be met. Environmental factors, namely the place and social environment, sometimes bring their own colour to a person's life. Psychology is one of the causes of domestic violence because the psychological condition of a wife is different and can also determine the size of the actions taken. Efforts made to overcome violence perpetrated by husbands against wives are preventive, curative, and medical. Preventive measures are social control measures carried out to prevent or reduce the possibility of undesirable things occurring in the future. Curative efforts are efforts to overcome domestic violence or actions taken to treat victims in an integrated manner. Medical efforts are efforts to overcome domestic violence by providing the services of a health worker again to undergo.

The Significance of Non-Rehabilitative Grounds for Exemption from Criminal Liability for the General Legal Consequences of Committing a Crime by a Person

Relevance. Repeated appeals to the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation to challenge the constitutionality of the provisions of various regulatory legal acts containing legal restrictions and prohibitions in relation to persons previously subjected to criminal prosecution allow us to state the presence of systemic omissions in the formation of an independent group of measures of social control over persons who have committed a crime.The purpose is to develop legal means to eliminate the contradictions of criminal and sectoral legislation.The objectives of the work were to analyze the content of normative legal acts that provide for the establishment of general legal restrictions for persons who have committed crimes, as well as decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation regarding these provisions.Methodology. The work used the general scientific dialectical method of studying social phenomena, as well as a number of particular scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, etc.)Result. Analysis of the prescriptions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, criminal legislation, certain normative legal acts, law enforcement practice, it allowed the authors to identify a number of problematic issues in determining the legal nature of the so-called general legal consequences of a crime committed, to state the lack of consistency in determining the criteria, terms and content of these legal restrictions by the legislator.Conclusions. In conclusion, the authors were able to formulate proposals for the creation in the criminal law of an independent institution that regulates the grounds, the procedure for the application and termination of nonpunitive law-restrictive measures against persons who have committed a crime.

Криминализация и декриминализация как инструменты социального контроля за лицами, совершившими преступление

Annotation: The relevanceof the research topic is determined by the complexities of modern trends in criminalization (decriminalization) within the framework of the emerging criminal law policy.
 Generalization of the approaches formed in the doctrine (and the positions of the authors) to the ongoing changes in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, expressed in the increase in the number of criminal
 law prohibitions and law enforcement practice, demonstrates the qualitative changes in the emerging prohibitions in relation to the designs of the relevant offences, sanctions, as well as the actually developing law enforcement practice in this area.
 The object ofthe study is social relations linking criminalization processes with the stage of the implementation of criminal punishment and other measures of criminal law nature and further individualized crime prevention.
 The aim of the study was to define the mechanism of criminalization (decriminalization) not only within the framework of criminal law prohibitions, but of further law enforcement practice as well.
 As a result of the study, the author states that there is a correlation between the trend towards the increase in the number of criminal law prohibitions with the simultaneous introduction of instruments to reduce the punitive potential of sanctions contained in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, as well as the practical reduction in the use of repressive measures. The partial use of measures of social control over the behavior of convicts as an instrument of private prevention is noted and the need to expand such means and their specification based on the characteristics of the crime committed and the personality traits of the criminal is pointed out.
 The findings can be used in the legislative process, as well as law enforcement practice when assigning and executing punishment and other criminal law measures.

Elimination, Containment, and Mitigation of COVID-19: A Personal Story about International Travels.

The author and his wife report their unique experience of international travels during the COVID-19 pandemic, and discuss issues encountered in various countries. Narrated discussion of issues encountered during the COVID-19 pandemic. "Zero-COVID" versus "Living with COVID-19" strategies are compared. Children have unique issues with COVID-19 pandemic. Evaluation of efficacy of the approaches in pandemic with time should consider the main types of interventions (e.g., border management/quarantine; physical distancing; mask use; case isolation, testing and contact tracing; vaccination). The key metrics that can be used to compare the impacts of different strategies between the cities (e.g., cumulative case rate, cumulative mortality rate, case fatality risk, stringency index, economic performance) should be identified. Research in these approaches can help manage future pandemics in coronaviruses and emerging infections. The UK started with very loose mitigation ('herd immunity') and then switched to a suppression approach in 2021, followed by "living with the virus" approach. Whereas HK has been targeting towards elimination throughout. In between, countries like Singapore, Australia and New Zealand have shifted from zero-COVID strategy to living with the virus. It is easier to have effective social control measures in Hong Kong because it has clear borders and an authoritarian government, but it did not have a clear exit policy when Omicron spread.

Social control of the activities of children’s organizations in the context of modern security challenges

Children, as the target audience, require a special approach in the provision of services. This determines the psychological aspects of the activities of children’s organizations. The purpose of such organizations is to focus on the most significant risks and concerns associated with children. The definition of such risks becomes a non-trivial task, which is formed from two boundaries of understanding the danger: public opinion and personal experience. These two boundaries represent the foundations of social control and the implementation of social control measures in real situations of risk. For the analysis of the first boundary, the contour of the most acute fears and fears of the inhabitants of St. Petersburg in the plane of the public safety of children was identified. A population study was conducted in St. Petersburg, which analyzed the perception of residents about possible threats to children in various organizations — about their significance and prevalence. Among the most acute fears, residents single out unfamiliar adults and teenagers, objects on the street and the Internet. The further steps of the research involved the analysis of the second frontier — the identification of specific risk situations that children encountered in these organizations, as well as how social control was implemented through the actions of employees working with risk situations. Within this boundary, situations of psychological and physical violence against children were analyzed. For this task, focused group interviews were conducted with adolescents and students of higher educational institutions to analyze their interaction with organizations providing services to children (schools, children’s circles, etc.). The data obtained in them made it possible to formulate a number of general recommendations that are designed to reduce the risks for children in organizations of this kind.

Genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Cambodia, January 2020 to February 2021.

The first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Cambodia was confirmed on 27 January 2020 in a traveller from Wuhan. Cambodia subsequently implemented strict travel restrictions, and although intermittent cases were reported during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, no apparent widespread community transmission was detected. Investigating the routes of severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) introduction into the country was critical for evaluating the implementation of public health interventions and assessing the effectiveness of social control measures. Genomic sequencing technologies have enabled rapid detection and monitoring of emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we detected 478 confirmed COVID-19 cases in Cambodia between 27 January 2020 and 14 February 2021, 81.3 per cent in imported cases. Among them, fifty-four SARS-CoV-2 genomes were sequenced and analysed along with representative global lineages. Despite the low number of confirmed cases, we found a high diversity of Cambodian viruses that belonged to at least seventeen distinct PANGO lineages. Phylogenetic inference of SARS-CoV-2 revealed that the genetic diversity of Cambodian viruses resulted from multiple independent introductions from diverse regions, predominantly, Eastern Asia, Europe, and Southeast Asia. Most cases were quickly isolated, limiting community spread, although there was an A.23.1 variant cluster in Phnom Penh in November 2020 that resulted in a small-scale local transmission. The overall low incidence of COVID-19 infections suggests that Cambodia's early containment strategies, including travel restrictions, aggressive testing and strict quarantine measures, were effective in preventing large community outbreaks of COVID-19.

The shaming of people with disabilities in clinical practice: a bioethical critique

Shaming is defended by some as a necessary measure of social control. But shaming is unjust to the extent that it is disproportionate, and largely counterproductive. While much progress has been made, people with disabilities are still frequently at the receiving end of shaming. This is manifest in disregard for accommodation requests, condescending attitudes and overall lack of empathy towards people with disabilities. These trends are also manifest in clinical settings. Medical staff and healthcare workers need to seriously consider this state of affairs and embrace attitudinal changes and policies that contribute to a more welcoming atmosphere towards the disabled, and consequently curb the shaming to which they have been traditionally exposed.

A breach in the social contract: Limited participation and limited evidence in COVID-19 responses.

Medically trained health professionals have been central to the development of policy responses to the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) crisis. In their multiple roles-as clinicians, public health leaders, members of scientific advisory boards, and also as media pundits and health professionals-they have helped shape discourses of science-based policy options during the first 2 years of the pandemic. In particular, health professionals as a collective voice insisted on the necessity of society-wide measures of social control to curb the morbidity and mortality of the virus. These measures, in turn, informed the political and moral imagination of the political class, the media and the larger public. Yet, as emerging evidence suggests, measures of social control posed a serious and long-termrisk for health equity. In this discussion piece on the first 2 years of COVID-related public health directives, we interrogate the tensions that advocating for extensive and protracted measures of social control can pose to the social contract between medicine and society, health equity and democracy. To illustrate these tensions, we discuss the public fallout between vocal members of the OSAT, an ad hoc biomedical-led organization,and the Government of Ontario in light of the disagreement on the scope of 'stay home' orders to manage the third wave of the pandemic in the Spring of 2021 and, more recently, the mass protest against mass-scale public health measures in Ottawa, Canada. We argue that while decision making under emergency conditions is a difficult task, the legitimacy of the social contract between medicine and society depends on medical experts' judicious exercise of public health ethics principles. We offer a set of recommendations for building a more collaborative response to future health crises.

The public health impact of loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundSocial distancing measures have been effective in mitigating the spread of COVID-19; however, they have imposed a significant burden on population mental health and well-being. This study aimed to identify factors associated with loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to describe the relationship between loneliness and the risk of worsening health outcomes and behaviours.MethodsData for 8,960 adults were drawn from a national cross-sectional survey undertaken in Wales between January and June 2021. Participants self-reported changes to health and behaviour since the start of the pandemic. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with loneliness, and the impact of loneliness on self-reported changes in physical health, physical fitness, mental health, weight, alcohol consumption and social relations in comparison with pre-pandemic experiences.ResultsGroups most at risk of loneliness were those aged < 35 years, women (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.86 [1.70–2.05]), those with chronic health conditions (1.43 [1.29–1.58]) and the unemployed (2.18 [1.76–2.70]). Loneliness was a strong predictor of worsening health outcomes and behaviours, with those reporting often feeling lonely being at increased odds of worsening physical health (3.29 [2.80–3.86]), physical fitness (2.22 [1.90–2.60]), mental health (8.33 [6.95–9.99]), weight (1.39 [1.19–1.62]), alcohol consumption (1.37 [1.12,-1.66]) and social relations (2.45 [2.07–2.89]) during the pandemic.ConclusionThis study established an association between loneliness and self-reported worsening health during the pandemic, and identified factors increasing the risk of loneliness. The effect that social control measures have on loneliness should influence the design of future public health policy.

Neighborhood Social Ties and Informal Social Control: When do Neighbors Call the Police or Directly Intervene?

Social disorganization theory posits that neighborhood social ties facilitate residents’ engagement in distinct forms of informal social control important for crime reduction, including private, parochial, and public controls (Bursik &amp; Grasmik, 1993). Yet research examining how social ties contribute to various forms of informal social control is rare, despite a recent resurgence in efforts to clarify these measures (see Warner, 2014). The present study examines whether neighborhood social ties influence direct informal social control (i.e., residents’ perceptions that their neighbors will stop a crime themselves or will get another neighbor to help) and indirect informal social control (i.e., residents’ perceptions that their neighbors will call the police) within ordinary least squares regression. Findings indicate that previous studies, which have relied on global measures of informal social control, have concealed more nuanced relationships regarding social ties and forms of informal social control. More specifically, neighborhood social ties were positively related to direct informal social control at low levels of disadvantage, but were negatively related to direct informal social control in neighborhoods with high concentrated disadvantage, while social ties were positively related to indirect informal social control regardless of disadvantaged context. Findings point to the importance of including more specific measures of informal social control in current and future residential surveys.

Predictive COVID Analysis

In this paper, we've got were given analysed the COVID-19 development in India and the 3 maximum affected Indian states as of 29-Aug-20 and advanced a prediction version to forecast the behaviour of COVID-19 unfold withinside the destiny months. We used time collection data for India and implemented the Susceptible Infective-Removed (SIR) version and the FbProphet version to anticipate the height infectives and top infective date for India and the 3 maximum affected states. In this paper, we further done the comparative evaluation of the prediction results from SIR and FbProphet models. From this study, we concluded that with the idea that an entire five% of India's populace is probably inflamed via the pandemic, the country wide unfold is forecasted to benefit its top via the end of Nov-20. And until the time there can be no vaccination, for the states which have already reached their top and with festivals in the course of the corner, there are excessive opportunities of resurgence in the kind of instances if the social distancing and unique control measures aren't observed diligently withinside the imminent months. [15] People over the age of sixty five are much more likely to revel in extreme symptoms. Some individuals For months following recuperation, you'll be managing an entire lot of aspect effects (extended COVID), further to harm.

Epidemic containment and social control measures in Portugal: the line of lazarettos protecting the land border (1884–1886)

Despite the frequent epidemics that affected the Iberian Peninsula, Portugal only set up a system of permanent lazarettos along its border with Spain in the late nineteenth century, during the cholera outbreaks of 1884–1886. Planned and rolled out by army doctors, the system consisted of five primary sites (located at rail crossing points and river boat stations that linked the two sides of the border) and smaller, secondary sites (“vigilance and isolation posts”) at every railway station in the country. This contribution will focus especially on the epidemic containment measures (observation, isolation, and treatment of the infected) implemented in the lazarettos and at the vigilance posts, most of which were refitted and turned into virtual high-security prisons under military guard after the 1884 cholera outbreak. It will also examine the interaction between these preventive measures, which were also aimed at social control and control of unauthorised movement, and the land border cordons sanitaires and the sanitary inspection posts and quarantine complexes that protected the seaports, which functioned as a permanent maritime cordon sanitaire along the Portuguese coast.

СУЧАСНІ ПРЕВЕНТИВНІ СТРАТЕГІЇ СПРЯМОВАНІ НА ЗАПОБІГАННЯ ЗЛОЧИННИХ ДІЙ

In recent decades, not only the institution of punishment has undergone significant transformations, turning from a means of responding to criminal offenses into a preventive mechanism. In addition to punishment, the criminal justice system uses a wide range of other coercive measures, the main objective of which is prevention. In order to distinguish between these two types of coercion, the term "preventive justice" was proposed to denote a set of state coercive mechanisms aimed at ensuring anti-criminal security. It should be noted that the problems that are considered within the framework of "preventive justice" are not new, characteristic of the 21st century. The need to prevent criminal offenses committed by "habitual" or professional offenders and the difficulties that the criminal justice system faces in solving this problem were of interest to lawyers and criminologists in the XIX and XX centuries. However, the renewal of interest in this issue is associated with the transformation of modern society into a "risk society", in which securitization, bringing to the fore the problems of risk and security is becoming increasingly widespread. Recently, more and more foreign criminologists have come to the conclusion about the limited capabilities of the official system of fighting crime. First of all, this was due to the constant increase in the cost of this struggle. This circumstance gave impetus to the study and analysis of informal social control measures. Such activities fall under the general category of "crime prevention", which covers a very wide range of possible measures. Despite the significant progress made in the last ten years, states have to face many problems that impede the full potential of crime prevention. These are mainly the result of unresolved ethical issues, implementation difficulties and technical difficulties in evaluating the effectiveness of crime prevention. Therefore, modern preventive crime prevention strategies are mainly recognized in developed countries. This situation is likely to change as a result of the widespread dissemination of information about the theory and practice of crime prevention.

Primary health care response in the management of pandemics: Learnings from the COVID-19 pandemic

Primary care is an essential foundation for the global response to COVID-19 pandemic. It plays a significant role in the health care response: identifying and triaging potential COVID-19 cases, making an early diagnosis, helping vulnerable people cope with their anxiety about the virus, strengthening compliance with prevention and protection measures, and reducing the demand for hospital services. Primary care teams have continued to address citizens’ health problems during the pandemic, adapting to strict social control measures imposed by governments such as closing of borders, lockdowns and self-isolation of cases and contacts. We describe the COVID-19 response from primary care in Hong Kong and China, based on their recent pandemic experiences. We also present that of a European country, United Kingdom, less experienced in pandemic management, but with universal and highly developed primary care with great social recognition. Finally, we point out some crucial learning for future pandemic management, highlighting the crucial need to improve the relationship between primary care and public health to improve pandemics response.

Online Learning during Corona Virus 2019: Empirical Analysis

Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) was declared a worldwide pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on mid of March 2020. Globally, most governments - including Pakistan - approved extraordinary social control measures to stem the tide of this pandemic disease. These actions required social segregation and a temporary suspension of education. As with all other institutions of higher education, public and private universities will also be required to offer distance learning to students by the end of the academic year 2020–2021. Universities of private and public sector, at all levels of higher education, suspended physical classes and implemented online teaching for university students. And, this spontaneous, quick, and uncertain nature of the teaching created difficulties for students. Data on accepted procedures for directing such sudden transitions to university education were scarce, and there was no consensus on the best way to proceed. Students at public and private universities have been impacted by a shift to distance education. Studying students' academic difficulties and the unexpected benefits of distance education, and then using that information to develop strategies that could be used in emergency situations in university education, was the goal of the study.&#x0D; &#x0D; Received: 3 August 2021 / Accepted: 7 October 2021 / Published: 5 November 2021

The epidemic and prevention of plagues in modern Shanghai

It was found that a variety of plagues were prevalent in Shanghai at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, by analysing and synthesising the epidemic situation, the causes of the epidemic, the social impact, and prevention and control measures. These plagues led to serious social harm and economic losses. Their causes were believed closely related to some factors, such as urban environment, population flow, and climate changes. Their prevention appeared to be applicable and effective. The Shanghai concession and Chinese authorities organised society to fight against plagues and stabilise the social order. Charity organisations of the local communities were also involved in social support. It was found that more can be done in studies on interdisciplinary synthesis, comparative study of epidemic prevention measures of managers, and of traditional Chinese medicine prevention and treatment.