Occurrence Of Measles Research Articles

Evaluation of Vulnerable age Group of Measles and its Outcome in Under Five Children

Background: Measles continues to be a major public health problem worldwide, with a high mortality and morbidity. Unvaccinated young children are at highest risk of measles and its complication including death. Objectives: To assess the vulnerable age group of children for measles under five years of age and also to evaluate the demographic profile, common clinical complication, seasonal variation and outcome of measles among children of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: This Retrospective observational study was done in the Infectious disease’s hospital, Dhaka during the period of July 2018 to June 2019.The data, were collected, compiled and analyzed. Result: During the study period, a total of 74 confirmed measles cases were selected. Among them, 0-<6-month age group were 21.62%, 6 months to <9 months were 40.54%, 9 months to <15 months were 9.46% and 15 months to <60 months were 28.38%. Highest number of measles cases were admitted in February (14.9%), March (16.2%) and April (14.9%) which are mainly the spring and early summer and lowest in winter. Most common complications of measles were pneumonia and diarrhea. Conclusion: Children below nine month of age who did not reach the vaccination age were found most vulnerable for measles. Occurrence of measles found predominantly in spring and early summer. Pneumonia and diarrhea are the common complications. BANGLADESH J CHILD HEALTH 2022; VOL 46 (2) : 76-81

Epidemiological study of the occurrence of measles in children aged 0-15 years in the Banalia Health Zone (DR Congo) during 2022

Introduction: In 2021, the Banalia Health Zone experienced two measles epidemics with a vaccine completeness rate of 69% according to data provided by the Tshopo Provincial Health Division. The aim of the study was to list the epidemiological characteristics of measles cases in the Banalia Health Zone, to determine the incidence of measles in children aged 0-15 years, and to analyze the vaccination status of children with measles. Methodology: This was a retrospective descriptive study, based on the acquisition of data from the medical records of the targeted children or from data registers at the time of submission. A total of 3,968 children with measles were selected from the various health centers and areas of the Banalia Health Zone. Results: We observed that 64.6% of the subjects in the study were aged between 0 and 5 years; 40.77% of measles cases were recorded in September 2022. The measles vaccination rate was 39.19% and the case fatality rate was 2.8%. The Panga 2 axis had the highest number of measles cases, with a prevalence rate of 29.03%. Conclusion: Measles is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the Banalia Health Zone. The age group most affected is 0-5 years. Vaccination and surveillance systems need to be strengthened to reduce the growing risk posed by measles.

Analysis of the Relationship between Age and Immunization Completeness with Measles Incidence in the City of Medan in 2022

Objective: To analyze the relationship between age and immunization completeness and the occurrence of measles in Medan City in 2022.Methods: This study is quantitative research with a case-control study design. The respondents in this study are the entire population of Medan City. The sample size for this research is 96 respondents, with 48 in the case group and 48 in the control group, all recorded in the measles case report at the Health Department of Medan City in 2022. The study was conducted from January to July 2023.Results: Forty respondents in this study belonged to the toddler group, and most of whom had an incomplete immunization history. Based on chi-square analysis, a significant relationship was found between age and the occurrence of measles (p-value < 0.05), as well as between immunization completeness and the occurrence of measles (p-value < 0.05) with an odds ratio (OR) of 11.0. This means that respondents who are not immunized are 11 times more likely to experience measles compared to those who are immunized. Respondents with incomplete immunization are also 11 times more likely to experience measles compared to those with complete immunization.Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between age and immunization completeness and the occurrence of measles. Respondents with an incomplete immunization history are at 11 times higher risk of experiencing measles compared to those with a complete immunization history. For future research, it is recommended to increase the number of study respondents and further explore and expand on risk factors such as the history of contact with measles cases in the city of Medan.

Pheochromocytoma manifestation associated withacute infectious disease

Pheochromocytoma (PHEO) manifestation can be triggered by many different factors, including infectious diseases. In 2019, measles continued to spread in global outbreaks around the world. According to WHO data, more than 60 % of all measles cases in European Region were reported in Ukraine, a leader in measles occurrence. Measles is a dangerous viral disease, which remains an overwhelmingly important problem for healthcare system. Measles cause various life-threatening complications, which not only affect patients’ health and decrease quality of their lives, but can also lead to onset of many other medical conditions. Authors provide an example from their own clinical experience, which they have observed during the measles outbreak. PatientD., 22y.o., female, was admitted to Lviv Infectious Diseases Communal Clinical Hospital because of measles. Condition was followed by severe intoxication, fever, hacking cough, skin rash all over the body. On 4th day after the appearance of rash patient developed atypical hypertensive crisis: in supine position started severe tachycardia, thumping headache, tremor of proximities and whole body, arterial blood pressure increased to 180/110 mm Hg; after changing the sitting position, symptoms started slowly decrease, in this regard patient had to spend a few days crouched in bed, she also complained about exaltation, insomnia, psychic tension, asthenia. Patient has undergone surgical treatment— laparoscopic left adrenalectomy. Perform differential diagnostics of hypertension accurately, paying special attention to determining its’ reason. Take into consideration, that PHEO manifestation and hypertonic PHEO crises can be provoked by multiple reasons. If PHEO is suspected, hormonal, visualization and morphological examination methods should be performed. Keep in mind, that PHEO can be a constituent part of number of hereditary diseases: MEN 2A, MEN 2B, Von Recklinghausen’s Disease (Neurofibromatosis 1), Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome and can be possibly malignant.

CASE REPORT: REACTIVATION OF CONGENITAL OCULAR TOXOPLASMOSIS IN AN IMMUNOCOMPETENT PATIENT AFTER RECEIVING MEASLES

A case of recurrent ocular toxoplasmosis, presented through diagnostic imaging techniques and laboratory tests. To show the course and development of the clinical picture of ocular toxoplasmosis in a 19-year-old girl with good visual acuity in both eyes, which was accidentally detected during a routine ophthalmological examination for a driver's license. At the University Clinic for Eye Diseases in Skopje, several imaging diagnostic methods have been performed, such as: fundus photography, aurofluorescence, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fundus fluorescence angiography (FFA). Imaging techniques, along with laboratory tests for specific anti-toxoplasmosis IgG and IgM antibodies, have helped to diagnose this not-so-common entity-ocular toxoplasmosis. The development of the disease was followed by a clinical picture, certain diagnostic methods in a period of seven years. Three recurrences of the parasitosis occurred during that period. The third attack of toxoplasmosis was associated with the occurrence of measles in an otherwise healthy young woman, a possible trigger for reactivation of the disease. Regular laboratory tests of anti-toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibody titers were performed with the help of ELISA at PHI UC for infectious diseases and febrile conditions in Skopje, during the entire process of monitoring. The lesion described by the diagnostic modalities corresponded to the data obtained from the literature and together with the elevated values ​​of anti-toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies confirmed the diagnosis of congenital ocular toxoplasmosis. Keywords: toxoplasmosis, ocular toxoplasmosis, therapy, laboratory tests, FFA, OCT  

Analysis of Factors Hindering the Measles Elimination among Children at a Tertiary Care Hospital in South India

Introduction: Measles is a highly infectious acute viral disease that can lead to serious complications and death. Effective immunisation coverage for measles will play a pivotal role in its elimination strategy. So, the global commitment, strengthening of health infrastructure and effective vaccine coverage are essential to achieve a world that will be free of measles. Aim: To assess the factors associated with the occurrence of measles and to determine the factors responsible for non compliance to measles vaccination. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Paediatrics at Niloufer Hospital, Hyderabad, India, during the period from October 2019 to March 2020 among the children clinical diagnosed with measles. The patients were evaluated for fever, rash, respiratory and other clinical symptoms associated with measles. History of measles vaccination and vitamin A administration were taken. Blood samples of patients were collected and measles specific IgM antibody detection test was done by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Data was statistically analysed and presented as numbers and percentages were calculated. Results: Among 129 children, clinically diagnosed of measles, the predominant age group children effected was 1-6 years 68 (52.71%). Overall, 38 (29.5%) were vaccinated and 85 (65.9%) were unvaccinated during routine immunisation schedule. Measles-Containing Vaccine (MCV) coverage during Supplementary Immunisation Activities (SIAs) was also very limited (19.3%). Out of 129 cases, 121 (93.7%) were confirmed positive by measles IgM ELISA, 5 (3.8%) samples gave equivocal results and 3 (2.3%) were negative for the test. Conclusion: Inspite of the availability of effective and inexpensive measles vaccine for decades, vaccination coverage remains inadequate across the globe. So, effective implementation of vaccine services and monitoring of its surveillance system are needed for eradication of measles.

The risk factors of measles outbreak in Dollo zone Somali region, Ethiopia

Background: Measles is a highly contagious acute viral illness with the possibility of severe and dangerous complications. Measles occurrence is related to urbanization because of high entry of migrants and high population density; cities have become important hubs for the spread of infectious diseases. The African region is a crucial player in the global fight against measles and has made tremendous progress in its effort to immunize children and to control the disease. Despite the accessibility of safe and cost-effective vaccine, measles has remained endemic with persistent periodic outbreaks in the horn of Africa.Methods: We reviewed the measles cases line lists in Dollo zone from January 2017 to March 2018. There was a total of 771-line listed cases in 2017 and 326 line-listed in 2018. Measles case investigations on alerts were also reviewed when there is an alert rumors verification case investigation done. The line list included variables on vaccination status, age, sex, treatment modality, date of onset the rash, date seen health facility, diagnosis, outcome (alive or dead), locations from place cases came from, contact history and travel history were reviewed.Results: We found that the measles outbreak affected different age groups in Dollo zone and most affected age group were between the ages of 15 years to 30 years and most of the cases have no history of immunization.Conclusions: The outbreak affected all age groups, which may show the continuous low routine immunization coverage over several years and the gathering of the susceptible population in the older age group that may have led to the current outbreak.

Clinical Profiles and Outcome of Children Admitted with Measles in District Level Hospital, Nilphamari, Bangladesh

Introduction: Measles is a highly contagious acute viral infection. It is a common cause of morbidity and mortality constituting half of vaccine preventable diseases. Aim of the study: The study was designed to describe the demographic, vaccination status, clinical profiles, and outcome of children admitted with measles during study time. Method: This was a retrospective observational study conducted in the department of Pediatrics at Adhunik Sadar Hospital, Nilphamari, Bangladesh. The diagnosis of measles based on clinical features. Demographic characteristics of patients and occurrence of measles from the time of vaccination was recorded. Patients below the age of 2 years who were clinically diagnosed as cases of measles were treated and followed. Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 22. Results: The most frequent age group of children admitted with measles during the study time 10-14 months was which constitute 35(54.69%) of cases. The youngest age group was 4-9 months constitute 24(37.50%) and the oldest was 15-18 months constitute 5(7.81%).This study showed that 36(56.25%) patients were males and 28(43.75%) were females with a male/female ratio of 1.14:1.21(32.81%) cases where from urban areas and 43(67.19%) were from rural area.39 (60.94%) cases were malnourished in 10-14 months age group, in 4-9months age group 20(30.25%) and in 15-18months age group was 5(7.81%).39(60.94%) children had history of contact with a case of measles in the preceding 3 weeks.20(31.25%) children had no history of contact and 5(7.81%) children had unknown history of contact. The total death ratio of the participants was 4(6.25%) where vaccinated patients was 1(1.56%), not vaccinated was 2(3.13%) which was significant and unknown cases was 1(1.56%). Conclusion: One third of measles infections occurred before the age of 9 months. Half of measles cases were not vaccinated. The majority of the complicated cases had occurred in the unvaccinated children. Pneumonia was found to .....

Equity of access to immunization services in the Center-East health region in 2018, Burkina Faso

The Central East region of Burkina Faso has vaccine coverage which is among the lowest in the country with an epidemiological profile marked by the occurrence of measles or meningitis outbreaks. This study was conducted with the aim of carrying out an equity analysis of the organization of immunization services in this region in order to identify factors that cause potential inequities in vaccination offer. This descriptive cross-sectional study covered the seven districts in the Central East region. Data collection was done in two weeks combined with observation method, individual interviews and document review. Part of the data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. The data analysis was performed with the Epi info 7 software using a plan designed for this purpose. A total of 144 health centers in the region (93.0% coverage) were surveyed. The average distance between villages and health facilities was 5.2 km with 16.2% of villages that were located more than 10 km from a health facility. Health centers had an average of four health workers, however the urban health centers had more workers than those in rural areas. About 16% of the villages did not benefit from an on-site vaccination trip due to the unavailability of transport logistics. More than half of the health centers (53.9%) had experienced vaccine shortages in the last six months before the study. More than 5,000 safety boxes containing used syringes were stored in the districts of the region. This study identified factors potentially responsible for an inequity in providing vaccination services in the Central East region. These factors include, but are not limited to, the geographical distribution of the health centers, the availability of transport logistics, and the shortage in vaccines and deficiencies in the waste disposal system. Concerted actions should be developed, involving all stakeholders in the health system in order to address these issues.

How well are patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases protected against measles?

HintergrundPatienten mit entzündlich rheumatischen Erkrankungen haben aufgrund ihrer Autoimmunerkrankung, aber auch bedingt durch die immunsuppressive Medikation ein erhöhtes Infektrisiko. Obwohl Impfungen in der Primärprophylaxe von Infektionen bekanntermaßen effektiv sind, ist die Impfrate in Deutschland generell zu niedrig. Wegen des zuletzt zunehmenden, teils epidemieartigen Auftretens von Masern ist die Lebendimpfung gegen Masern in Deutschland seit Kurzem gesetzlich vorgeschrieben.FragestellungWie viele Patienten mit entzündlich rheumatischen Erkrankungen sind aktuell ausreichend gegen Masern geschützt?MethodePatienten mit entzündlich rheumatischen Erkrankungen des Rheumazentrums Ruhrgebiet wurden zwischen Dezember 2017 und Oktober 2018 prospektiv und konsekutiv eingeschlossen. Dabei wurden Daten zu Erkrankung und Therapie auf Ebene von Substanzklassen sowie die Impf- und Infektanamnese erhoben. Alle Angaben zu Impfungen wurden im Impfpass kontrolliert. Antikörpertiter gegen Masern wurden mit ELISA bestimmt. Als Schwellenwert für einen ausreichenden Schutz gegen Masern wurden 150 mIU/ml festgelegt.ErgebnisVon 975 Patienten konnten 540 (55,4 %) einen Impfausweis vorlegen. Bei 201 Patienten mit Ausweis (37,2 %) lagen dokumentierte Impfungen seit Geburt vor. Insgesamt hatten 45 von 267 nach 1970 geborene Patienten (16,9 %) einen suffizienten Impfschutz gegen Masern. Die anamnestischen Angaben zu einer Masernerkrankung in der Kindheit differenzierten nicht zwischen Patienten mit und ohne protektiven Masern-IgG-Antikörpern. Protektive Masern-IgG-Antikörper wurden bei 901 Patienten von 928 Patienten mit Messung der Masern-IgG-Antikörperspiegel (97,1 %) nachgewiesen. Die unterschiedlichen Wirkprinzipien der aktuellen immunsuppressiven Therapie hatten darauf keinen Einfluss.DiskussionDiese Daten zeigen, dass mindestens 2,9 % der Patienten keinen ausreichenden Schutz gegen Masern haben. Interessanterweise hatte die Mehrheit der nach 1970 geborenen Patienten protektive Antikörper trotz fehlenden Impfschutzes gegen Masern. Die Anstrengungen sowohl im primär- als auch im fachärztlichen Bereich sollten dringend verstärkt werden, um eine adäquate Infektionsprophylaxe bei besonders gefährdeten Patienten gewährleisten zu können.

Risk Factors for the First Dose Measles Immunization Drop Out in Mempawah District, West Kalimantan Province

One factor in the occurrence of measles in children was measles immunization drop out during infancy. The purpose of this study was to determine the risk factors for measles immunization drop out in children aged 9–17 months. This study uses a cross-sectional design. Sample in this study was 126 mothers who had children aged 9–17 months. Study variables were measured using a questionnaire with the interview method. Logistic regression was used to look at the risk factors for measles immunization drop out and the odds ratio of these risk factors. Factors that influence the incidence of measles immunization drop out were the poor family economic status of AOR 7.0 (95% CI 2.55–18.65, p = 0.0001), lack of maternal knowledge AOR 3.61 (95% CI 1, 43-9.08, p = 0.006) and lack of family support AOR 6.54 (95% CI; 2.39–17.89, p = 0.006). Factors that did not influence the incidence of measles immunization drop out were the age of mothers <30 years old, mothers with elementary education, status of working mothers, perceptions of the role of health officers, perceptions of services at posyandu and distance to health facilities. Health officer is expected to provide information on the importance of measles immunization to mothers of children <5 years and include families at the time of counseling so that families know and support measles immunization, and provide information to the public through the media.

Measles Distribution Map according to Measles Immunization and Vitamin A Coverage

Background: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Indonesia is one of the ten countries with the most significant number of measles cases in the world. Immunization coverage in Trenggalek Regency has reached the target of prevention of measles in the elimination stage, namely measles immunization coverage&gt; 95%, the incidence of measles persists and increases in the last three years, from 2013 to 2015. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the trends between measles immunization status and the provision of vitamin A with the incidence of measles in Trenggalek Regency. Methods: This type of research is an observational study with a cross-sectional study design. The sample population is consist of 14 sub-districts in Trenggalek Regency. Data was taken from the health profile of Trenggalek Regency in 2013, 2014, and 2015. In this study, data processing were analysed by Health Mapper application version 4.3.0.0 with product version 4.03 to determine data descriptively. Results: Distribution of measles incidence with immunization coverage in Trenggalek Regency in 2013, 2014, and 2015 showed that measles incidence tended to increase followed with the decreasing number of measles immunization coverage each year. Ironically, the distribution of measles incidence with vitamin A administration in 2013, 2014, and 2015 showed the incidence of measles had increased because of the inconsistent amount of vitamin A administration. Conclusion: Measles incidence tends to occur in low immunization coverage areas and has decreased from the previous year. Giving vitamin A does not prevent the occurrence of measles, but serves to reduce compilation.

Magnitude and Trends of Measles in North West of Tigray Region, Ethiopia - A Four-year Surveillance Data Analysis, 2012-2015

Introduction: Globally, measles is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality despite the availability of safe and effective vaccine. In Ethiopia, measles remains a disease of public health importance with an annual incidence of 12.5 to 18 per 100,000 populations. This study aimed at identifying the magnitude and trends of measles in the Northwest zone of Tigray region. Methods: We conducted a descriptive surveillance data analysis from 2012-2015 in the Northwest zone of Tigray region. We reviewed line list records and Health Information Management System reports. A suspected measles case was defined as any person with fever, rash, cough and either conjunctivitis or coryza. Laboratory confirmed cases had measles-specific IgM antibodies, and epidemiologically confirmed cases were those linked to a laboratory-confirmed case. We collected data by a standardized checklist, and analyzed it using Epi-info 7.1.5 and Microsoft Excel worksheet. We presented the analyzed data using frequencies, proportions, median and range. Results: We identified 757 measles cases with an annual incidence of 39 and 16 per 100,000 in 2012; 77 and 67 per 100,000 in 2015 in the 15-year-old respectively. Among these cases, 380(62%) were unvaccinated. Among <5 children, 27(3.6%) were <9-month infant ineligible for routine measles vaccination. Measles occurrence had a cyclical pattern from November to April, with high peaks from February to April. Conclusion: Children <5 years and adults aged ≥ 15 years were more affected in a cyclical occurrence of measles. Routine and supplementary immunization activities for more affected age groups including at-risk adults, and early preparedness before November may limit occurrence and spread of measles.

Multiplicative rates model for recurrent events in case-cohort studies.

In large prospective cohort studies, accumulation of covariate information and follow-up data make up the majority of the cost involved in the study. This might lead to the study being infeasible when there are some expensive variables and/or the event is rare. Prentice (Biometrika 73(1):1-11, 1986) proposed the case-cohort study for time to event data to tackle this problem. There has been extensive research on the analysis of univariate and clustered failure time data, where the clusters are formed among different individuals under case-cohort sampling scheme. However, recurrent event data are quite common in biomedical and public health research. In this paper, we propose case-cohort sampling schemes for recurrent events. We consider a multiplicative rates model for the recurrent events and propose a weighted estimating equations approach for parameter estimation. We show that the estimators are consistent and asymptotically normally distributed. The proposed estimator performed well in finite samples in our simulation studies. For illustration purposes, we examined the association between prior occurrence of measles on acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRI) among young children in Brazil.

Association between measles antibodies in vaccinated and naturally infected mothers with protective antibodies and the occurrence of measles in their children: A cross-sectional study in the Bavi district of Hanoi

Objective: To determine the concentration and rate of decay of maternal IgG antibodies against measles prevalence in infants of vaccinated or naturally infected mothers and study initial measles immunization occurs in nine-month-old children. Methods: In total, 401 pregnant women and the same number of their subsequent newborns were recruited in the Bavi district of Hanoi in 2016-2017; they were divided into two groups: Older women (born before 1985, n=201) and younger women (born after 1990, n=200). Samples were collected at five time-points; week 36 of pregnancy, birth (cord), and 3, 6, and 9 months after birth. Measles-specific IgG antibody levels were recorded. Results: In total, 77.06% of the 401 pregnant women were seropositive for measles-specific IgG antibodies. A significantly greater proportion of mothers aged 30 and older (88.06%) and their newborn (93.53%) were seropositive compared to the mothers aged 25 and younger (66.00%), and their newborn (72.00%) (P Conclusions: This study provides a profile of maternal antibodies against measles in Vietnamese infants and investigates the early susceptibility to measles in both the infants of vaccinated mothers and mothers with naturally acquired immunity. These data suggest that determining the appropriate age for measles vaccination is paramount for the elimination of measles in Vietnam.

Predicting Measles Occurrence Using Some Weather Variables in Kano, North western Nigeria

The impact of weather variables on some human diseases are now of major concern worldwide. Nigeria cannot be left out because is also home to many infectious diseases. Measles is a highly contagious disease caused by measles virus characterized by fever, fatigue and cough before the onset of rash. This study seeks to clarify the mechanism linking weather and measles occurrence and examine the possibility of predicting the number of expected cases of the disease using some weather variables and the reported cases from standard government hospitals within the study area. Monthly (1997-2012) measles cases in Kano were retrieved from Muhammad Abdullahi Wase Specialist hospital, Kano, a standard government hospital situated at the Centre of Kano city. The weather data during (1997-2012) monthly rainfall, relative humidity, minimum and maximum temperature and wind speed were obtained from Nigerian Meteorological agency. We performed the Spearman rank correlation tests to examine the relationship between monthly incidence and the weather variables, and used the statistically significant variables to develop models. The monthly (1997–2012) measles incidence was modeled using a Poisson regression model combined with Autoregressive moving average model (ARIMA). The results showed a linear effects of maximum and minimum temperature and relative humidity on measles incidence. The relative risk for the measles incidence associated with the 75th percentile of maximum temperature has a temperature window of approximately 38 to 40°C and relative humidity ranging from 19-30% within which the highest risk of measles prevalence is observed in Kano. Low relative humidity is a risk factor of measles morbidity. The months of April and May are month with highest occurrence of measles cases. Of all the models tested, the poison model combinations of all the weather variables used fits the measles incidence data best according to normalized Akaike information criterion (AIC) and goodness-of-fit criteria. Also, ARIMA (0, 0, 1) is observed to be the best fits for measles incidence data according to normalized Bayesian information criterion (BIC) and goodness-of-fit criteria. In all, we found that wind speed is not a limiting factor for measles transmission in Kano. Our findings highlight the need to pay more attention to the weather/climate variations and increase the immunity of susceptible population for possible measles reduction.

Occurrence of Measles among Children Admitted in Tertiary Care Hospital

Background: Despite widespread vaccination against measles in Bangladesh outbreak continue to occur. The Objective of the study was to see the demographic characteristics of patients who had the diagnosis of measles at Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital and occurrence of measles from the time of vaccination.Methodology: This retrospective study was conducted on patient who were diagnosed as measles at Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital between 1st January 2017 to 30th April 2017. The diagnosis of measles based on clinical features and laboratory confirmation. Demographic characteristics of patients and occurrence of measles from the time of vaccination was recorded. Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 21.Results: Total 13864 patients were admitted during the study period and among them 23 were confirmed as measles. Rate of measles was found as 0.16% among hospitalized children with male predominance. Among the measles patients age of onset was &lt;9 months in 2(8.7%), 9-12 months in 8(34.8%), 13-14 months in 11(47.8%) and 15 months and above in 2(8.6%) cases. Among 23 measles patients vaccine was not given in 2(8.7%) patients, one dose of vaccine was given in 19(82.60%) patients and two doses of vaccine were given in 2(8.7%) patients. Most of the measles patients came after one vaccination which means after first dose. Though measles incidence significantly reduced after the successful introduction of measles vaccination in EPI, still measles are prevalent in our country and occurs before completion of two doses of vaccine.Conclusion: Majority of measles cases developed before completion of two doses of vaccine though the successful measles vaccination are going on.Bangladesh J Child Health 2018; VOL 42 (1) :15-18

Beberapa Faktor Risiko Kejadian Campak Pada Balita di Kabupaten Sarolangun

Background: Measles is a highly infectious disease caused by the measles virus and is still a health problem in Indonesia. Based on data the communicable disease surveillance system from 2014 to January 2016 have been reported cases of measles as many as 200 cases. This study aims to explain host and environment factors as risk factors for occurrence of measles in children under five years old.Method: A case control study, involving 56 cases children under five years old suffer from measles were registered in form C1 of health center, with 56 sex matched neighborhood controls. Studied variables were analyzed by multivariate.Result: Risk factors for measles occurrence were living at unhealthy house (OR=7.5; 95 % CI=2.64 to 21.19), low of mother’s knowledge (OR=5.7; 95 % CI=2.22 to 14.85), and never received immunization (OR=3.7; 95 % CI=1.45 to 9.39). Risk factors not proved with measles occurrence were malnutrition, lack of vitamin A, never had measles, contact history, breast-fed &lt; 2 years, maternal age &lt; 20 years, low of socio-economic, number of children under five years old at home &gt; 1 and less parenting.Conclusion: Risk factors associated with measles were living at unhealthy house, low ofmother’s knowledge and never received vaccination. For elimination, measles vaccination, home inspection, communication, information and education of measles is required.

Beberapa Faktor Risiko Kejadian Campak Pada Balita di Kabupaten Sarolangun

Background: Measles is a highly infectious disease caused by the measles virus and is still a health problem in Indonesia. Based on data the communicable disease surveillance system from 2014 to January 2016 have been reported cases of measles as many as 200 cases. This study aims to explain host and environment factors as risk factors for occurrence of measles in children under five years old.Method: A case control study, involving 56 cases children under five years old suffer from measles were registered in form C1 of health center, with 56 sex matched neighborhood controls. Studied variables were analyzed by multivariate.Result: Risk factors for measles occurrence were living at unhealthy house (OR=7.5; 95 % CI=2.64 to 21.19), low of mother’s knowledge (OR=5.7; 95 % CI=2.22 to 14.85), and never received immunization (OR=3.7; 95 % CI=1.45 to 9.39). Risk factors not proved with measles occurrence were malnutrition, lack of vitamin A, never had measles, contact history, breast-fed &lt; 2 years, maternal age &lt; 20 years, low of socio-economic, number of children under five years old at home &gt; 1 and less parenting.Conclusion: Risk factors associated with measles were living at unhealthy house, low ofmother’s knowledge and never received vaccination. For elimination, measles vaccination, home inspection, communication, information and education of measles is required.

Occurrence of measles in a country with elimination status: Amplifying measles infection in hospitalized children due to imported virus.

The Republic of Korea declared measles elimination in 2006. However, a measles outbreak occurred in 2013. This study aimed to identify the epidemiological characteristics of the sources of infection and the pattern of measles transmission in 2013 in South Korea. We utilized surveillance data, epidemiological data, immunization registry data, and genetic information. We describe the epidemiological characteristics of all measles case patients (sex, age distribution, vaccination status, sources of infection) as well as details of the outbreak (the pattern of transmission, duration, mean age of patients, and generation time). In 2013, a total of 107 measles cases were notified. Most patients were infants (43.0%) and unvaccinated individuals (60.7%). We identified 4 imported and 103 import-related cases. A total of 105 cases were related to four outbreaks that occurred in Gyeongnam, northern Gyeonggi, southern Gyeonggi, and Seoul. The predominant circulating genotype was B3 type, which was identified in the Gyeongnam, northern Gyeonggi, and southern Gyeonggi outbreaks. The B3 type had not been in circulation in South Korea in the previous 3 years; virologic evidence suggests that these outbreaks were import-related. Most measles cases in South Korea have been associated with imported measles virus. Although Korea has maintained a high level of herd immunity, clustering of susceptible people can cause such measles outbreaks.