Mean Percent Body Fat Research Articles

Statistical study on bodyweight and body fat among students from the Physical Education and Sport Faculty in Iaşi

Abstract This papers aims at identifying the mean body mass index and body fat percentage among students from Physical Education and Sport Faculty in Iaşi. The study was conducted on a series of 297 students majoring in Physical Education and Sports, but also in Kinetotherapy and Special Motricity (bachelor studies and master studies). By determining the body mass index mean and body fat mean for students within five specialties, we managed to classify them into categories. The assessment of body mass index was conducted using the standard formula BMI= weight in kilograms/height in meters2 and that of body fat using the Fat Track II body fat calliper. Research findings highlighted that the body mass index mean values for each academic year range within normal parameters. As for body fat, the mean value of all academic years ranges in the “very good” and “good” categories. Whereas most mean values range within normal limits, it must not be neglected that overweight or underweight cases were also pinpointed, which should be a warning sign for the future specialists in the field of Physical Education and Sports.

Limitations of body mass index for counseling individuals with unilateral lower extremity amputation

Body composition is important for health screening, but appropriate methods for unilateral lower extremity amputees have not been validated. To compare body mass index adjusted using Amputee Coalition equations (body mass index-Amputee Coalition) to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in unilateral lower limb amputees. Cross-sectional, experimental. Thirty-eight men and women with lower limb amputations (transfemoral, transtibial, hip disarticulation, Symes) participated. Body mass index (mass/height2) was compared to body mass index corrected for limb loss (body mass index-Amputee Coalition). Accuracy of classification and extrapolation of percent body fat with body mass index was compared to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Body mass index-Amputee Coalition increased body mass index (by ~ 1.1 kg/m2) but underestimated and mis-classified 60% of obese and overestimated 100% of lean individuals according to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Estimated mean percent body fat (95% confidence interval) from body mass index-Amputee Coalition (28.3% (24.9%, 31.7%)) was similar to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry percent body fat (29.5% (25.2%, 33.7%)) but both were significantly higher ( p < 0.05) than percent body fat estimated from uncorrected body mass index (23.6% (20.4%, 26.8%)). However, total errors for body mass index and body mass index-Amputee Coalition converted to percent body fat were unacceptably large (standard error of the estimate = 6.8%, 6.2% body fat) and the discrepancy between both methods and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was inversely related ( r = -0.59 and r = -0.66, p < 0.05) to the individual's level of body fatness. Body mass index (despite correction) underestimates health risk for obese patients and overestimates lean, muscular individuals with lower limb amputation. Clinical relevance Clinical recommendations for an ideal body mass based on body mass index-Amputee Coalition should not be relied upon in lower extremity amputees. This is of particular concern for obese lower extremity amputees whose health risk might be significantly underestimated based on body mass index despite a "correction" formula for limb loss.

Dietary Intake and Body Composition of Greek Adolescent Wrestlers During Preseason

ABSTRACTThe nutritional adequacy of adolescent wrestlers’ diet during preseason was examined. Twelve male adolescent wrestlers at the competitive level, aged from 14 to 17, participated in this study. Anthropometric measurements included weight, height, waist circumference, and four skinfold measurements (tricep, bicep, subscapular, and suprailiac). A 4-day food diary was also recorded for each athlete, including at least one weekend day. Wrestlers’ mean body fat percentage was 20.5%. Nutritional intake consisted of 17.8% protein, 44.9% carbohydrates, 36.9% fats, and 0.4% alcohol. Protein and carbohydrate intake per kilogram of body mass was 1.6 and 4.1 g/kg, respectively. Correlations were found between dietary intake and anthropometric measurements where carbohydrate intake was negatively and fat intake positively correlated with triceps, biceps, and suprailiac skinfold measurements. Wrestlers of this study had higher body-fat values than elite wrestlers and higher-than-recommended fat intake. Protein i...

Validation of the Integrative Body Composition Method for Assessing Fat Mass with Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry

Body composition (BC) is considered to be an important component of fitness testing, and accurate assessment of one’s BC is critical to determining that person’s general level of fitness, as well as their risk for cardiovascular disease. There are numerous methods to assess BC, but a relatively new technique, called Integrative Body Composition (IBC), has been developed using a person’s height (H), weight (W), waist circumference (WAIST), and wrist diameter (WD). This method has been validated previously against other BC assessment methods, such as hydrostatic weighing (HW) and air displacement plethysmography (ADP), but it has not been tested using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as the criterion measure. PURPOSE: To investigate the validity of the IBC method for assessing a person’s BC using DXA as the criterion measure. For comparison purposes, data from skinfolds (SF) and from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) were also collected. METHODS: A convenience sample of sixty participants (Males n=24; Females n=36) reported twice to the lab, once where H, W, WAIST, and WD data were collected for IBC assessment, as well as data for SF and BIA, and a second time where data from DXA were collected. RESULTS: Mean percent body fat values for the four assessment methods were as follows: [IBC (Total: 25.3 ± 8.5; Males: 20.6 ± 8.4; Females: 28.5 ± 6.9); DXA (Total: 28 ± 7.2; Males: 23.9 ± 6.6; Females: 30.8 ± 6.2); SF (Total: 21.1 ± 8.3; Males: 17.1 ± 6.8; Females: 23.9 ± 8.1); BIA (Total: 22.2 ± 8.2; Males: 18.8 ± 8.8; Females: 24.6 ± 6.8)]. Pearson correlations revealed significant relationships (p<0.01) between IBC & DXA (Total: r=0.81; Males: r=0.77; Females: r=0.74), IBC & SF (Total: r=0.84; Males: r=0.81; Females: r=0.83), and IBC & BIA (Total: r=0.83; Males: r=0.78; Females: r=0.82). CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with previous research identifying IBC as a valid measure when compared to HW and ADP, these data support IBC as a valid BC assessment technique when also compared to DXA. However, it should be noted that the standard deviations in these data were fairly large, and that these data as well as previously collected data on IBC are limited to correlational values. Additional analyses of these data should be conducted to determine the magnitude of agreement between these assessment methods.

Effectiveness and safety of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Gastric bypass may be conducted to aid in glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical results of diabetes remission and metabolic syndrome in individuals with T2DM after undergoing a gastric bypass. A total of 85 patients (39 men and 46 women) with T2DM underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB). Data regarding patient demographics, body mass index (BMI), co-morbidities and details of diabetes mellitus, including disease duration, remission, β-cell function, blood lipid levels and nutritive status were prospectively collected and analyzed. The mean duration from the onset of T2DM was 7.79±4.84 years (range, 1 month to 22 years). The preoperative mean BMI was 31.60±4.10 (range, 28.53–48.10 kg/m2), mean percentage of body fat was 36.35±9.12% (range, 18–56%), and the mean HbA1c was 8.32±2.13% (range, 7–15.9%). Five patients (5.9%) developed complications without mortality. T2DM and β-cell function were significantly improved from by month 6 after surgery (P<0.05). Improvements in central obesity, blood pressure (BP; systolic and diastolic) control, blood lipid levels were observed, without malnutrition or severe anemia. Therefore, the present results indicate that laparoscopic RYGBP is a safe and effective procedure for improving glycemic control, obesity, body fat percentage and BP in patients with T2DM and obesity.

A Study on the Body Composition, Physical Activity Level, Basal Metabolic Rate, and Daily Energy Expenditure of Elderly in Busan

Objectives: The objectives of the study were to assess body composition, physical activity level (PAL), basal metabolic rate (BMR), and daily energy expenditure (DEE) and to examine associations between PAL and body composition, BMR, and DEE of elderly in Busan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 226 elderly aged 65-93 years. Body composition was measured by Inbody 720. PAL was calculated by daily activity diary. BMR was calculated by Harris-Benedict (H-B) formula, Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) formula, and Inbody 720 measurement. DEE was calculated by H-B formula, DRI formula, Inbody 720 measurement, and estimated energy requirements (EER) formula. Results: The mean fat free mass (FFM) in elderly men was significantly higher than that in elderly women (p<0.001). The mean percent body fat and fat mass (FM) in elderly women were significantly greater than those in elderly men (p<0.001, p<0.001). The mean PAL in elderly men (1.59) was significantly higher than that in elderly women (1.53) (p<0.001). The mean DEEs calculated by 3 methods except for H-B formula in elderly men were higher than EER for elderly men (2000kcal). The mean DEEs calculated by 4 different methods in elderly women were higher than EER for elderly women (1600kcal). Age showed significantly negative correlations with height (p<0.001, p<0.001), FFM (p<0.001, p<0.001), BMRs calculated by H-B formula (p<0.001, p<0.001), DRI formula (p<0.001, p<0.001) and Inbody 720 measurement (p<0.05 p<0.01) and DEEs calculated by H-B formula (p<0.001, p<0.001), DRI formula (p<0.001, p<0.001), Inbody 720 measurement (p<0.05, p<0.05), and EER formula (p<0.001, p<0.001) in elderly men and elderly women. PAL showed significantly positive correlations with FFM (p<0.05), BMR by Inbody 720 measurement (p<0.05) in elderly men and negative correlations with FM (p<0.05) in elderly women. Conclusions: Based on the results, PAL was associated with greater FFM in elderly men and lesser FM in elderly women. Therefore, nutritional education to increase physical activity for health promotion in late life is needed in the elderly. Korean J Community Nutr 21(2): 178~189, 2016

How Accurate Are the Anthropometry Equations in in Iranian Military Men in Predicting Body Composition?

Background:The body composition varies according to different life styles (i.e. intake calories and caloric expenditure). Therefore, it is wise to record military personnel’s body composition periodically and encourage those who abide to the regulations. Different methods have been introduced for body composition assessment: invasive and non-invasive. Amongst them, the Jackson and Pollock equation is most popular.Objectives:The recommended anthropometric prediction equations for assessing men’s body composition were compared with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) gold standard to develop a modified equation to assess body composition and obesity quantitatively among Iranian military men.Patients and Methods:A total of 101 military men aged 23 - 52 years old with a mean age of 35.5 years were recruited and evaluated in the present study (average height, 173.9 cm and weight, 81.5 kg). The body-fat percentages of subjects were assessed both with anthropometric assessment and DEXA scan. The data obtained from these two methods were then compared using multiple regression analysis.Results:The mean and standard deviation of body fat percentage of the DEXA assessment was 21.2 ± 4.3 and body fat percentage obtained from three Jackson and Pollock 3-, 4- and 7-site equations were 21.1 ± 5.8, 22.2 ± 6.0 and 20.9 ± 5.7, respectively. There was a strong correlation between these three equations and DEXA (R² = 0.98).Conclusions:The mean percentage of body fat obtained from the three equations of Jackson and Pollock was very close to that of body fat obtained from DEXA; however, we suggest using a modified Jackson-Pollock 3-site equation for volunteer military men because the 3-site equation analysis method is simpler and faster than other methods.

Association between body mass index and body fat in 9-11-year-old children from countries spanning a range of human development.

The purpose was to assess associations between body mass index (BMI) and body fat in a multinational sample of 9-11-year-old children. The sample included 7265 children from countries ranging in human development. Total body fat (TBF) and percentage body fat (PBF) were measured with a Tanita SC-240 scale and BMI z-scores (BMIz) and percentiles were computed using reference data from the World Health Organization and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, respectively. Mean PBF at BMIz values of -1, 0 and +1 were estimated using multilevel models. Correlations between BMI and TBF were >0.90 in all countries, and correlations between BMI and PBF ranged from 0.76 to 0.96. Boys from India had higher PBF than boys from several other countries at all levels of BMIz. Kenyan girls had lower levels of PBF than girls from several other countries at all levels of BMIz. Boys and girls from Colombia had higher values of PBF at BMIz=-1, whereas Colombian boys at BMIz 0 and +1 also had higher values of PBF than boys in other countries. Our results show a consistently high correlation between BMI and adiposity in children from countries representing a wide range of human development.

Lipid-lowering agents use and systemic and oral inflammation in overweight or obese adult Puerto Ricans: the San Juan Overweight Adults Longitudinal Study (SOALS).

The effects of lipid-lowering agents (LLA) on reducing systemic and oral inflammation have not been evaluated. To assess the association of LLA use with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and oral inflammation. Cross-sectional analysis using baseline data from 1300 overweight/obese participants aged 40-65years, recruited for the ongoing San Juan Overweight Adults Longitudinal Study. Serum hs-CRP was measured by ELISA, gingival/periodontal inflammation was evaluated as bleeding upon probing (BOP), and LLA was self-reported. Separate logistic models were performed for systemic and oral inflammation. In all, 24% participants reported history of dyslipidaemia, of which, 50.3% self-reported LLA use. Sixty percent of the participants had elevated hs-CRP (>3mg/dl) and 50% had high BOP (defined as at or above the median: 21%). After adjusting for age, gender, smoking, HDL-C, physical activity, diabetes, blood pressure medications, and percent body fat composition, LLA users had significantly lower odds of elevated hs-CRP compared to LLA non-users (OR=0.58; 95% CI: 0.39-0.85). After adjusting for age, gender, smoking status, educational level, mean plaque index and percent body fat, LLA users had significantly lower odds of high BOP compared to LLA non-users (OR=0.62; 95% CI: 0.42-0.91). Lipid-lowering agents may reduce both systemic and oral inflammatory responses.

Body Mass Index, Percent Body Fat and Visceral Fat in Relation to Dietary Fat and Fiber Intake among University Females

Recent economic upliftment has brought many changes in the food choices and eating habits from home made to fast foods. This shift in the area of nutrition has given rise to overweight and obesity. Considering this the present study was planned to 1) determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in a sample of university students 2) Find the relationship between the body composition and dietary fat and fibre intake. A total of 300 university females, 18-30+ years were randomly selected from all the colleges at the University of Hail for the present study. A Self-administered questionnaire was given, and the Body composition were measured with the help of bio-electric impedance analysis technique. Data were analysed using SPSS -17 software. The results indicated that 22% of the students were overweight and 21.3% were obese. The mean percent body fat as well as visceral fat exceeded its normal limits in around 44% of the participants. Vegetables and fruits, except dates, were not frequently consumed by most of the participants with a mean intake of fibre as 14g/day. Significant positive correlations were found among Body Mass Index (BMI), Body Fat% and Visceral Fat level. Strong positive correlation was also found between BMI and fat intake (P&lt; 0.01), whereas the body composition and fiber intake was found to be inversely correlated (P&lt;0.01). Findings of present study suggest that there is need for coordinated efforts at all levels to reduce the prevalence of obesity and high percentage of body fat, and to develop healthy eating habits in young generation.

Graded Exercise Testing in a Pediatric Weight Management Center: The DeVos Protocol.

In this article, we describe a protocol used to test the functional capacity of the obese pediatric patient and describe the peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) of patients seeking treatment at a pediatric weight management center. One hundred eleven (mean age, 12.5 ± 3.0 years) patients performed a multistage exercise test on a treadmill, of which 90 (81%) met end-test criteria and provided valid VO2peak data. Peak VO2 was expressed: (1) in absolute terms (L·min(-1)); (2) as the ratio of the volume of oxygen consumed per minute relative to total body mass (mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)); and (3) as the ratio of the volume of oxygen consumed per minute relative to fat-free mass (mL·FFM·kg(-1)·min(-1)). Mean BMI z-score was 2.4 ± 0.3 and the mean percent body fat was 36.5 ± 9.7%. Absolute VO2peak (L·min(-1)) was significantly different between sexes; however, relative values were similar between sexes. Mean VO2peak was 25.7 ± 4.8 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1) with a range of 13.5-36.7 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1). Obese youth seeking treatment at a stage 3 pediatric weight management center exhibit low VO2peak. The protocol outlined here should serve as a model for similar programs interested in the submaximal and peak responses to exercise in obese pediatric patients.

Waist circumference cut-off in relation to body mass index and percentage of body fat in adult women from Merida, Mexico.

Waist circumference (WC) as an index of central obesity is related to body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat (PBF). Waist circumference data were analyzed to identify a WC cut-off for adult women with respect to BMI-based obesity (≥ 30 kg/m²) and PBF. The sample was 138 women aged 22 to 41 years with Maya ancestry (based on surnames) in Merida, Yucatan, measured during 2011 - 2013. Anthropometric parameters included height, body weight (BW), and BMI. The PBF was estimated by bioelectrical impedance. Estimated cut-offs per centimeter WC (80 - 99 cm) were predicted by BMI for obesity (≥ 30 kg m⁻²; binomial: Yes = 1, No = 0) and PBF (continuous variable) using binary logistic regression analyses. Mean age was 32 years, mean BMI was 29 kg m(-2) and mean WC was 89 cm. The sample exhibited high PBF (44 %), and high rates of overweight (44%) and obesity (40%). The threshold WC (≥ 93 cm) had high sensitivity (80%), specificity (82%), Youden Index value (0.62), and correct classification rate (82%). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 88 %. The WC ≥ 93 cm cut-off had corresponding values for mean BMI (34 kg m⁻²) and PBF (47%). The optimal WC cut-off at 93 cm significantly identified central obesity for BMI ≥ 30 kg m⁻² and PBF for this sample.

Association of visceral and total body fat with hypertension and prehypertension in a middle-aged Chinese population.

This article investigates the relative effects of percentage body fat (PBF) and visceral fat index (VFI) on the prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension, and evaluates if excess visceral deposition of body fat increased the risk of hypertension or prehypertension. A general population-based sample of men (n = 5297) and women (n = 6232), aged 35-64 years, was studied. Based on blood pressure (BP) levels, normotensive, prehypertensive, and hypertensive study participants were identified. Multivariate linear regression models with SBP or DBP as a dependent variable and multivariate ordinal logistic regression models with BP categories as a dependent variable were performed. In the normotensive, prehypertensive, and hypertensive participants, the mean (standard deviation) PBF was 27.83 (6.85), 28.91 (6.65), and 30.2 (6.73), respectively, whereas VFI was 6.97 (3.78), 8.89 (4.35), and 10.75 (5.05), respectively. After adjusting for age, smoking, alcohol consumption, education, regions (north or south), areas (urban or rural), diabetes, and family history, PBF and VFI (in separate models) showed a strong positive association with hypertension or prehypertension (P < 0.0001). However, when both PBF and VFI were adjusted for in the same multivariate model, VFI but not PBF remained positively associated with hypertension and prehypertension for both genders (P < 0.0001). A similar positive association was reported with the VFI/PBF ratio (P < 0.0001). As excess visceral body fat is strongly associated with higher risk of hypertension and prehypertension, measurements of VFI or VFI/PBF ratio, in addition to PBF, will provide a better understanding of adiposity-related risks for hypertension and prehypertension.

NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND PHYSICAL CAPACITY IN 4 TO 7-YEAR-OLD STUDENTS IN A CHILEAN PUBLIC SCHOOL 2014

overweight and obesity in children have experienced a significant increase around the world, however, there are regional differences due to many factors. Furthermore, evidence have showed that physical capacity in children has been affected as well. For this reason, the study goal was to assess nutritional status and physical capacity in 4 to 7-year-old children in a public school from South Chile. 351 students (6.1 years, SD = 1.13; 47.3% men) completed the study. To determine nutritional status, body mass index and Z-scores from World Health Organisation were used. Body fat percentage was measured with skinfold anthropometry. To assess physical capacity, 6-minute walking test (6MWT) was used. overweight prevalence was 27.0% (range 21-32%), while obesity had 39.9% (range 33-50%), no gender differences were observed (p = 0.84). Mean body fat percentage was 19.1% in men and 20.9% in women (p = 0.02). For 6MWT, differences were found for age (p < 0.001) with an overall range of 421.5 to 540.2 mt. our results showed a high prevalence of overweight and obese students. These results are higher than observed in other regions around the world. This study is a call for action in promoting healthy lifestyle through comprehensive programs in public schools.

STUDY OF BODY MASS INDEX (BMI), BODY FAT PERCENT (%BF), AND WAIST TO HIP RATIO (WHR) IN MALE PHYSICAL EDUCATION STUDENTS

The purpose of this study was to investigate body mass index (BMI), body fat percent (%BF) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) of physical education male students of Shahid Chamran University and comparison with national and international body composition standards. Material : Subjects were seventy five male students physical education male students of Shahid Chamran University of mean age (23.21±2.78), mean height (174±5.71) and mean weight (70.07±9.43) who were selected randomly. Some of body composition indices were determined with body composition analyzer apparatus (bioelectrical impedance apparatus). Results : Descriptive characteristics of subjects include: body fat percent (19.37±3.62), waist-hip ratio (0.80±0.037) and body mass index (23.18±2.68). To categorize and regulate data we used descriptive analyzes, to calculate Pearson correlation coefficient we used presumption analyzes and to compare the obtained data with national standards we used T-test statistical procedure. There are significant correlations between body mass index and waist-hip ratio (P=0.709, r=0.001), between body mass index and body fat percent (P=0.783, r=0.001) and between body fat percent and waist-hip ratio (P=0.809, r=0.001). There are significant differences between mean body mass index and its national standard (P=0.001), between mean waist-hip ratio and its national standard (P=0.001) and between mean body fat percentage and its national standard (P=0.001). Conclusions : Results revealed that according to national standards of body fat percentage and body mass index of subjects, they were assigned to more than intermediate limitation; it may be due to abnormal nutrition, unregulated exercise or physical activity and heredity.

P-229 Body fat mass and the risk of colorectal polyps in men and women

Introduction: Obesity is an important risk factor for colorectal polyps, the lesions that may potentially undergo malignant transformation. The aim of this study was to analyse an association between the incidence of colorectal polyps in men and women and their selected parameters of body composition determined by means of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Methods: The study included 256 individuals (146 women and 110 men) aged between 27 and 87 years. Based on the results of colonoscopy and histopathological examination of colorectal biopsy specimens, this sample was divided into the group of 139 subjects with colorectal polyps (67 women and 72 men) and control group of 117 polyp-free individuals (79 women and 38 men). Anthropometric measurements were taken in all the participants and their body composition was determined with an aid of a Tanita analyser. The results were subjected to statistical analysis, separately for men and women. Results: Compared to female polyp-free controls, women with colorectal polyps presented with significantly higher mean percentage of body fat (37.7% ± 6.9 vs. 35.1% ± 8.5, p = 0.046). While the mean percentage of body fat in men with polyps was also higher than in the controls (27.5% ± 11.0 vs. 24.6% ± 8.1), this difference did not reach the threshold of statistical significance (p = 0.152). No significant associations were found between the incidence of polyps and the remaining analysed parameters (body weight, body mass index, basal metabolic rate, fat-free body mass and total body water), both in men and in women. Conclusion: The fact that individuals with polyps present with higher body fat mass may imply the role of obesity in the pathogenesis of these colorectal lesions.

Mediterranean countries facing the Mediterranean Diet, are we still on track? The example of southern Spain midlife women.

The overall intake of a cohort of middle aged women of Granada was studied along with their body composition, anthropometric and sociodemographic characteristics to evaluate if this population does really follow a Mediterranean Diet. 206 women aged 53.3 ± 5.5 years old, were evaluated for their body composition, anthropometric and sociodemographic characteristics, dietary patterns, Mediterranean diet score and bone mineral density. Results were additionally analyzed across weight status categories. 86% of the sample was overweight or obese and 14% was normal-weight (no woman was underweight). Mean body fat percentage of the sample was 40.3%. Values of bone mineral density showed a t-score average of -1.26 standard deviations. Energy intake decreased as weight status increased (p<0.05), as well as protein intake (p<0.05) but no differences were observed for carbohydrates or fat. Deviations from the Daily Recommended Intakes were observed as well as a moderate adherence (23% of the sample) to the Mediterranean Diet with no significant differences among weight status categories. Results indicated a progressive distancing from the Mediterranean dietary pattern and an unbalanced diet no correlated to the weight status group, so whether these dietary habits along with the unbalanced diet reported are prolonged over time the overweight and obese population will increase as well as the risk of developing chronic diseases, and will finally concur with the high prevalence of cardiovascular and osteoporosis risk over this population.

GH Receptor Deficiency in Ecuadorian Adults Is Associated With Obesity and Enhanced Insulin Sensitivity.

Ecuadorian subjects with GH receptor deficiency (GHRD) have not developed diabetes, despite obesity. We sought to determine the metabolic associations for this phenomenon. Four studies were carried out: 1) glucose, lipid, adipocytokine concentrations; 2) metabolomics evaluation; 3) metabolic responses to a high-calorie meal; and 4) oral glucose tolerance tests. Clinical Research Institute in Quito, Ecuador. Adults homozygous for the E180 splice mutation of the GH receptor (GHRD) were matched for age, gender, and body mass index with unaffected control relatives (C) as follows: study 1, 27 GHRD and 35 C; study 2, 10 GHRD and 10 C; study 3, seven GHRD and 11 C; and study 4, seven GHRD and seven C. Although GHRD subjects had greater mean percentage body fat than controls, their fasting insulin, 2-hour blood glucose, and triglyceride levels were lower. The indicator of insulin sensitivity, homeostasis model of assessment 2%S, was greater (P < .0001), and the indicator of insulin resistance, homeostasis model of assessment 2-IR, was lower (P = .0025). Metabolomic differences between GHRD and control subjects were consistent with their differing insulin sensitivity, including postprandial decreases of branched-chain amino acids that were more pronounced in controls. High molecular weight and total adiponectin concentrations were greater in GHRD (P = .0004 and P = .0128, respectively), and leptin levels were lower (P = .02). Although approximately 65% the weight of controls, GHRD subjects consumed an identical high-calorie meal; nonetheless, their mean glucose concentrations were lower, with mean insulin levels one-third those of controls. Results of the 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test were similar. Measures of insulin sensitivity, adipocytokines, and energy metabolites. Without GH counter-regulation, GHRD is associated with insulin efficiency and obesity. Lower leptin levels, despite higher percentage body fat, suggest that obesity-associated leptin resistance is GH dependent. Elevated adiponectin levels not correlated with percentage body fat indicate that GH signaling is necessary for their typical suppression with obesity.

Relationship between Obesity Indices and Pulmonary Function Parameters in Obese Thai Children and Adolescents.

To determine the correlation between various obesity indices and pulmonary function parameters in obese Thai children and adolescents. Obese children and adolescents aged from 8 to 18 y and diagnosed under the criteria of International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) were enrolled. Anthropometric and body composition measurements (bioelectrical impedance analysis) of all eligible participants were recorded. Pulmonary function studies (spirometry and body plethysmography) were also performed on the same day. Forty-five children and adolescents [84 % boys; mean age 11.9 ± 2.4 y; mean BMI 31.8 ± 5.1 kg/m(2); and, mean body mass index (BMI) z-score 3.2 ± 0.5] were studied. Mean body fat percentage, mean fat mass index (FMI), mean fat free mass index, and mean truncal fat percentage were 47.4 ± 10.2 %, 15.2 ± 5.2 kg/m(2), 16.3 ± 3.1 kg/m(2), and 47.7 ± 11.5 %, respectively. Abnormal lung functions were found in 73.2 % of subjects; the most common was decreased functional residual capacity (FRC) (29 cases; 64.4 %). There was a negative correlation between FRC and BMI z-score (r = -0.32; p 0.03), waist-height ratio (r = -0.32; p 0.02), body fat percentage (r = -0.32; p 0.03), FMI (r = -0.36; p 0.02), and truncal fat percentage (r = -0.32; p 0.04). Obese individuals who had FMI > 17 kg/m(2) were 5.7 times more likely to have decreased FRC than those who had lower FMI (95 % CI 1.1-29.7; p 0.016). Decreased FRC was the most common pulmonary function abnormality in obese children and adolescents. BMI z-score, waist-height ratio, body fat percentage, FMI, and truncal fat percentage were all negatively correlated with FRC. FMI had the highest negative correlation. Obese individuals with FMI > 17 kg/m(2) had a 5.7 times increased risk of low FRC. Appropriate planning for respiratory care and follow-up may be required in this population.

Identification of Risk Factors and Clinical Measures for Pediatric Eating Disorder Patients

Eating disorders (EDs) commonly develop in childhood and adolescence. There is limited data on factors that assess levels of malnutrition in pediatric ED patients. The purpose of this study was; 1st, relationships were examined between resting energy expenditure (REE) and body mass index (BMI) and REE and body fat percentages in ED patients. 2nd; differences in BMI, REE, and body fat percentages were assessed based on hospitalization status, malnutrition category, age and presence of amenorrhea. Data were collected from medical files of 732 pediatric patients with an ED followed in a multidisciplinary outpatient clinic at Arkansas Children's Hospital from 1997 to 2013. We measured the following: 1) BMI, 2) degree of malnutrition (mild, moderate, severe), 3) REE scores, 4) presence of amenorrhea, and 5) body fat percentages. There was a statistically significant increase in BMI z‐scores from initial clinic visit (M= ‐0.54, SD=1.30) to final clinic visit (M= ‐0.15, SD=1.05), t(189)= ‐5.40, p&lt;0.001. For all three malnourished groups, a statistically significant difference in mean body fat percentages was found: F (2, 74)= 4.28, p=.017. There was a small, positive correlation between REE and BMI, r=.27, n=577, p&lt;.0001 and REE and body fat percentages, r=.15 n=231, p&lt;.05. Lastly, there was a significant difference in REE in participants with amenorrhea (M=85.41, SD= 14.37) compared to participants without amenorrhea, M=93.70, SD=14.82; t(544) = ‐6.23, p&lt;.001 and a significant difference in REE for hospitalized participants (M=85.16, SD= 14.10) compared to those that were not hospitalized, M=93.46, SD=14.85; t(588) = 6.50, p&lt;.01. Our findings support the need for monitoring REE, BMI, body fat percentages, menstruation status, and BMI z‐scores in pediatric ED patients to increase quality of care.