Mean Percent Body Fat Research Articles

Agreement between equation-derived body fat estimator and bioelectrical impedance analysis for body fat measurement in middle-aged southern Indians.

Excess body fat (BF) contributes to metabolic syndrome (MetS). The Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Body Adiposity Estimator (CUN-BAE) is an equation-derived body fat estimator proposed to assess BF. However, its efficiency compared to the standard method is unknown. We aimed to compare the efficacy of CUN-BAE with the standard method in estimating BF in southern Indians. We included 351 subjects, with 166 MetS patients and 185 non-MetS subjects. BF was obtained from the standard bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method and measured by CUN-BAE in the same subjects. We compared the efficacy of CUN-BAE in estimating BF with that of BIA via Bland-Altman plots, intraclass correlation coefficients, concordance correlation coefficients and the kappa index. The mean body fat percentage (BF%) values measured by BIA and CUN-BAE in all the subjects were 28.91 ± 8.94 and 29.22 ± 8.63, respectively. We observed significant absolute agreement between CUN-BAE and BIA for BF%. BIA and CUN-BAE showed good reproducibility for BF%. CUN-BAE had accuracy comparable to BIA for detecting MetS using BF%. Our findings indicate that CUN-BAE provides precise BF estimates similar to the BIA method, making it suitable for routine clinical practice when access to BF measurement devices is limited.

NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND SOME RELATED FACTORS IN MEDICAL STUDENTS

Background: Today, the global challenge of malnutrition encompasses both undernutrition and overweight, particularly prevalent in low and middle-income nations. Excessive body fat accumulation poses health risks for overweight and obese individuals. Objectives: To assess nutritional status and identify related factors among Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy (CTUMP) medical students. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 137 first-year medical students at CTUMP to evaluate their body fat percentage using the Harpenden Skinfold Caliper. Skinfold measurements were taken from the bicipital, tricipital, subscapular, and suprailiac sites. Furthermore, physical activity levels were classified using the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) consisting of 16 questions on 4 domains. The research was carried out at CTUMP from December 2022 to June 2023. Results: Compared to urban areas, a higher percentage of male students engage in physical activity in rural areas; however, this trend is not observed among female students. Additionally, female students exhibited thicker skin folds in four areas (biceps, triceps, suprailiac, and subscapular) compared to male students. Conversely, the fold thickness in the suprailiac region was greater in female students. The mean body fat percentage was 20.40±4.61% in male students and 30.48±4.32% in female students. Non-obese students comprised the majority in this study, with 84.3% of male students being non-obese. Among female students, 53.7% were classified as obese and 46.3% as non-obese. There was insufficient evidence to indicate differences between residential student groups and physical activity levels. Conclusions: The study reveals that the majority of participating students are non-obese. Furthermore, the average body fat percentage among women is found to be higher compared to both men and the general population. However, there is inadequate evidence to show variances among student groups residing in diverse areas or partaking in varying levels of physical activity.

Obesity contagion among classmates: Children's relation with each other regarding weight status, physical activity, and dietary intake

A series of influential articles suggests that obesity may spread between couples, siblings, and close friends via an obesity contagion phenomenon. Classmates, as important structural equivalents in one's social network, may experience obesity contagion. However, this has rarely been examined. Anthropometric measurements, questionnaire surveys, and geographic information were collected from 3670 children from 26 schools in Northeast China. We found that classmates were positively related in terms of body mass index (BMI), body fat, physical activity, and intake of vegetables, fruits, fast food, snacks, and sugar-sweetened beverages. One standard deviation (SD) increase in classmates' mean BMI and percentage body fat was associated with 0.19 SD higher individual BMI (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.00, 0.39) and 0.31 SD higher percentage body fat (95% CI: 0.13, 0.48). Coefficients ranged from 0.48 to 0.76 in models for physical activity, and the dietary intake of vegetables, fruit, fast food, snacks, and sugar-sweetened beverages. Children's BMI and body fat were more strongly associated with the maximum and minimum body fat levels of their same-sex classmates than with those of their general classmates. Their dietary intake and physical activity were more strongly associated with the mean/median levels of their general classmates than with those of their same-sex classmates. This study suggests that children's BMI, body fat, physical activity, and dietary intake may be related to those of their classmates. Modeling healthy behaviors in the classroom may help children develop habits that support achieving and maintaining a healthy weight. Future interventions should consider the inclusion of classmates as a social network strategy for obesity prevention.

A More Comfortable Method for Hydrostatic Weighing: Head above Water at Total Lung Capacity.

Hydrostatic weighing (HW) requires full submersion with the lungs at residual volume (RV) which is uncomfortable. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to find a more comfortable way to complete HW. A HW system was used to complete three comparisons: comparison 1: change in head position (head above water vs. head below water (HAW vs. HBW)), comparison 2: change in lung volume (total lung capacity (TLC) vs. RV), and comparison 3: change in head and lung volume changes. Participants were separated by males (n = 64) and females (n = 58). Comparison 1: HAW resulted in higher mean percent body fat (PBF) than HBW (4.5% overall, 3.8% in males, 5.4% in females, p < 0.05). Comparison 2: TLC resulted in lower mean PBF than RV (5.1% overall, 5.3% in males, 4.8% in females, p < 0.05). Comparison 3: HAW@TLC resulted in significantly lower (1.5% lower, p = 0.003) mean PBF for males but was not significantly lower for females or overall (0.6% higher, p = 0.39, 0.6% lower, p = 0.18, respectively) compared to HBW@RV. In conclusion, keeping the head above water and taking a deep inhale makes HW a more enjoyable, and accessible experience for everyone while still producing accurate PBF results.

Safety and Efficacy of Diluted Calcium Hydroxylapatite for the Treatment of Cellulite Dimpling on the Buttocks: Results from an Open-Label, Investigator-Initiated, Single-Center, Prospective Clinical Study.

Cellulite is a condition characterized by dimpling and contour irregularities in the gluteal and thigh regions, affecting an estimated 80-98% of postpubertal women. Innovative treatments for cellulite dimpling in the buttocks have gained popularity in recent years, seeking new solutions for a historically challenging condition. In this open-label, investigator-initiated, single-center, prospective clinical study, the authors sought to evaluate the safety and efficacy of diluted calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA; Radiesse®, Merz Aesthetics, Raleigh, NC) for the treatment of cellulite dimpling in the buttocks of adult women. Subjects underwent three treatment sessions, receiving a total of 12 syringes of 1:1 diluted CaHA administered using a cannula-based subcision technique. Endpoints included the cellulite severity scale (CSS), the global aesthetic improvement scale (GAIS), subject satisfaction measured on a 5-point scale, and three-dimensional imaging analysis via the Quantificare 3D Track®. Twenty-four subjects completed the study (mean age, 35 years; mean BMI, 26.88 kg/m2; mean body fat percentage, 31.29%), and no serious complications were reported. Quantitative analysis at week 14 revealed a mean reduction of 54.0% in the number of visible dimples and 50.09% in dimple depth compared to baseline. The mean CSS score decreased by 4.29 points, representing a 43.92% improvement in cellulite severity from baseline (p < 0.0001). Both physician-assessed and subject-assessed GAIS ratings also demonstrated significant improvement, with 91.6% of subjects rating their cellulite appearance as "improved" or greater. The results of this study support the safety and efficacy of diluted CaHA for treating cellulite dimpling in adult women. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 . This study is registered with clinicaltrials.gov (ID: NCT05885035) and can be found at this link: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05885035 .

Association of Anthropometric Adiposity Indices and Hand Grip Strength among Male Industrial Workers in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Hand Grip Strength (HGS), a basic, non-invasive measure of musculoskeletal function is found to be a risk marker for cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. Considering the importance and paucity of studies among industrial workers, we aim to study the association between anthropometric adiposity indices and the HGS of industrial workers. The study is a descriptive, cross-sectional study. Anthropometric measurements and HGS of 198 male industrial workers between 21 and 60 years of age, employed at metal manufacturing industries in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India were assessed. Descriptive and inferential statistics were done using "R" statistical software. The mean age of male industrial workers was 39.51 ± 12.20 years. The majority of the workers were found to be obese (64%) and the mean body fat percentage was 27.69 ± 5.13%. The mean HGS of the worker's dominant hand was found to be 35.80 ± 8.93 kg and of their non-dominant hand was 35.0 ± 8.67 kg. When compared to the normative values of HGS for Indians, results revealed significantly higher HGS of both dominant and non-dominant hands of workers between the age group of 21-30 years and 51-60 years. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that body weight [β(s.e) =0.27 (0.05), P < 0.000], body fat [β(s.e) = -0.52 (0.14), P < 0.000) and WHR [β(s.e) = -28.81 (11.9), P = 0.017] independently predicted the HGS of dominant hand. In non-dominant hand, body weight [β(s.e) = 0.26 (0.05), P < 0.000] and body fat [β(s.e) = -0.60 (0.13), P < 0.000] independently predicted HGS. Body fat, body weight, and Waist-to-Hip ratio (WHR) were found to have a significant influence on the HGS of industrial workers. Strategies aimed to reduce overall body fat and abdominal obesity may prove beneficial in improving HGS and nutritional status thereby reducing the risk of non-communicable diseases.

Relationship Between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Percentage of Body Fat Among Gifted Students

The body mass index, more commonly known as Body Mass Index (BMI), is a formula for evaluating body weight related to the height of an individual. BMI is also known as an indirect measurement of body composition that can be classified into four categories: underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity. The determination of BMI is based on the amount of fat found in the body weight and height of an individual. Meanwhile, body composition includes fat mass and fat-free mass. Most people think that the BMI measurement also determines the fat mass contained in their bodies. However, this is not accurate. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the relationship between BMI and the percentage of body fat contained in the bodies of school-age teenagers. An analytical study was conducted on 88 male and female students who were 15 years old. Their body weight was measured using a scale whereas their body height was measured using a height measuring device. Meanwhile, their body fat percentage and BMI were measured using the Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) tool, i.e., the Omron-branded "Karada Scan Body Composition Monitor". The data obtained were analysed using the Pearson correlation test. The mean BMI value for male students was 20.19 kg and female students was 21.02 kg. The mean body fat percentage of male students was 10.83% and female students was 21.90%. The correlation between the male and female students’ BMI and their percentage of body fat showed a significant relationship, that is, male students by (r=0.683) and female students by (r=0.607). Hence, based on the analysis of the study, there was a significant relationship or a very high percentage between BMI and body fat percentage of the male and female students of Kolej GENIUS@Pintar Negara, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Correlation of Neck Circumference with Body Fat Percentage by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis

Introduction: Obesity is a significant public health concern associated with various health risks. Accurate and accessible methods for assessing body fat percentage are essential for obesity evaluation. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between neck circumference and body fat percentage, considering bioelectrical impedance analysis as the reference method. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 63 male medical and paramedical students aged 18 to 25 years. Neck circumference, body fat percentage, weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) were measured using standardized techniques. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and significance testing. Results: The mean neck circumference was 37.4 cm (SD = ±1.6), and the mean body fat percentage was 22.8% (SD = ±4.5). A strong positive correlation was observed between neck circumference and body fat percentage (r = 0.75, p ≤ 0.001). The results indicated that neck circumference can serve as a practical and accessible measurement for estimating body fat percentage. Conclusion: Neck circumference strongly correlated with body fat percentage, suggesting its potential as an obesity assessment tool. Further research involving larger and more diverse populations is needed to validate these findings and explore the clinical implications of using neck circumference in obesity evaluation.

Match-Play Demands and Anthropometric Characteristics of National and International Women's Fifteen-a-side Rugby Union: A Systematic Scoping Review.

Curtis, C, Mitchell, S, and Russell, M. Match-play demands and anthropometric characteristics of national and international women's, fifteen-a-side rugby union: a systematic scoping review. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2023-An increased professionalization within women's 15-a-side rugby union (R15s) has prompted greater sports science support and a need to better understand demands of the sport. Online database (PubMed, MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus) searches were performed according to the PRISMA Scoping Review protocol. Studies were eligible if match-play demands or anthropometric characteristics of women's R15s players were investigated. After calibration exercises, the lead and senior authors independently quality assessed each study. A total of 1,068 studies were identified; 15 of which met the study criteria. The mean total match-play distance covered was 5,378 ± 626 m (forwards: 5,188 ± 667 m and backs: 5,604 ± 609 m), with first half values exceeding second half (2,922 ± 87 m vs. 2,876 ± 115 m). The mean relative distance (RD) (72.0 m·min-1) was greater than their male counterparts (64.2 m·min-1-68.2 m·min-1). Backs were exposed to more severe collisions compared with forwards (6 ± 1 vs. 5 ± 4). Work:rest ratios ranged between 1.0:0.7-1.0:0.9. Regarding anthropometric characteristics, the mean lean and fat mass was reported as 51.9 ± 5.2 kg and 18.6 ± 4.6 kg, respectively. The mean body fat percentage was 24.7 ± 5.4%. The mean bone mineral density and bone mineral content was 1.27 ± 0.04 g·cm-2 and 3.07 ± 0.2 kg, respectively. This scoping review summarizes the current evidence base and key findings relating to the match-play demands and anthropometric characteristics that can be used in practice to inform player welfare and sport science support to women's R15s players at a national and international standard. Numerous gaps in our understanding of how best to develop and optimize performance, physical demands, and anthropometric characteristics of women's R15s players remain.

Association of Hepatic Steatosis with Adipose and Muscle Mass and Distribution in Children.

Background: Pediatric studies have shown associations between hepatic steatosis and total body fat, visceral fat, and lean mass. However, these associations have not been assessed simultaneously, leaving their relative importance unknown. Objective: To evaluate associations between hepatic steatosis and total-body adiposity, visceral adiposity, and lean mass in children. Method: In children at risk for fatty liver, hepatic steatosis, adipose, and lean mass were estimated with magnetic resonance imaging and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results: Two hundred twenty-seven children with mean age 12.1 years had mean percent body fat of 38.9% and mean liver fat of 8.4%. Liver fat was positively associated with total-body adiposity, visceral adiposity, and lean mass (P < 0.001), and negatively associated with lean mass percentage (P < 0.001). After weight adjustment, liver fat was only positively associated with measures of central adiposity (P < 0.001). Visceral adiposity also had the strongest association with liver fat (P < 0.001). Conclusions: In children, hepatic steatosis is more strongly associated with visceral adiposity than total adiposity, and the association of lean mass is not independent of weight or fat mass. These relationships may help guide the choice of future interventions to target hepatic steatosis.

Maternal nutritional status and milk volume and composition in India: an observational study

BackgroundHuman milk provides essential nutrition for infants, and its benefits are well established. We lack data on the influence of maternal nutritional status on milk volume and composition in low-middle income countries. ObjectiveWe aimed to 1) assess lactation performance (human milk volume, macronutrient composition, and infant energy intake) in Indian females and 2) examine the associations between maternal anthropometry (BMI, percentage body fat) and lactation performance. MethodsWe conducted an observational study among 232 mother-infant dyads, 2 to 4 mo postpartum in Haryana, India. We used deuterium oxide dose-to-mother technique to measure milk volume and maternal percentage body fat and collected human milk samples to determine macronutrient and energy concentrations. Adjusted multiple linear regression models were used to examine the associations between maternal anthropometry and lactation performance. ResultsThe mean BMI and percentage body fat of mothers were 21.7 ± 3.6 kg/m2 and 29.5 ± 7.7, respectively. Milk volume and macronutrient composition were similar to the reference values (means ± standard deviations: milk volume, 724 ± 184 mL/d; median (25th, 75th percentile); protein, 9.9 (8.3, 11.7) g/L; fat, 41.0 ± 15.2 g/L; energy density, 0.71 ± 0.14 kcal/g; lactose, 65.5 (55.3, 71.3) g/L). Maternal BMI and percentage body fat were not significantly associated with macronutrient composition. Both maternal BMI and percentage body fat were negatively associated with milk volume (-7.0, 95% CI: -12.4, -1.6 mL/d; -3.5, 95% CI: -6.0, -1.1mL/d, respectively) but there were no effects on the total energy intake of infants after adjusting for covariates. ConclusionMost mothers had a normal BMI and milk of similar composition and volume to reference values. Future work in populations with a greater burden of underweight and/or obesity are needed to examine the underlying mechanisms between maternal body composition and milk volume.This trial was registered at The Clinical Trials Registry- India as CTRI/2017/01/007636.

Effect of Body Fat and BMI on Muscle Strength and Endurance in Young Adults: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Muscle strength and endurance are key determinants of physical fitness, cardiometabolic profile, and overall health. Clinically, they are tested by estimating Handgrip Strength (HGS) and Handgrip Endurance (HGE) through an isometric contraction of the flexors of the forearm and hand. Body Mass Index (BMI) and body fat content can both influence muscle performance, but there are wide variations regarding their effects. BMI and body fat also do not show unequivocal similarity to each other. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine and compare the effects of BMI and body fat on muscle strength and endurance. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Physiology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Jolly Grant, Dehradun from April 2019 to March 2020. A total of 100 subjects who fulfilled the selection criteria were included. BMI and body fat were measured, and HGS and HGE were recorded using a handgrip dynamometer. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 17.0. Descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, and one-way ANOVA were used for comparison. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and linear regression were used to determine and quantify the nature of the effect, with a p-value of ≤0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The participants had a mean BMI of 23.809±3.798 kg/ m2 and a mean body fat percentage of 25.309±7.162%. The mean HGS and HGE of the participants were 36.08±9.956 kg and 18.46±14.2 seconds, respectively. Body fat percentage showed a negative and moderately significant correlation (p-value≤0.001) with both muscle strength and endurance. Approximately one-fifth of the variations in muscle strength and one-third of the variations in muscle endurance were determined by body fat content. HGS and HGE were higher in males, while body fat percentage was higher in females. Gender variation in body fat contributed to more than 40% of the variance. Conclusion: The study revealed a negative correlation between total body fat and muscle strength and performance. Keeping body fat under control can improve muscle performance, which, in turn, enhances cardiometabolic health.

Efficacy of Army Combat Fitness Test 12-Week Virtual Exercise Program.

The Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT) is the fitness assessment used by the Army launched in April of 2022. The ACFT consists of six physically demanding motor movements that parallel to the stressors experienced by the modern-day combat soldier. The aim of this study is to determine the efficacy of a 12-week virtual exercise program on the individual and their overall ACFT scores. Thirteen soldiers from the Army National Guard (age = 29.8 ± 6.2 years; height = 175.7 ± 6.1 cm; service experience ≥ 18months to 18 years) volunteered to complete three sessions. In session 1, baseline height, body mass, body composition, and ACFT scores were collected. Session 2 consisted of a suspension trainer (ST) tutorial in which all participants familiarized themselves with the set-up and utilization of the suspension training tool kit. Upon completion of session 2, a TRX Elite ACFT Kit containing one suspension trainer, four resistance bands, and the 12-week virtual exercise training program available via iphone operating system and Android were given to all participants. In session 3, post-assessments of body mass, body composition, and ACFT scores were collected. Data were statistically analyzed using a paired-sample t-test with a Bonferroni correction (P < .00065) to adjust for multiple comparisons. There were no significant changes in mean body mass (83.8 ± 16.5 kg vs. 83.9 ± 16.6 kg; P = .752); however, there was a significant reduction in mean percentage body fat (19.5 ± 6.4% vs. 18.3 ± 6.5%; P < .0001). Mean scores from four of the six individual ACFT assessments, specifically, deadlift, standing power throw, hand-release push-ups, and sprint-drag-carry, displayed improvements, but did not attain statistical significance. The overall mean ACFT scores displayed significant improvements (319.4 ± 39.9 vs. 390.4 ± 68.5; P < .0001). The TRX Elite ACFT Kit which includes one suspension trainer, four varying resistance bands, and on-demand access to a stepwise 12-week virtual exercise program was deemed effective by increasing the overall mean ACFT scores among participants. From a practitioner's perspective, the TRX Elite ACFT Kit should be widely distributed to all Army units and recruiting commands to provide vital assistance for recruits and soldiers to train and prepare for the ACFT. Moreover, given the ease and portability of the TRX Elite ACFT Kit, recruits and soldiers will be able to effectively train anytime, anywhere.

Influence of Vitamin D Supplementation on Growth, Body Composition, and Pubertal Development Among School-aged Children in an Area With a High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency

Vitamin D deficiency (defined as 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] <20 ng/mL) is prevalent among children living in temperate climates and has been reported to associate independently with stunting, obesity, and early activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Phase 3 randomized clinical trials to investigate the influence of long-term vitamin D replacement on growth, body composition, and pubertal development of school-aged children with vitamin D deficiency are lacking. To determine whether weekly oral vitamin D supplementation influences linear growth, body composition, or pubertal development in school-aged children living in a setting where vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent. This secondary analysis of a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial was conducted from June 2016 to June 2019 at 18 grade schools in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. School-aged children (6 to 13 years at baseline) attending participating schools were included. Exclusion criteria included a positive QuantiFERON-TB Gold in-tube assay result, conditions or medications associated with altered vitamin D metabolism, use of vitamin D supplements, signs of rickets, or intention to move from Ulaanbaatar within 4 years. Of 11 475 children invited to participate in the study, 9814 underwent QFT testing, and 8851 with negative results were included in the study. All but 1 participant in the placebo group completed follow-up and were included in the present analysis. Data were analyzed from November 2021 to February 2022. Weekly oral doses of vitamin D3, 14 000 IU, (n = 4418), or placebo (n = 4433) for 3 years. Mean z scores for height for age, body mass index for age, and waist-to-height ratio; mean percentage body fat, fat mass, and fat-free mass; and mean Tanner scores for pubertal development. Of 8851 participants, 4366 (49.3%) were female, and 8165 (92.2%) were of Khalkh ethnicity; the mean (SD) age was 9.4 (1.6) years. A total of 8453 participants (95.5%) were vitamin D deficient at baseline, and mean end-of-study 25(OH)D concentrations among participants randomized to vitamin D vs placebo were 31.0 vs 10.7 ng/mL (mean difference, 20.3; 95% CI; 19.9-20.6). However, vitamin D supplementation did not influence mean height for age, body mass index for age, waist-to-height ratio, percentage body fat, fat mass, fat-free mass, or Tanner scores, either overall or within subgroups defined by baseline 25(OH)D concentration less than 10 ng/mL vs 10 ng/mL or greater, estimated calcium intake less than 500 mg/d vs 500 mg/d or greater, or male vs female sex. In school-aged children in this study with low baseline vitamin D status, oral vitamin D3 supplementation at a dose of 14 000 IU per week for 3 years was effective in elevating 25(OH)D concentrations but did not influence growth, body composition, or pubertal development. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02276755.

Maternal Nutrition, Body Composition and Gestational Weight Gain on Low Birth Weight and Small for Gestational Age-A Cohort Study in an Indian Urban Slum.

Maternal nutritional status and care during pregnancy are essential for adequate birth weight. In this prospective cohort study (N = 1061) in an urban slum, we investigated the association of maternal anthropometry, body composition, gestational weight gain and dietary intakes with low birthweight (LBW, <2.5 kg). About one-third of the women were short (<150 cm), 35% were underweight (<45 kg), 23% suffered from chronic energy deficiency (CED, BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) and another 30% were overweight/obese. The mean age and BMI were 23 years and 21.7 kg/m2, respectively, and haemoglobin was 10.73 g/dL. The mean birthweight (N = 605) was 2.81 ± 0.5 kg, and the average gestational age was 38 ± 2 weeks. About 15% of infants had LBW, and 48% were small for gestational age (SGA). Maternal body composition was assessed by skinfold thickness (SFT) in all trimesters. In the first trimester (N = 762), we found that mean fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM) and body fat percentage (% BF) were 38.86 kg, 11.43 kg and 21.55%, respectively. Low birthweight was significantly associated with preterm deliveries (p < 0.001) and less fat free mass (p = 0.02) in the third trimester. Among other factors were age (p = 0.017), maternal anthropometry (height: p = 0.031; weight: p = 0.059) and fewer antenatal check-ups (p = 0.037). Small size (SGA) was consistently associated with maternal bodyweight at all trimesters (term I, p = 0.013, term II, p = 0.003 and term III, p < 0.001), fat mass in the third trimester (p < 0.001) and maternal height (p = 0.003).

The Effect of Shiftwork on Body Composition: A Comparative Cross-sectional Study Among Health Care Workers.

This study compared the body composition parameters between shiftworkers and nonshiftworkers in a hospital setting in Sri Lanka. A comparative cross-sectional study was carried out among a sample of 78 health care workers, recruited by a stratified random sampling technique. Subjects underwent anthropometric and bioimpedentiometric analysis for body composition parameters. The mean (SD) body fat percentage (BF%) of shiftworking women (40.8 [SD, 6.8%]) was significantly higher than day-working women (36.7% [SD, 5.9%]) ( P < 0.05). Mean BF% between day and shift groups did not significantly differ (33.0% [SD, 6.9%] vs 32.4% [SD, 10.7%]). Body mass index and waist circumference were significantly higher among shiftworking women ( P < 0.05), whereas male workers showed the opposite trend. Prolonged exposure to shiftwork was associated with a higher BF%. Therefore, interventions for shiftworkers must be addressed, focusing on improving body composition.

Anthropometric Characteristics of Pakistan Rugby Union Players and Differences in Anthropometric Characteristics of Forwards and Backs

Rugby is a contact sport played in Pakistan and worldwide at domestic, national and international level. Rugby union forwards and backs bear differences in anthropometric characteristics which are important while the assortment of players in the team. Objective: To describe anthropometric characteristics of Pakistan rugby union players and differences in anthropometric characteristics of forwards and backs. Methods: It was an observational study / cross sectional survey. Study was compiled at RCRS after data collection from players. Convenient sampling technique was used and 52 players were enrolled. Standiometer, Digital weight scale, Skinfold caliper and retractable steel tape was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0. Results: Mean weight of forwards was 94.3 ± 12.1 kg while that of backs was 71.2 ± 12.0 kg. The mean of the sum of the eight skinfold measurements of forwards was 150.9 ± 24.9 mm, and that of backs was 93.5 ± 33.9 mm. Mean body fat percentage of forwards was 19.2 ± 2.9 %, while backs have 12.4 ± 4.5 %. Mean fat mass of forwards was 18.2 ± 4.4 kg, and of backs was 9.1 ± 4.94 kg. Conclusions: Rugby union forwards and backs have significant differences in anthropometric characteristics with respect to body weight, skinfold thickness, girth measurement, and body fat percentage, all higher among forwards. No difference was observed in age and stretch stature.

Abstract P061: Associations Between Body Composition, Diet, And CVD Risk Markers Among Women During The Menopausal Transition: Findings From The AHA Research Goes Red Women's Health Registry

Introduction: The menopausal transition has been identified as a key period of detrimental changes in women’s adiposity levels and overall CVD risk, yet the specific mechanisms underlying changes in body composition during this period have not been fully elucidated. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that in this national sample of women ages 45-55y, greater body fat percentage would be associated with multiple clinical indicators of CVD risk and behavioral factors, and would vary by stage of menopause (i.e., pre-, peri-, and post). Methods: The Research Goes Red (RGR) Weight Study, a prospective observational study and collaboration between AHA and Verily’s Project Baseline, was used to evaluate cross-sectional associations between body fat, dietary intake, and CVD risk markers by menopausal status. Women (N=257, mean age=50 ± 2.8y) completed a 1-wk food record using the NIH ASA 24-Hour Dietary Assessment Tool at baseline. Fasting blood samples including leptin, lipids, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were drawn and analyzed at LabCorp Inc. facilities across the US. Participants logged body fat percentage using an OMRON BCM-500 scale for 7 days out of each month, and percentages were averaged. Multivariable linear regression models, adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, education, and menopausal status, were used to evaluate the relation of body composition with clinical CVD risk factors, leptin, and dietary intake. Results: Mean (SD) body fat percentage overall was 40.9% (9.07%) and did not differ by menopausal status at baseline (n=63 pre-, n=101 peri-, and n=93 post-). Mean (SD) serum leptin and HDL-C values were highest in post-menopausal women compared to peri- and pre-menopausal women [55 (29.5) mg/mL vs. 41 (29.5) vs 39 (25.6), p=.047, and 64 (17.8) mg/dL vs. 63 (18.8) vs. 53 (10.5), p&lt;.001, respectively]. In linear regression models, after adjustment for confounders, greater body fat percentage was associated with higher leptin levels (B=2.26, p&lt;.001), CRP (B=.16, p&lt;.001), triglycerides (B=1.34, p&lt;.001), VLDL cholesterol (B=.23, p=.001), and lower HDL-C (B=-.048, p&lt;.001). Lower protein intake was associated with higher leptin levels (B=-.46, p=.006), and lower carbohydrate intake was associated with higher LDL-C (B=-.08, p=.03). In stratified analyses, body fat percentage was associated with triglycerides and VLDL-cholesterol in peri-menopausal women (B=2.5, p&lt;.001; B=.43, p&lt;.001), but not pre- or post-menopausal. Similarly, higher carbohydrate intake was associated with higher leptin levels in peri-menopausal women only (B=.13, p=.02). Conclusions: Findings from the RGR Weight Study baseline exam identify several factors that may be associated with adverse weight changes and increased CVD risk during the menopausal transition. Future longitudinal studies in this cohort may provide necessary insights to inform strategies aimed at weight management during this key life period.

Sugars, Alcohol, and Caffeine Intake From Drinks Among Outpatients With Mental Health Disorders in Greece: A Pilot Study.

Background and aimExcessive intake of sugars and energy from drinks has been postulated to increase the risk of obesity, which may in turn be associated with mental health disorders. In addition, excessive intakes of alcohol and caffeine may co-occur with psychiatric disorders. The purpose of the present pilot study was to estimate energy, sugar, caffeine, and alcohol intakes through the consumption of drinks in patients with schizophrenia and affective disorders and assess potential differences in drink consumption between the two disorders.MethodologyThe current study included 89 outpatients with schizophrenia (n = 36) and affective disorders (n = 53) attending the psychiatric clinic of the University General Hospital of Larissa (UGHL) in Greece. In addition to anthropometric measurements, the patients were asked to complete a specific, previously validated questionnaire on the frequency of drink consumption in order to estimate sugar, caffeine, and alcohol intakes.ResultsThe participants had a mean body mass index (BMI) of 28.9 ± 5.6 kg/m2 without significant differences between the two types of mental disorders. Similarly, the mean waist circumference (102.6 ± 15.7 cm) and mean body fat percentage (32.9% ± 10.8%) were above the recommended values. The total energy intake from drinks was more than a third of the estimated daily energy requirements. Although there was no significant difference in the mean daily caffeine intake, those with affective disorders had a significantly higher intake of sugars from drinks (median (Mdn) = 80.0 (interquartile range (IQR) = 89.8) g/day) and alcohol (Mdn = 45.6 (IQR = 31.1) g/day), compared to those with schizophrenia (Mdn = 60.0 (IQR = 45.4) g/day and Mdn = 24.9 (IQR = 19.8) g/day, respectively).ConclusionsConsidering the link between high sugar and alcohol intake with excess body weight and mental health, these preliminary data are of particular concern and point to the need for better dietary counseling in order to improve the dietary behaviors of these patients.

Association Between Body Fat Percentage and Level of Physical Activity Among Adolescents in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu

Lack of physical activity among adolescents is one of the factors which lead to the accumulation of body fat and increase prevalence of obesity among Malaysian population. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the association between body fat percentage and physical activity level among adolescents in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. This cross-sectional study involved 300 participants consists of 44.7% male and 55.3% female aged between 10 to 16 years old. Anthropometric measurements included body weight, height and waist circumference. Body fat percentage (%BF) was assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Physical activity was assessed by physical activity questionnaire (PAQ-C) and pedometers in a subsample (n = 50). The result shows that the mean body fat percentage and BMI of the participants were 23.02±9.41% and 20.03±4.77 kg/m2, respectively. Mean PAQ-C score and pedometer steps count for both genders were 1.9±0.42 and 6079±1878, respectively. Male has higher PA level compared to female in their daily life based on PAQ-C score and pedometer steps count. PAQ-C score and pedometer step counts were negatively associated with %BF however there is no significant association between screen time and %BF. As a conclusion, the problems of obesity can be solved by providing strategies to promote active living among adolescents in Malaysia not only focus on increasing physical activity but also emphasise reduction in sedentary behaviours.