Mean Intakes Of Most Nutrients Research Articles

Reproducibility and validity of the Toronto-modified Harvard food frequency questionnaire in a multi-ethnic sample of young adults.

To assess the reproducibility and validity of a Toronto-modified Harvard food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) among a multi-ethnic sample of young adults. A total of 150 participants recruited from the Toronto Nutrigenomics and Health Study cohort who had existing dietary intakes assessed by FFQ (FFQ1) and reassessment one year later (FFQ2). Of these, 100 participants also completed a three-day food record to evaluate the validity of the FFQ for 38 nutrients (energy, 14 macronutrients, 22 micronutrients, and 1 bioactive). Analyses were also stratified between the two major ethnic groups (Caucasian and East Asian). Among the full sample, mean intakes of most nutrients (27/38) did not differ significantly between estimates derived from FFQ2 compared to the three-day food record. Energy, sex, and ethnicity adjusted deattenuated Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from 0.20 to 0.92 (mean r = 0.52 ± 0.15), and 34/38 validity coefficients were r ≥ 0.32. Gross misclassification of intakes between FFQ2 and the three-day food record was low (<6%), but energy, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and sodium were underestimated by FFQ2. Mean intakes between FFQ1 and FFQ2 did not differ significantly for any nutrient. Between the two major ethnic groups, mean validity coefficients were similar, but varied for individual nutrients with saturated fat, PUFA, and omega 3 being among the most discrepant. Compared to a three-day food record, the Toronto-modified Harvard FFQ is a reproducible and valid tool to estimate dietary intake among a multi-ethnic sample of young adults. However, incorporation of protocols to improve the assessment of culturally diverse diets should be considered.

Abstract P121: Lifestyle Factors Related to the Difference in Serum Lipids Between Japanese -Americans in Hawaii and Japanese in Japan: the INTERLIPID Study

Background: Immigration studies reported that dyslipidemia is more prevalent in people living in a western lifestyle. However, it is not clear what kind of lifestyle and dietary factors contribute to this difference. Aim: To investigate whether lifestyle including dietary factors could explain the difference in serum lipids between Japanese in Japan and Japanese-Americans in Hawaii living a western lifestyle. Methods: Analyses were conducted in the INTERLIPID study, where four standardized in-depth 24-h dietary recalls were performed. Non-fasting blood was drawn from the participants who included 1,087 Japanese and 176 Japanese-American. Participants’ characteristics were described as means and SD , t test was used for the comparison of means between Hawaii and Japan. Multiple linear regression models were used to examine relationships between dietary and lifestyle factors and the difference in serum lipids levels (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C] and log transformed triglycerides [log-TG]) between Hawaii and Japan, adjusting for age, sex and site as the basic model. Other confounders were then added separately to the basic model. Percentage reduction of regression coefficient for the difference between Hawaii and Japan was calculated. Results: In men, LDL-C levels were significantly higher in Japanese-Americans (138.3 mg/dl) compared to Japanese in Japan (120.3mg/dl, P&lt;0.0001). Similarly, in women LDL-C levels were higher in Japanese-Americans (135.5 mg/dl) than in Japanese in Japan (123.7mg/dl, P&lt;0.001). Median levels of TG were also higher in Japanese-Americans compared to Japanese in Japan (men: 171.0mg/dl and 132.0mg/dl, P&lt;0.001 and women: 132.0mg/dl and 94.5mg/dl, P&lt;0.0001). Mean intakes of most nutrients were significantly different between Japan and Hawaii for both men and women. In multiple linear regression models, for LDL-C, BMI reduced the regression coefficient of site difference by 44.6% in the basic model that included age, sex and site. Added to the basic model separately, alcohol, dietary cholesterol and saturated fatty acid reduced LDL-C site difference by 11%, 15.6% and 13.4%, respectively. For log-TG, BMI reduced the regression coefficient of site difference by 55.8% and other variables tested reduced the site difference by less than 5%.With step by step addition of other variables (BMI, alcohol, dietary cholesterol, fiber and total fat) into the multiple linear regression model, the site LDL-C and log-TG coefficient further reduced from 14.4 to 3.4 (-76.6%) and 0.31 to 0.10 (-68.2%), respectively. Conclusion: BMI explained about half of the higher LDL-C and TG levels in Japanese-Americans in Hawaii compared to Japanese in Japan. BMI together with other macro-nutrients contributed to about 70% of the difference. Further investigation is required to explore the remaining difference.

Nutrient intakes of infants and toddlers from maternal and child care centres in urban areas of China, based on one 24-hour dietary recall

An understanding of the diet of young children from infancy to early childhood in China is limited. The objective of this study is to evaluate nutrient intakes of young children from urban areas in China. Mothers, infants and children were recruited from maternal and child care centres as part of a cross-sectional survey of Maternal Infant Nutrition Growth (MING). One 24-h dietary recall was completed for a sample of infants and toddlers aged 6 to 35 months (n = 1409) via face-to-face interviews with the primary caregiver. Nutrient intakes were estimated using data from Chinese Food Composition tables and compared with the Adequate Intakes (AI) or Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) from China. Mean intakes of most nutrients met or exceeded AIs. Mean fat intakes (% energy) in all subgroups fell below the AIs (32 % vs. 40 % among infants; 31 % and 32 % vs. 35 % among younger and older toddlers). Mean intakes of vitamin B6, folate and selenium were below the AIs among infants (0.3 vs. 0.4 mg/d, 93 vs. 100 μg/d and 15.2 vs. 20 μg/d, respectively). A risk of inadequate iron intake was also observed in infants. Mean vitamin A intake exceeded the recommendations in all subgroups. Mean sodium intakes among toddlers significantly exceeded the AI. Based on one day dietary intake, the diets of the infants and toddlers appear to be adequate in mean intakes of most nutrients, with a few exceptions including risk of inadequate intakes of fat, vitamin B6, folate, iron and selenium among infants and risk of inadequate intake of fat, vitamin B6 and folate as well as excessive intakes of vitamin A and sodium among toddlers.

Are breakfast consumption patterns associated with weight status and nutrient adequacy in African-American children?

The objective of the present study was to assess whether weight status, nutrient intake and dietary adequacy were associated with breakfast consumption patterns. A representative sample of the US population was used in a secondary analysis of nutrient intake/diet quality and weight status by breakfast consumption patterns. The 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The study sample included African-American (AA) children aged 1-12 years (n 1389). Forty-five per cent of children aged 1-5 years and 38 % of those aged 6-12 years consumed ready-to-eat cereal (RTEC) at breakfast; while 7.4 % and 16.9 % in those age groups skipped breakfast, respectively. The lowest mean BMI (P <or= 0.05) and mean waist circumference (P <or= 0.05) was found in children 1-12 years of age who consumed RTEC at breakfast compared with other consumption groups. RTEC breakfast consumers had the highest mean intakes of vitamins A, B6 and B12, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, folate, Ca, Fe and Zn (P <or= 0.05) and the highest Mean Adequacy Ratio (P <or= 0.05). RTEC breakfast consumers also had the highest intake of carbohydrates and total sugars, and the lowest intakes of total fat (P <or= 0.05). Consuming RTEC at breakfast was associated with improved weight and nutrient adequacy in AA children. AA children in all breakfast categories still had mean intakes of most nutrients below recommended levels. The implications are that consuming a breakfast meal should be encouraged in these children, and that RTEC at breakfast provides important nutrients and may help promote a healthy weight.

The Reliability of Ten-Year Dietary Recall: Implications for Cancer Research

Remote dietary intakes may be more important than recent diet in the etiology of cancer because of the long latency in cancer development. We examined the reliability of remote dietary recall over 10 y. Subjects were 56 adults participating in a cancer prevention trial in Western Australia. All subjects completed a 28-d diet record (DR) in 1991. A food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) modified to ask respondents about their diet 10 y earlier was sent to each subject for completion in 2001. Remote intakes recalled from 10 y earlier using the FFQ were compared with the DR using the limits of agreement (LOA) method and Pearson correlation coefficients. Mean intakes of most nutrients did not differ between dietary methods. The LOA indicated that the FFQ could under- or overestimate DR estimates by >/=50%. For many nutrients, agreement between methods depended on the magnitude of intake. Pearson's correlation coefficients ranged from 0.02 for retinol to 0.66 for alcohol. These findings are similar to those of other studies that examined the reliability of recent and remote dietary intakes. They also show that using this FFQ, remote diet recalled from 10 y earlier may be as reliable as recent dietary recall.

Self-Selected Diets of Lactating Women Often Fail to Meet Dietary Recommendations

Objective To assess longitudinally nutrient intakes of lactating women during the postpartum period. Design Dietary data from lactating women were collected by means of 2-day food records at 3 and 6 months postpartum. Intake of energy and selected nutrients was tabulated and compared with dietary standards. Subjects The 52 lactating women enrolled in the study lived in a university community, were apparently healthy, had a body mass index within normal range, were successfully nursing a term infant, and planned to nurse for at least 6 months. Statistical analyses performed Paired t tests and Stuart-Maxwell χ 2 analyses Results Mean energy intakes were below the Recommended Dietary Allowance. Mean intakes of most nutrients met or exceeded recommended standards except for zinc and vitamins D and E at both 3 and 6 months postpartum. Calcium and folate intakes were also below standards at 6 months. Although mean iron intake exceeded the standard at both measurement times, there was a significant decline from 3 to 6 months. Relative frequencies of mothers meeting various percentages of standards differed significantly from 3 to 6 months for calcium; iron; folate; and vitamins E, D, and B-6. At 6 months, significant increases were noted in the number of women reporting calcium, folate, and vitamin B-6 intakes at less than one half of the recommended amounts. Applications/conclusions Guidance for lactating women should stress food sources of nutrients likely to be limited in their diets: calcium; zinc; folate; and vitamins E, D, and B-6. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998;98:297–302.

Dietary intakes of students

This paper relies on 24-h dietary recall data from a nationally representative sample of approximately 3350 students to analyze the dietary intakes of students. Most US students eat at least five times during the day, and nearly all eat at least three times per day. The average daily intake of vitamins and minerals at least meets the recommended dietary allowances (RDAs). Overall, students consume more food energy on average than recommended, suggesting that some may be at risk of consuming more food energy than is optimal. Students also consume more protein, total fat, saturated fat, and sodium than is recommended for good health. National School Lunch Program (NSLP) participants' mean intakes of most nutrients at lunch meet the program goal of at least one-third of the RDA. NSLP participants, however, consume more fat, saturated fat, and sodium than is recommended. School Breakfast Program (SBP) participants' mean intakes of most nutrients at breakfast also exceed the program goal of one-fourth of the RDA. However, their breakfast intakes of saturated fat as a percentage of food energy, cholesterol, and sodium exceed dietary recommendations.

Dietary survey of an elderly New Zealand population

Mean daily energy and nutrient intakes were estimated in a community based sample of 712 people aged 70 years and over in Mosgiel, New Zealand, by means of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The study population included all those people in this age group who were registered with the Mosgiel Health Center. Eighty five per cent agreed to participate in the dietary part of a detailed multidisciplinary study of nutrition and health in old age. Mean intakes of most nutrients were above the recommended levels; the only exceptions were low mean intakes of zinc and copper, and, among women only, a low mean calcium intake. The proportion of people with intakes below two thirds of the recommended levels was highest for zinc, copper, calcium and magnesium. In several ways the food choices of women appeared to be healthier than those of men; however, in terms of nutrient intakes, the main effect of this was a higher nutrient density in women for a small number of micronutrients.

Effect of daytime protein restriction on nutrient intakes of free-living Parkinson's disease patients

Studies have shown that severe daytime restriction of dietary protein improves the efficacy of L-dopa and reduces response fluctuations in some Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. This study investigated the nutritional adequacy of the daytime restricted-protein diet. Eleven free-living PD patients suffering from unpredictable response fluctuations to L-dopa were counseled to limit protein intake to approximately 10 g before 1700. Three sets of 6-d food records obtained during the 8-wk study showed that while on the test diet, mean intakes of most nutrients remained above the recommended nutrient intakes, although significant decreases occurred in protein, calcium, iron, phosphorus, riboflavin, and niacin intakes. The impact of the test diet on nutritional status as evaluated by changes in body weight and serum prealbumin was small. We conclude that healthy and highly motivated patients can maintain adequate intakes of most nutrients while restricting daytime protein intake. However, nutrient intakes might be compromised in patients whose regular diets are marginally adequate.

Supplement use: Vitamin intakes and biochemical indexes in 40- to 108-month-old children

Intakes and related biochemical indexes of ascorbic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, vitamin B-12, and folic acid were examined for adequacy in 30 normal children aged 40 to 108 months. Comparisons were made between intake and biochemical index values of children who reported regular use of vitamin supplements and those who reported none. Three-day food records provided nutrient intake data; blood samples, drawn following an overnight fast, were analyzed for biochemical indexes. Student's t-test and the Pearson r were used for comparisons. Mean intakes of most nutrients differed significantly between the supplemented and nonsupplemented groups only when supplements were considered. Mean biochemical indexes differed significantly for riboflavin (p less than .005). Correlations between intakes and respective biochemical indexes were significant for riboflavin (p less than .01) and vitamin B-12 (p less than .01) in the supplemented group and for folate with RBC folate (p less than .005) in the nonsupplemented group. No deficiencies in either group were evident from biochemical indexes; improvement in indexes with supplement use was interpreted as being only relative and not suggestive that such use is beneficial.

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE DIETARY STATUS OF PARTICIPANTS IN THE TITLE III-C MEAL PROGRAM

Food intakes, nutrition knowledge and selected demographic and personal information were collected from a group of 169 participants in the National Nutrition Program for the elderly in Prince George's County, Maryland. Mean intakes of most nutrients were high, relative to the RDA's, but the ranges of nutrients consumed showed a considerable variation among the group. Intakes of calcium and thiamin, by females were lowre than those of males. Scores on a nutrition knowledge test were generally low, indicating a need for improved nutrition education efforts in the meal program. Other factors related to dietary status and nutrition knowledge are reviewed and discussed.

Food and nutrient intake of infants during the first 18 months of life

Food and nutrient intakes of normal infants, from 1 to 18 months, in Toronto and Montreal were determined in a longitudinal survey. The energy content of the diets, except for the first month, was less than the recommended daily intake (RDI). However, the infants were growing at normal rates, suggesting that the RDI is high. The mean intakes of most nutrients were consistently above RDI. Dietary iron was low from 12 months onwards, whereas, the intakes of Vitamin A, Vitamin C and sodium were high. Low iron intake was due mainly to low intake of iron-fortified infant cereals. Vitamin supplements, containing Vitamins A and C were largely unnecessary since food alone provided sufficient amounts to meet RDI. High sodium intake was related to consumption of salted table foods. Milk was the main source of energy, protein, fat and most other nutrients. Infant cereals, fortified with iron, calcium, phosphorous, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin were important sources of these nutrients. Fruit and fruit juices were the primary sources of Vitamin C and vegetables the main sources of Vitamin A. Meat provided much of the dietary protein in the later infancy. The results stressed the importance of infant diets comprising the four basic food groups.