Mean Self-efficacy Scores Research Articles

Students’ knowledge enhancement towards the use of commercial foodservice restaurant simulation class

Commercial Foodservice Restaurant simulation class is a course to intensification students' knowledge in learning and practicing about cooking and serving food and beverages. This paper aims to identify the level of students’ knowledge enhancement, level of work experience, level of self-efficacy, and level of realism of simulation towards the use of Commercial Foodservice Restaurant simulation class. A total of 123 students from semester 4 and semester 5 of Diploma in Food Services (Halal Practice), Polytechnic of Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin were selected as a purposive sampling to answer the questionnaire. The results reveal that mean scores for work experience, self-efficacy and realism of simulation were at a high level. Overall, it can be concluded that the Commercial Foodservice Restaurant simulation class is very important for students to improve the knowledge, work experience, self-efficacy and skills in the simulation class in the future either at the academic level or in the real industry. The results of the study also show a positive impact among institutional students, and it is hope that this study can also benefit students and researchers who need to study about the programme of Commercial Foodservice Restaurant simulation class. In the future study, researchers may use pre and post test to study on effectiveness of using Restaurant simulation class.

Student nurses' end-of-life and post mortem care self-efficacy: A descriptive study

BackgroundStudent nurses providing end-of-life care reported that caring for a person dying created anxiety, fear, and increased stress and reflected low self-efficacy. New nurses felt unprepared academically and emotionally. High self-efficacy is necessary to handle adverse emotional reactions. However, the literature lacks an instrument to evaluate nursing students' self-efficacy in caring for someone who is dying. ObjectiveThe study aims to investigate the reliability and validity of the “End-of-Life and Postmortem Self-Efficacy Scale” and explore nursing students' self-efficacy associated with the nursing duties and responsibilities of caring for individuals during the active phase of dying and immediately after death. DesignThe study was a quantitative descriptive, cross-sectional design. ParticipantsNational Student Nurses' Association members enrolled in undergraduate registered nurse associate's, bachelor's degree programs, or a nursing diploma program. MethodNational Student Nurses' Association members responded to an electronic survey containing 18 items related to end-of-life and post mortem nursing responsibilities. ResultsA total of 498 responses were analyzed. Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.938) showed high reliability of the 18 items on the instrument. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin was 0.925 and indicated sampling adequacy. Bartlett's test of sphericity was highly significant (p = .001). The nursing students' mean end-of-life and post mortem self-efficacy score was 62 (scale of 0–100). ConclusionThe “End-of-Life and Postmortem Self-Efficacy Scale” showed high reliability in evaluating the latent concept of end-of-life and post mortem self-efficacy. The low mean self-efficacy score indicated that nursing students might be underprepared to provide EOL and post mortem care as new graduates. Faculty can use the “End-of-Life and Postmortem Self-Efficacy Scale” to assess student readiness and identify gaps in knowledge in the care of someone who is dying. Future research is needed to determine how increasing nursing students' end-of-life and post mortem self-efficacy influences the perception of end-of-life preparedness.

IMPLEMENTING THE TEACHING OF TRANSFORMATIVE LEARNING TO IMPROVE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ READING SELF-EFFICACY IN CHINA

This paper aims to investigate the implementation of the teaching of transformative learning to improve students’ reading self-efficacy at university in China. The study used a questionnaire on reading self-efficacy as the research instrument to survey 85 non-English students’ reading self-efficacy. A comparison of the pre- and post-test mean scores of the students reading self-efficacy using Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test indicated a significant difference with the introduction of the teaching of transformative learning in improving the students’ reading self-efficacy. The three main features of the teaching of transformative learning include (1) using critical reflection to change students’ thinking and improve their self-efficacy, (2) using rational discourse to change students’ psychological state, and (3) using peaceful and equal classroom atmosphere to enhance dialogue and students’ self-efficacy to build an environment that is congruent with the learners’ learning expectancy.

Effectiveness of a Nurse-led Program to Enhance Self-efficacy of Pregnant Adolescents and Reduce their Fear of Childbirth: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Fear of childbirth is a common feeling experienced by pregnant women, and it can occur before, during, or after childbirth. Intense fear has a detrimental effect on physical and psychological statuses of the pregnant women. The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to examine the effectiveness of a nurse-led program together with the mobile phone application to enhance pregnant adolescents’ childbirth self-efficacy and reduce their fear of childbirth. The sample was pregnant adolescents receiving antenatal care in a regional hospital in Southern Thailand. Using the minimization procedure, pregnant adolescents were assigned to either an experimental group receiving the program (n = 64) or a control group receiving routine care (n = 64). The instruments used for data collection consisted of a demographic characteristics form, the Fear of Childbirth in the Third Trimester Questionnaire, and the Thai Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, paired t-test, and independent t-test. The results showed that after completion of the intervention program, the participants in the experimental group had a significantly higher mean score on childbirth self-efficacy and lower fear of childbirth than before the intervention. When comparing the two groups after completion of the program, results showed a significantly higher childbirth self-efficacy mean score, and lower fear of childbirth mean score in the experimental group than those in the control group. The results indicate that application of childbirth self-efficacy enhancement program can increase self-efficacy and reduce fear of childbirth in pregnant adolescents. Therefore, it is a promising program for caring pregnant adolescents but needs to be tested with other samples before implementation in practice.

Effectiveness of Educational Intervention Based on Transtheoretical Model on Physical Activity and Menopausal Symptoms.

Menopause is an inevitable part of women's lives. Physical activity as nonhormonal therapy can decrease the symptoms of menopause. This study is aimed at investigating the effect of educational intervention based on the transtheoretical model (TTM) on physical activity and menopausal symptoms of female clients of the health center in Pasargad City, Iran. This quasi-experimental study was performed on 140 females admitted to health center of Pasargad City, Fars Province, Iran (intervention = 70 and control = 70). The data collection tool consisted of demographic data, menopause rating scale, international physical activities questionnaire, and TTM questionnaire (stages of change, processes of change, decision-making balance, and self-efficacy) that were completed before and two months after intervention. For intervention group, the educational program was implemented during 5 sessions of 50-55 min. Data were analyzed by SPSS 25 and by using Chi-square test, independent t-test, and paired t-test. After intervention, the mean scores of physical symptoms are sleep problems, muscle problems and discomfort, psychological symptoms, depression, irritability, and anxiety of intervention group decreased significantly post intervention (p < 0.001). Analysis showed that psychological symptoms, mental fatigue, somatic, and urogenital symptoms, and vaginal dryness increased 2 months after the intervention. Also, the mean score of cons, pros, decision balance, self-efficacy, consciousness raising, dramatic relief, environmental reevaluation, and self-reevaluation have significant changed in intervention group (p < 0.05). In addition, the top percent of progress can be seen in contemplation (31. 5%). This study showed the effectiveness of educational intervention based on TTM to reduce menopausal symptoms and promote physical activity in postmenopausal women.

Factors Related to Obesity Prevention Behaviors in Female High School Students in Qom, Iran Based on the Social Cognitive Theory

Background and Objectives: In recent years, obesity has been increased in developing countries, especially among adolescents. Various measures have not been successful to prevent it. The present study aims to investigate the factors related to obesity prevention behaviors in female high school student in Qom, Iran based on the social cognitive theory (SCT). Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 104 high school girls who were randomly selected from two schools in Qom city. To collect data, a demographic form, the questionnaire based on the SCT constructs, fast food consumption questionnaire, unhealthy snack consumption questionnaire, food frequency questionnaire, and the international physical activity questionnaire-short form were used. Data analysis was done using analysis of variance and Pearson correlation test. Results: In terms of the SCT constructs, the mean score of awareness was 13.98 out of 24; the mean score of outcome expectations was 13.05 out of 20 (65.25%); the mean score of outcome evaluation was 47.27 out of 30 (91.56%); the mean score of observational learning was 26.08 out of 30 (55%); the mean score of reinforcement was 3.23 out of 25 (56.96%); the mean score of self-efficacy was 18.52 out of 25 (74.08%); and the mean score of self-control was 13.05 out of 25 (52.2%). The scores of the SCT constructs had a significant relationship with nutritional behaviors and physical activity. The results of analysis of variance showed that the mean scores of the constructs of outcome expectations, self-efficacy, and self-control were significantly related to the physical activity of students. Conclusion: The SCT constructs can be good predictors for obesity prevention behaviors in female high school students. Planning and implementing interventions based on these constructs can be effective in improving their lifestyle and nutritional patterns.

Hubungan antara Efikasi Diri dengan Mobilisasi Dini pada Pasien Paska Bedah Mayor

Introduction: Self-efficacy affects the ability to perform early mobilization in patients after digestive surgery. The characteristics of pain are different in digestive and major surgical pain. Pain can effect self-efficacy and early mobilization. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between self-efficacy and early mobilization of major post-surgical patients.Methods: The study used a correlation descriptive design with a cross sectional approach with a total sample of 62 post operation patients aged 21-65 years who were compos mentis. The research instrument for self-efficacy used The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE), while early mobilization used Cumulated Ambulation Afternoon (CAS). Data were analyzed used Spearman rho.Results: The results showed that the mean self-efficacy score was 36,56 and the average value of early mobilization was 2.02. The results of correlation test obtained p value=0.172 with r=0.181.Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that there was no significant relationship between self-efficacy with early mobilization. The suggestion in the study is to examine other factors that can affect early postoperative mosbilization. Keywords: Early Mobilization, Major Post-Surgical, Self-Efficacy.

Hubungan antara Efikasi Diri dengan Mobilisasi Dini pada Pasien Paska Bedah Mayor

Introduction: Self-efficacy affects the ability to perform early mobilization in patients after digestive surgery. The characteristics of pain are different in digestive and major surgical pain. Pain can effect self-efficacy and early mobilization. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between self-efficacy and early mobilization of major post-surgical patients.Methods: The study used a correlation descriptive design with a cross sectional approach with a total sample of 62 post operation patients aged 21-65 years who were compos mentis. The research instrument for self-efficacy used The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE), while early mobilization used Cumulated Ambulation Afternoon (CAS). Data were analyzed used Spearman rho.Results: The results showed that the mean self-efficacy score was 36,56 and the average value of early mobilization was 2.02. The results of correlation test obtained p value=0.172 with r=0.181.Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that there was no significant relationship between self-efficacy with early mobilization. The suggestion in the study is to examine other factors that can affect early postoperative mosbilization. Keywords: Early Mobilization, Major Post-Surgical, Self-Efficacy.

The Development and Pilot Evaluation of ECHO Mental Health for Adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

ABSTRACT Introduction Health and social service providers have limited expertise with regard to assessing and treating psychiatric disorders in adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. The aim of this study was to describe the development and pilot evaluation of a virtual capacity-building program (Project ECHO) focused on supporting the mental health of adults with these disabilities in Ontario, Canada. Method The pilot program consisted of 12 weekly 1.5 hour sessions hosted through a video-conferencing platform, with a combined focus of didactic teaching and case-based learning, led by an interprofessional team of subject matter experts. The program evaluation was informed by Moore’s evaluation framework for continuing medical education. Ongoing attendance tracking, weekly surveys, and pre-post questionnaires were used to evaluate participation, satisfaction, learning and self-efficacy, and practice change. Results The program included 62 participants from across Ontario, Canada, from both the health and social service sectors. Seventy-three percent of participants attended six or more sessions, with high participant satisfaction ratings seen with the program. A statistically significant improvement in self-efficacy mean scores of 14.7% was observed pre-post. Seventy-four percent of respondents indicated that they had changed their practice because of participating in this ECHO. Conclusion Good participant retention, satisfaction, and increased confidence suggests this cross-sector virtual medical education program may have value for health and social service providers as they support the mental health of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities.

Exercise Self-efficacy Improvements During Cardiac Rehabilitation: IMPACT OF SOCIAL DISPARITIES.

The objective of this study was to determine exercise self-efficacy improvements during cardiac rehabilitation (CR) and identify predictors of exercise self-efficacy change in CR participants. Patients with coronary heart disease at four metropolitan CR sites completed the Exercise Self-efficacy Scale at entry and completion. A general linear model identified independent predictors of change in exercise self-efficacy. The mean age of patients (n = 194) was 65.9 ± 10.5 yr, and 81% were males. The majority (80%) were married or partnered, 76% were White, and 24% were from an ethnic minority background. Patients received CR in-person (n = 91, 47%) or remote-delivered (n = 103, 54%). Exercise self-efficacy mean scores improved significantly from 25.2 ± 5.8 at CR entry to 26.2 ± 6.3 points at completion ( P = .025). The majority of patients (59%) improved their self-efficacy scores, 34% worsened, and 7% had no change. Predictors of reduced exercise self-efficacy change were being from an ethnic minority (B =-2.96), not having a spouse/partner (B =-2.42), attending in-person CR (B =1.75), and having higher exercise self-efficacy at entry (B =-0.37) (adjusted R2 = 0.247). Confidence for self-directed exercise improves in most, but not all, patients during CR. Those at risk for poor improvement (ethnic minorities, single patients) may need extra or tailored support, and screening for exercise self-efficacy at CR entry and completion is recommended. Differences identified from CR delivery mode need exploration using robust methods to account for complex factors.

Developing Motivational Interviewing Skills Among Undergraduate Nursing Students.

The current study evaluated changes in undergraduate nursing students' knowledge and self-efficacy in motivational interviewing. Fourth-year undergraduate nursing students completed a hybrid, online curriculum. Changes in knowledge and self-efficacy were assessed using a pretest/posttest design. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to determine differences between knowledge and self-efficacy mean scores. Of the 144 students who participated in the study, 88.2% were female, 96.5% were non-Hispanic/Latino, 88.9% were White, and mean age was 21.3 years. There were significant increases in knowledge and self-efficacy mean scores between pre-survey and post-survey 1 and 2. There were no differences between post-surveys 1 and 2 scores. A hybrid, online curriculum using asynchronous modules and synchronous simulation training can facilitate nursing students' learning experiences and enhance knowledge and self-efficacy about motivational interviewing. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 61(5), 17-24.].

Self-efficacy of emergency management of domestic helpers in pediatric home accidents: A cross-sectional survey in Hong Kong.

Accidental injuries are the leading cause of deaths and disabilities in children globally and most of them occur at home. To save life and prevent sequelae, domestic helpers (DHs) require providing emergency management (i.e., first aid) to children involved in home accidents. However, their self-efficacy in emergency management for children is rarely investigated. Hence, this study aimed to tap that research gap. This study adopted a cross-sectional descriptive survey design. A convenience sample of 385 DHs was obtained in Hong Kong. DHs' self-efficacy in emergency management for children involved in home accidents was measured using a 12-item well-validated survey instrument "Self-Efficacy of First Aid in Unintentional Injury at Home". The total score ranged from 0 to 48. A higher score indicates greater confidence in emergency management for children involved in home accidents. All the participants were women and most of them were aged between 31 and 35 years (N = 103, 26.8%). The mean score for DHs' self-efficacy in emergency management was 29.0 (SD 10.1). The three items with the lowest self-efficacy were managing bone fractures, performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and providing artificial respiration. Bivariate analysis showed that DHs' self-efficacy was significantly related to their educational level, first aid training, caring experience, and working experience. Multiple linear regression indicated that DHs' educational level (β = 0.136, p = 0.001) and first aid training (β = 0.532, p < 0.001) were significantly predicting their self-efficacy. DH's self-efficacy of emergency management for children involved in home accidents was low, particularly in those severe situations and complicated first aid procedures.

Stages of dairy product consumption among Iranian female high school students based on transtheoretical model: The case of osteoporosis prevention.

Background: As nutritional needs increase in adolescence, dairy consumption can play a key role in health and disease prevention; however, unfortunately, inadequate consumption of milk and dairy products has often been reported in adolescents. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between decisional balance, self-efficacy, and the processes of change with the stages of change for dairy consumption in female high school students in Shaft county located in the west of Gilan Province, Iran. Methods: A total of 385 female high school students in Shaft County were studied through the census method in 2019. The data collection instrument was a valid and reliable questionnaire consisting of demographic information, stages of change and items of transtheoretical model constructs including the processes of change (cognitive process: consciousness-raising, dramatic relief, self-reevaluation, environmental reevaluation, and social liberation; behavioral process: self-liberation, counter conditioning, reinforcement management, stimulus control and helping relationships), decisional balance and self-efficacy. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21 software. Results: A total of 208 (54%), 53 (13.8%), 56 (14.5%), 32 (8.3%) and 36 (9.4%) students were in the pre-contemplate, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance stages, respectively. As the subjects progressed through the stage of change for dairy consumption, an increase in the mean score of self-efficacy, decisional balance, and processes of change was observed (P < 0.01). Conclusion: The constructs of the transtheoretical model should be considered in designing educational interventions to promote dairy consumption with regard to the stage of change for dairy consumption in the subjects.

Relationship between Self-Efficacy, Fatigue and Health-Related Quality of Life among Patients with Chronic Illness: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction: Chronic illnesses such as coronary heart disease, hypertension and diabetes mellitus are the main causes of death worldwide. Additionally, previous research has discovered that fatigue commonly associated with chronic illness impairs this population’s health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and self-efficacy is critical for self-management. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the association between fatigue and self-efficacy with HRQoL in patients with chronic illness. Methods: We conducted quantitative cross-sectional research using a sample of 160 patients from a public hospital in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Self-efficacy, fatigue, and HRQoL were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire that included the Self-Efficacy Questionnaire and the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy – Fatigue Scale (FACIT-F), respectively. Results: The mean overall score for HRQoL is 79.91 (SD=13.67), fatigue is 35.28 (SD=7.44), whereas the mean self-efficacy score is 37.93 (SD=9.17). There is a positive correlation between HRQoL with fatigue (r = 0.810, p&lt;0.001) and self-efficacy (r = 0.66, p&lt;0.001). Multiple regression analysis found that sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, income levels and living area), fatigue and self-efficacy explained 69.5% of variances in HRQoL. Meanwhile, income levels, fatigue and self-efficacy were significant predictors for HRQoL. Conclusion: Fatigue and self-efficacy are among the factors that influence HRQoL among patients with chronic illness. The findings indicated that health practitioners should develop a systematic intervention to prevent fatigue, promote patients’ self-efficacy and HRQoL.

A community-based health–social partnership program for community-dwelling older adults: a hybrid effectiveness–implementation pilot study

BackgroundA growing body of literature supports the efficacy of the health–social approach for the implementation of complex interventions to enhance self-care health management among community-dwelling older adults. However, there is little research on how interventions with this approach are implemented and disseminated in a real community setting.MethodsThis pilot study adopted an effectiveness–implementation hybrid design to 1) evaluate the effectiveness of a community-based Health–Social Partnership Program (HSPP) and 2) explore the reach, adoption, implementation, and maintenance of the HSPP in the community. Potential participants were recruited if they were aged 60 or above, owned a smartphone, and were cognitively competent. The participants received nurse-led case management with support from a social service team. Factors that hindered or facilitated the program delivery were examined to determine the implementation outcomes and sustained effects of the program. Data were collected at pre-intervention (T1), immediately post-intervention (T2), and 3 months post-intervention (T3).ResultsNinety-two older adults joined and completed the program. The recruitment rate was 76.7%. A significant interaction effect was found for the mean self-efficacy scores from T1 to T2 (Wald χ2 = 12.28, p ≤ .001). Barriers to widespread program implementation included manpower shortage, lack of experienced staff, and unpredictable environment, whereas facilitators, as suggested by the older adults, providers, and community staff members, included regular communication between the research and service teams, recruitment of participants through community centers with the support of the research team, and seamless partnership among the health–social partnership team members. Strong implementation fidelity was achieved with zero attrition rate.ConclusionMost conventional randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of community-based programs have tended to control the contextual factors rather than incorporate the program in a real setting. This pilot study was the first to use a hybrid model to test the effectiveness and outcomes of HSPP implementation. The results imply that the program has a high potential sustainability in the real-life context.Trial registrationThis study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04442867; date of first registration 23/06/2020).

Patient-Centered Communication Among Pharmacy Professionals Working in Hospitals and Drug Retail Outlets in Asmara, Eritrea: Knowledge, Attitude, Self-Efficacy and Barriers.

BackgroundGlobally, preventable medication-related problems are increasing constantly. Patient-centered communication (PCC) is essential to identify and reduce the occurrence of drug-related problems such as inappropriate use of medications, adverse drug reactions and non-adherence. In Eritrea, personal observations and anecdotal reports showed that pharmacy professionals’ practice towards PCC was unsatisfactory. This study was conducted to assess pharmacy professionals' knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy and barriers towards the practice of PCC.MethodsAn analytical cross-sectional study design was employed among all pharmacy professionals who were employees of the drug retail outlets and hospital out-patient pharmacies of Asmara, Eritrea. A census approach was employed and data were collected from May to June 2021 using a face to face interview-based data collection tool. Descriptive and analytical statistics including independent samples t-test and multiple linear regression were employed using IBM SPSS (version-26).ResultsA total of 79 pharmacy professionals with a median age of 36 (IQR: 20) years were included in the study. The mean (SD) knowledge score of PCC was found to be 11.91 (2.0) out of 17. Moreover, the mean (SD) attitude score was 39.55 (4.0) out of 60 and the overall mean (SD) self-efficacy score was 52.51 (12.0) out of 96. Self-efficacy was significantly correlated with attitude (p=0.015). Work setting (p=0.002) and training (p=0.045) were predictors for the sub-scales of self-efficacy ‘exploring patient’s perspectives’ and ‘dealing with communicative challenges’, respectively. Workload/shortage of pharmacy professionals and time constraint were found to be the main barriers of the pharmacy professionals for not practicing PCC.ConclusionGenerally the pharmacy professionals’ fairly encouraging knowledge and attitude score on PCC, it was not supported with their self-efficacy. This necessitates further attention from policy makers and health facility managers in creating an ideal working environment for the pharmacy professionals to practice PCC at their best.

The effects of self-management education and support on self-efficacy, self-esteem, and quality of life among patients with epilepsy

Introduction: Epilepsy is a chronic disease and the most prevalent neurologic condition after stroke. Self-management (SM) is one of the main components of chronic disease management. It actively engages patients in the management of their problems. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of SM education and support on self-efficacy, self-esteem, and quality of life among patients with epilepsy (PWE). Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in 2019. The participants were seventy PWE conveniently recruited from four healthcare centers in Shahrekord, Iran, and randomly allocated to a control (n = 35) and an intervention (n = 35) group. Study intervention was an educational-supportive SM program implemented in eight ninety-minute sessions followed by a three-month follow-up program. Data were collected before, immediately after, and three months after the intervention. Data collection instruments were the demographic questionnaire, Sherer Self-Efficacy Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Quality of Life in Epilepsy inventory. Results: Totally, 33 participants in the intervention group and 34 participants in the control group completed the study. There were no significant between-group differences regarding the pretest mean scores of self-efficacy, self-esteem, and quality of life (P > 0.05). Additionally, the variations of these mean scores across the three measurement time points in the control group were insignificant (P > 0.05), while the variations of all these mean scores in the intervention group were significant (P < 0.05). The between-group differences regarding the variations of these mean scores across the three measurement time points were also significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: SM education and support intervention are effective in significantly improving the self-efficacy, self-esteem, and quality of life in PWE.

The Effect of a Self-Management Program on Care Burden and Self-Efficacy in Family Caregivers of People With Multiple Sclerosis.

Family caregivers of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) face many caring-related problems that increase their care burden and decrease their self-efficacy. Evidence-based self-management interventions may be used to improve care processes and resolve caregiver concerns. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a self-management program on care burden and self-efficacy in family caregivers of people with MS. This study was performed in Iran in 2018-2019. The participants were selected using convenience sampling and assigned to control and intervention groups of 35 participants each using stratified randomization by gender. The intervention group participated in an eight-session self-management program. Data were collected using the Zarit Burden Interview and Scherrer Self-efficacy Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS Version 16. No significant difference in care burden scores was found between the two groups at baseline ( p = .953). However, mean scores for care burden in the intervention group were significantly higher ( p < .001) both immediately after completion of the intervention (42.6 ± 3) and at 3 months after completion of the intervention (36 ± 3), with the most significant improvement found immediately after the intervention. Similarly, no significant difference in self-efficacy scores was found between the groups at baseline ( p = .976). However, mean scores for self-efficacy in the intervention group were significantly higher ( p < .001) both immediately after and at 3 months after completion of the intervention (60.6 ± 4.7 and 72.7 ± 4, respectively), with the most significant improvement found at 3 months postintervention. Providing self-management programs to caregivers of people with MS is an effective approach to reducing their burden of care and increasing their self-efficacy. Enhancing self-management by learning adaptation skills, self-care skills, social support, and spiritual support promote improved self-efficacy and reduce the care burden of these caregivers.

Prevalence of Good Condom Usage and Its Association with Condom Use Self-Efficacy among Youth Attending HIV/STDs Clinics in Primary-Care Settings in Malaysia.

The low prevalence of condom usage among youth with Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Sexually Transmitted Diseases (HIV/STDs) is a concern. Condom use self-efficacy has been identified as a significant predictor of condom usage. This cross-sectional study examines the prevalence of good condom usage and its association with condom use self-efficacy among Malaysian urban youth, aged between 18 to 24 years old attending HIV/STDs clinics in primary-care settings, Selangor. Utilising the Harmonised Malay version of Condom Use Self-Efficacy Scale (CUSES M-H) questionnaire, the data from 218 responders were analysed using univariate and multiple logistic regression. The prevalence of good condom usage was 61% (95% CI: 54%, 68%). The average mean score of condom use self-efficacy was 3.07. Condom use self-efficacy was divided into four subscales of mechanics, perceived barriers, assertiveness and intoxicants. The assertiveness subscale had the highest average mean score of 3.42, while the intoxicant subscale score had the lowest average mean score of 2.24. Good condom usage was significantly associated with condom use during first sexual intercourse (aOR = 5.81, 95% CI: 1.97, 17.14), duration diagnosis of HIV/STDs of more than 12 months (aOR = 6.40, 95% CI: 2.30, 17.86) and the high assertiveness subscale score (aOR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.36). A behavioural change campaign that targets high-risk youth in primary care settings could promote condom use self-efficacy particularly assertiveness to increase condom usage among the youth.

Investigating the effect of self-management program on stroke’s patients’ self-efficacy

Background and aimStroke patients face various challenges that affect their self-efficacy. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of a self-management program on the self-efficacy of patients with Stroke.Methods and materialsThis study is a clinical trial, in which 72 patients with stroke participated in this study. They were selected based on the convenience sampling method and assigned to either intervention or control group (36 patients in each group) randomly. The intervention group received 5A based self-management program for 6 weeks (in-person and off-site) and the control group received only routine care includes stroke training booklets and post-discharge care training by the ward nurse. Data were collected through demographic and jones self-efficacy questionnaires, before, immediately after, and 3 months after interventions in both groups and were analyzed with descriptive and analytical statistics using SPSS software (with independent t-test, Chi-square, Fisher and analysis of variance with repeated measures with a significance level of 0.05).ResultsBefore interventions, the two study groups had no statistically significant difference regarding demographic variables and the mean score of self-efficacy. Immediately and 3 months after interventions, the mean score and mean changes of self-efficacy score in the intervention group were significantly greater than in the control group(p < 0.001).ConclusionThe results of the present study show the appropriate effect of self-management program on self-efficacy of stroke patients. These results can be used by different members of healthcare teams to improve patients’ self-efficacy.Trial registrationThis study is registered by Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials with decree code: IRCT20190712044181N2 (registration date: 05-11-2019).