Measurement Of Fluid Flow Rate Research Articles

Virtual Meter with Flow Pattern Recognition Using Deep Learning Neural Networks: Experiments and Analyses

Summary Operators often require real-time measurement of fluid flow rates in each well of their fields, which allows better control of production. However, petroleum is a complex multiphase mixture composed of water, gas, oil, and other sediments, which makes its flow challenging to measure and monitor. A critical issue is how the liquid component interacts with the gaseous phase, also known as the flow pattern. For example, sometimes liquids can accumulate in the lower part of the pipeline and block the flow completely, causing a gas pressure buildup that can lead to unstable flow regimes or even accidents (blowouts). On the other hand, some flow patterns can also facilitate sediment deposition, leading to obstructions and reduced production. Thus, this work aims to show that deep neural networks can act as a virtual flowmeter (VFM) using only a history of production, pressure, and temperature telemetry, accurately estimating the flow of all fluids in real time. In addition, these networks can also use the same input data to detect and recognize flow patterns that can harm the regular operation of the wells, allowing greater control without requiring additional costs or the installation of any new equipment. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach and provide data to train the neural networks, a water-air loop was constructed to resemble an oil well. This setup featured inclined and vertical transparent pipes to generate and observe different flow patterns and sensors to record temperature, pressure, and volumetric flow rates. The results show that deep neural networks achieved up to 98% accuracy in flow pattern prediction and 1% mean absolute prediction error (MAPE) in flow rates, highlighting the capability of this technique to provide crucial insights into the behavior of multiphase flow in risers and pipelines.

The development of simultaneous transducer ultrasonic with dual-transducer to measure flow velocity in the pipe

There are still several obstacles to calculating fluid flow rate measurement on custody transfer, such as the distribution of one-phase fluid flow rate, less sTable pressure, and fluid flow rate changes, which are still the main problems in the process of a measuring system. To calculate the flow rate of one phase fluid, there is a method often used, namely transit time. In practice, the transit time works to send the ultrasonic pulse from upstream to downstream, which had to have a delay because the transducer must switch the function of a transducer to become transmitter or receiver. So, this paper proposed a new strategy of measurement multipath ultrasonic flowmeter (UFLW) with a simultaneous transit time method using a dual transmitter and receiver. The simultaneous method is a measuring technique that utilizes a pair of ultrasonic transducers as both trigger and receiver. The first transducer serves as the transmitter, while the second functions as the receiver, capturing the signal at the same time without changing their positions or roles. In order to implement the configuration setup, let’s try to use 3 paths configuration with 6 pairs of transducers, 3 on the upstream and 3 on the downstream. To estimate the flow velocity, let’s use long short-term memory (LSTM), which is one of the recurrent neural networks (RNN) architectures in the deep learning algorithm, and to evaluate the performance, let’s use the Bland-Altman plot and root mean squared error (RMSE) and validation loss of the LSTM model. The result shows RMSE 0.289 from the actual flow velocity, which means an LTSM with simultaneous multipath ultrasonic can reduce the error between prediction and actual measurement

Improving the quality of turbine flowmeters on the basis of the use of a rotor with internal screw relief

This research aims to improve the quality of measurement of fluid flow rates by turbine flowmeters. The quality criteria for a turbine flowmeter include the accuracy of measurement and the cost of its implementation. To compare the criteria, the article presents a hydrodynamic simulation of the movement of the flow of the working medium through the rotors of the flowmeters of the developed and standard types. The developed type of rotor is a hollow shaft with an internal screw relief. A propeller type of rotor was used as standard. Based on the results of the literature analysis, the purpose of the study was reduced to determining the characteristics of hydraulic resistance that affect the linearity of the flow-pressure characteristics of the flowmeter rotor. The tasks of hydrodynamic computer simulation included its implementation for various indicators of the viscosity of the working fluid - from low-viscosity to high-viscosity. It showed that the use of a rotor with an internal screw relief in a flowmeter reduces the hydraulic resistance of the flow by more than 2 times for any viscosity of the working medium compared to a propeller-type rotor, which significantly reduces the energy costs for moving the flow. At the same time, the linearity of characteristics for both types of flowmeter rotors remains approximately the same in the studied range of characteristics, which indicates a similar accuracy of parameter measurements. Keywords: turbine flowmeter; viscosity; hydraulic resistance; oil transportation; computational fluid dynamics; CFD.

Penempatan Posisi Transduser Ultrasonik Pada Penampang Pipa untuk Pengukuran Laju Aliran Fluida

Fluid flow rate measurement is important in industries, especially determining fluid flow rate. This process requires a good level of precision and accuracy because it refers to each volumetric's price or custody transfer processor. Many devices are used to measure flow rates, but from some devices, ultrasonic flowmeters are considered, which have more advantages than others. Ultrasonic flowmeters also have some problems, especially in installation, so this research aims to simulate the position of path configuration. The method refers to the weighting process of multi-path configuration and the simulation of track performance, which includes three-factor, hydrodynamic (H), orientation sensitivity (S) and orientation range (T). Each trajectory pattern is rotated 1ᴼ at each angle. In addition, there are also parameter functions that are used to image the profile. The test uses 7 path configurations, so an ideal form is obtained to be implemented. After multiplying weighting factors, the obtained value of hydrodynamic (H) for Area weighting method (1.002), the best value 1. Orientation sensitivity (S), with Area weighting method (0.019), the best result is 0. Meanwhile, with orientation range (T) 1%, with Area weighting method (163,2), the best value is 180.

Flow Rate Control by Means of Flow Meter and PLC Controller.

This paper presents a design of a flow meter based on a programmable logic controller (PLC). The new construction of a flow meter controlled by PLC increases the possibilities for the control and automation of fluid flow. Additionally, the didactic potential of the use of simple automation in the form of a programmable logic controller was considered. A device enabling the measurement of fluid flow rate based on a PLC controller was designed, constructed, and tested. The choice of device was the Gems Sensors FT-210 series turbine flow sensor, which is characterized by low purchase and maintenance costs. The properties and the chemical resistance of polyamide-12, the material the sensor is made of, make it possible to test the flow of various types of fluids. As part of the work, an algorithm and a program controlling the device was developed based on the APB Soft software, enabling the accurate reading of the number of impulses sent by the turbine flow sensor. The results of the designed flow meter were compared with the results obtained for the Krohne VA-40 high accuracy rotameter.

Electrochemical Approach to Measure Physiological Fluid Flow Rates

In vivo measurement of the flow rate of physiological fluids such as the blood flow rate in the heart is vital in critically ill patients and for those undergoing surgical procedures. The reliability of these measurements is therefore quite crucial. However, current methods in practice for measuring flow rates of physiological fluids suffer from poor repeatability and reliability. Here, we assessed the feasibility of a flow rate measurement method that leverages time transient electrochemical behavior of a tracer that is injected directly into a medium (the electrochemical signal caused due to the tracer injectate will be diluted by the continued flow of the medium and the time response of the current—the electrodilution curve—will depend on the flow rate of the medium). In an experimental flow loop apparatus equipped with an electrochemical cell, we used the AC voltammetry technique and tested the feasibility of electrodilution-based measurement of the flow rate using two mediums—pure water and anticoagulated blood—with 0.9 wt% saline as the injectate. The electrodilution curve was quantified using three metrics—change in current amplitude, total time, and change in the total charge for a range of AC voltammetry settings (peak voltages and frequencies). All three metrics showed an inverse relationship with the flow rate of water and blood, with the strongest negative correlation obtained for change in current amplitude. The findings are a proof of concept for the electrodilution method of the flow rate measurement and offer the potential for physiological fluid flow rate measurement in vivo.

Validation of a method for fluid flow rate measurement in square ducts by means of laser velocimetry

The paper deals with the introduction of an alternative method for the evaluation of the fluid flow rate through a square pipe, by directly measuring the flow mean velocity at a fixed location in the section area. The authors of this paper have previously introduced a way for the evaluation of the fluid flow rate, by measuring a single point flow velocity in square pipes. In this study, the authors perform a series of considerations aimed at the validation of the proposed methodology, by comparing it with prescribed procedures described by ISO 3966:2008 standard. In this standard a method for the evaluation of fluid flow rate (under specific fluid dynamic conditions) is stated from velocity measurements performed in a-priori fixed points (in a given test section and to be defined according to the cross-section shape), using a static Pitot-tube (or equivalent equipment). In this work, the authors validate the proposed simplified method against the Log-Thebycheff procedure (according to the same standard). A Laser Doppler Anemometer (LDA) has been used.

Effect of Sagging on Dynamic Characteristics of Silicone Tube Conveying Fluid

Flexible silicone tubes are nowadays broadly employing in medical applications such as drugs or blood-conveying tubes, various infusions as well as medical pumps, and ventilators tubes. Due to better resistance to corrosion and erosion, the subsequent diminishing of wall thickness and change in stiffness of silicone tubes are negligibly small. Hence, these tubes provide trouble-free operations for a prolonged period. Commonly, the fundamental frequency of fluid conveying tubes is influenced by various flow parameters. Recognizing the parameters affecting the fundamental frequency and estimating the extent of the impact of these parameters on the natural frequency are extremely important. This information is vital in the design of precision flow measuring instruments such as Coriolis flowmeter (CFM), which uses vibration techniques for flow measurements. Owing to higher accuracy and the direct fluid flow rate measurements, CFMs are universally accepted in industries for flow measuring applications. When the flexible silicone tube is excited in its sagged condition, there exists a difference in natural frequency in horizontal and vertical planes. Applying pre-stretch decreases the difference in natural frequency, which reduces the sagging and facilitates the tube to regain its cylindrical shape. This paper shows the experimental research on the influence of sagging of the silicone tube conveying fluid, the feasible methods to overcome these effects, and an effective means to capture the deformed shape of a flexible tube. Numerical analysis is carried out in ANSYS using the deformed shape acquired from the laser scanning technique, and the result shows excellent agreement with the experimental values. The damping ratio of the tube is identified by experimenting with varying flow velocities and pre-stretches. This study reveals that it is essential to eliminate the effect of sagging and the subsequent impact of frequency difference in flexible tubes when the principle of Coriolis flowmeter employs for measuring flow rates through flexible tubes.

Estimation of Flow Rate Through Analysis of Pipe Vibration

Abstract In this paper, implementation of soft sensing technique for measurement of fluid flow rate is reported. The objective of the paper is to design an estimator to physically measure the flow in pipe by analysing the vibration on the walls of the pipe. Commonly used head type flow meter causes obstruction to the flow and measurement would depend on the placement of these sensors. In the proposed technique vibration sensor is bonded on the pipe of liquid flow. It is observed that vibration in the pipe varies with the control action of stem. Single axis accelerometer is used to acquire vibration signal from pipe, signal is passed from the sensor to the system for processing. Basic techniques like filtering, amplification, and Fourier transform are used to process the signal. The obtained transform is trained using neural network algorithm to estimate the fluid flow rate. Artificial neural network is designed using back propagation with artificial bee colony algorithm. Designed estimator after being incorporated in practical setup is subjected to test and the result obtained shows successful estimation of flow rate with the root mean square percentage error of 0.667.

IMPROVEMENT OF DOWNHOLE FLOWMETERS TO INCREASE THE GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCHES ACCURACY

Background Solving the problem of multiphase flow metering is one of the most important tasks in oil production. In article the method for improving the accuracy of downhole fluid flow rate measurement on the basis of turbine sensors by means of different types of its modernization is considered. Aims and Objectives Improving the downhole consumption accuracy based on the conversion range scaling in the digital intermediate transducer of the sensor while adjusting its sensitivity threshold. Methods System Technician, Theory Errors and Metrology Securing of Multiface Flowmetering. Results It is shown that with constructive improvement, it is possible to measure the integral flow profiles with regulation of the sensitivity threshold of the flow rate £ 0.1 m3 / h. The scaling of the conversion range from 1 to 100 m3 / h and more is accomplished by the manipulation of the weights of their codes in the digital intermediate transducer of the sensor. With a total error of the sensor of £ 0.1%, it is possible to control only the magnitudes of the consumption quanta ≃ 3 m3 / h. When using more accurate ground flow measurements of injected fluids at the mouth of an injection well with an error £ 0.04%, it is possible to measure depth charges in the perforated zones with an error ≃ 0.06%. Such studies are sufficient to control expenditure quanta to1 m3 / h and less.

Gas–Liquid Two-Phase Upward Flow through a Vertical Pipe: Influence of Pressure Drop on the Measurement of Fluid Flow Rate

The accurate estimation of pressure drop during multiphase fluid flow in vertical pipes has been widely recognized as a critical problem in oil wells completion design. The flow of fluids through the vertical tubing strings causes great losses of energy through friction, where the value of this loss depends on fluid flow viscosity and the size of the conduit. A number of friction factor correlations, which have acceptably accurate results in large diameter pipes, are significantly in error when applied to smaller diameter pipes. Normally, the pressure loss occurs due to friction between the fluid flow and the pipe walls. The estimation of the pressure gradients during the multiphase flow of fluids is very complex due to the variation of many fluid parameters along the vertical pipe. Other complications relate to the numerous flow regimes and the variabilities of the fluid interfaces involved. Accordingly, knowledge about pressure drops and friction factors is required to determine the fluid flow rate of the oil wells. This paper describes the influences of the pressure drop on the measurement of the fluid flow by estimating the friction factor using different empirical friction correlations. Field experimental work was performed at the well site to predict the fluid flow rate of 48 electrical submersible pump (ESP) oil wells, using the newly developed mathematical model. Using Darcy and Colebrook friction factor correlations, the results show high average relative errors, exceeding ±18.0%, in predicted liquid flow rate (oil and water). In gas rate, more than 77% of the data exceeded ±10.0% relative error to the predicted gas rate. For the Blasius correlation, the results showed the predicted liquid flow rate was in agreement with measured values, where the average relative error was less than ±18.0%, and for the gas rate, 68% of the data showed more than ±10% relative error.

Indirect measurement of the flow rate based upon a solution of an inverse coefficient problem

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to extend the possibilities of using the earlier developed indirect method of fluid flow rate measurement in circular pipes to the square-section channels with elbows installed.Design/methodology/approachThe idea of the method is based on selecting such a value of the Reynolds number assumed as a coefficient in fluid flow equations, which fulfills with set accuracy the condition of equality between the measured and computed pressure difference at the end points of the secant of the elbow arch. The numerical calculus takes into consideration the exact geometry of the flow space and the measured temperature of the fluid, on the basis of which its thermo–physical properties are determined. To implement the proposed method in practice, a special test stand was built. The numerical computations were carried out using the software package FLUENT.FindingsThe results of calculations were compared with corresponding results of measurements achieved on the stand, as well as those found in the literature. The comparative analysis of the obtained numerical and experimental results shows a high grade of consistence.Practical implicationsThe discussed elbow flow meter, implementing the extended indirect measuring method, can be applied to determine the flow rate of gases, as well as liquids and suspensions.Originality/valueThe indirect method used to measure the volumetric flow rate of the fluid is characterized by high accuracy and repeatability. The high accuracy is possible because of a very realistic mathematical model of the complex flow in the curved duct. The indirect method eliminates the necessity of frequent calibration of the flow meter. The discussed extended indirect measuring method can be applied to determine the flow rate of gases as well as liquids and suspensions. The fluid flow rate measurement based on the method considered in this paper can be particularly useful in newly designed as well as already operated ducts.

Experimental Study on the Effect of Pinch Parameters and Fluid Viscosity to Flow in Closed Loop Impedance Pump

This paper aims to analyse the performance of impedance pump that uses energy mismatch to drive fluid flow. The experimental setup mainly focus to establish the relationship between the fluids flow rates in elastic tube section connected between two ends of solid tube and pinch mechanism location as well as fluid viscosity. Measurement of fluid flow rate or representation of its velocities resulting from the pumping mechanism is measured using two different supply voltage and constant pincher width. These measured parameters resulting from the pinch mechanism of the elastic tube section were varied at different pinch location along its x-axis direction; divided into two main cases namely (1) 2 V and (2) 3 V at 40 mm to 140 mm pinch location. From the voltage variation, it is found that the maximum flow rate given by voltage 3.0 V at pinch location 40 mm while for the effect of viscosity, the highest flow rate is 93 ml/min. The profiles obtained revealed the characteristic of valve less pump to be the new model of new Ventricular Assist Device use in cardiac patient as well as further explanation about the factor that influence the characteristic of elastic tube.

Nonintrusive pressure measurement in microfluidic systems via backscattering interferometry

Measurement of pressure in microfluidic systems typically requires intrusion into the channel, rendering direct pressure and fluid flow rate measurements impractical outside of a laboratory environment. A nonintrusive measurement technique has been successfully developed to measure fluid pressure in both gas and liquids in microchannels. The technique, which consists of an unfocused laser beam impinging a microchannel to generate interferometric fringes, contains information on both channel wall deflection and changes in refractive index of the liquid or gas. The effects can be isolated through interpretation of fringe shift and changes in fringe morphology. Using finite element analysis to determine microchannel wall deflection in conjunction with refractive index data enables accurate quantification of pressures in microchannels.

Determination of electrical centrifugal pump unit capability based on pressure survey results with thermal and manometrical system at the pump suction

The article shows the possibility of getting of additional information about determination of productivity of electric centrifugal pumping unit, as well as productive parameters of well by using of measurements with the help of precise thermo manometric system at the pump suction. The equipment of mechanized stack of wells with remote pressure and temperature sensors at pump suction enables to solve the tasks more precisely. Using of telemetry systems with thermo-manometric sensors constantly fixing parameters of downhole pumping equipment and environment is a promising direction for solving the tasks of pressure transient analysis of mechanized stack. As distinct from wave measuring the TMS sensor detects pressure on suction level of electrical borehole pump, that is why there is not necessity to calculate the fluids density in annular space above electrical centrifugal pump while calculating bottom hole and rock pressure. Thus, due to widespread introduction of borehole pumps equipped with pressure sensors in oil production, there are no problems with borehole pressure data logging. But direct measurement of fluid flow rate coming from the bed is a difficult task, especially for marginal wells. Classic pressure transient analysis technologies do not provide determining the change in flow rate over time, and this variable is fixed (for example: pressure transient analysis after well start-up with constant production rate, immediate cease of fluid flow from the bed after well shut-in from steady state). The relevance of the topic is determined by necessity of developing the well survey methods at nonsteady state during the process of start-up and improving the results of hydrodynamic studies interpretation quality. Results of the researches confirmed the adequate accuracy of the determination of productive characteristics of well under the pressure suppression curve.

Uncomplicated Setting Apparatus for Measurement of Fluid Flow Rate Using Laser Doppler Technique: Physics Teaching

Laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) or laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) is the technique of using the Doppler shift in a laser beam to determine the fluid velocity. In this work, dual beam mode (two incident beams, single observation location) was selected to use. A cost effective and easy module for measurement of water flow rate was designed and constructed. A He-Ne laser with a wavelength of 632.8 nm was used as a light source. The laser was passed through a beam splitter and divided into two beams with identical intensity and coherence. Subsequently, the two laser beams travelled to a focusing lens with a focal length of 100 mm and focused on a center of water flow channel in quartz cuvette with a dimension of 1 × 1 × 5 cm3. The beam angle was set at 4.96°. When the seeding particles, bubbles and microorganism in water, were moving through the intersection point of two beams, the light was scattered. The scattered light was collected by photodetector connected to processing system. The frequency of scatterred light is shifted according to the Doppler shift relations due to effect of Rayleigh scattering. The water flow rate can be calculated from Doppler shift frequency.

Self-Healing Cements That Heal Without Dependence on Fluid Contact: A Laboratory Study

Summary Oilfield-cement compositions capable of self-healing cracks/fractures in set cement without depending on contact with a fluid, such as water or oil, are presented in this laboratory study. Traditionally, such compositions include additives that are capable of swelling when exposed to fluids such as water or oil, for example. Dependence on additives to swell and block flow channels after contact with a specific type of fluid hinders the self-healing effectiveness of the cement composition. As a result, designing cement compositions for field applications requires prior knowledge of the type of fluids that the cement may come into contact with, not only through the productive lifetime but also after abandonment of the well. Results from testing cement compositions containing a new class of elastomeric additives that do not depend on the nature of the fluid to seal cracks are presented in this paper. The elastomeric materials were chosen such that they have suitable chemical functionalities for binding strongly with cement and metal surfaces, and either have low melting points, as in the case of semicrystalline polymers, or have low glass transition temperatures (Tg), as in the case of amorphous polymers. Low viscosity or flowability of the elastomers at test temperature and the ability to bind to cement surfaces appear to be two key factors for their effectiveness. The test methods included static thermal healing, measurement of retained mechanical properties after self-healing, and fluid-flowrate measurements through cracked cement samples. The results show that the elastomers are effective in thermal healing of broken cement parts, in partial retention of mechanical properties, and in preventing fluid flow through failed cement samples.

Application of Double Gate Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor for Detection of Fluid Flow Rate in Micro-Channel

In this work a micro flow sensor, using a double gate Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor (ISFET) and two metal electrodes, for fluid flow rate measurement in micro-channels were fabricated and demonstrated. By the channel fabrication the molds were patterned reversely on a silicon wafer using Deep Reactive Ion Etcher (DRIE). The double gate ISFET and two metal electrodes were placed on the mold in the distance 15 millimeters. The channels were formed using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) from the mold with the width 1000 and 2000 micrometer and the depth of 250 micrometer. After removing PDMS from the mold the channel was bonded with glass substrate by RF plasma technique. By the verification of flow sensors working range water and one mole of sodium nitrate solution were alternated in flow channel. The fluid flow rate were compared with the flow rate from weighing. It found from the comparison that the high deviation was found at low flow rate. Furthermore, the deviation depends also on the dimension of the flow channel.

Fiber Bragg grating sensor for simultaneous measurement of flow rate and direction

A new fiber-optic sensor system consisting of a fiber Bragg grating cantilever as a transducer is proposed and demonstrated to realize simultaneous measurement of fluid flow rate and direction. For the fiber Bragg grating mounted on either a stainless steel or a spring steel substrate, a change in the water flow rate gives rise to a monotonic shift in the Bragg resonance wavelength of the grating while the flow direction results in either a redshift or a blueshift in the Bragg wavelength due to a stretched or shrunk state of the grating. Shifts in the Bragg resonance wavelength of 0.077 and 0.826 nm at a water flow rate of 90 cm3 s−1 were achieved with the fiber Bragg grating stainless steel and spring steel cantilever sensors, respectively. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical analysis.

Investigation of a novel perforation technique in petroleum wells—perforation by drilling

The objective of perforating the petroleum wells is to maximize well productivity. A good connectivity between the wellbore and formation can lead up to achieve that goal. However, the conventional method of perforation, which basically involves the use of explosive charges, rarely meets the expected well productivity. It is mainly because of the formation of a region of reduced permeability around the perforation tunnel. To offset such and several other shortcomings of present practices, a new technique is required, the highlight of this paper. Described as the ‘perforation by drilling’ (PD), this new technique is examined and compared for its performance with that of another technique, ‘Perforation by Shooting’ (PS). For this, the experimental and numerical results of the PS technique on cylindrical sand samples of varying amounts of strength and porosity are studied. Moreover, in order to achieve a so-called ‘perfect perforation’, results are compared with the ‘Casting technique’. Three different samples were selected for the measurement of fluid flow rate and differential pressure across the perforation using a ‘geotechnical digital system’ (GDS), which is a triaxial testing device. Profiles such as fluid flow rate with a change in differential pressure and pressure build-up data with time, signify that the PD technique can achieve maximum wellbore productivity when compared to the PS technique. Results also indicate that at a 100 kPa differential pressure, the PS, PD and Casting techniques can achieve 0.20, 0.65 and 1.00 mL/s fluid flow rates respectively across a sample. The paper also implements a 1-D time dependent porous media flow model to simulate flow across the perforated cylindrical samples created by the PS, PD and Casting techniques. Results show a good consistency between the experimental and numerical approaches.