Maximum Yield Efficiency Research Articles

Agronomic Efficiency of Phosphorus Fertilizers With Associate Technology in Soy Crop in Cerrado Soil

For commercial soybean production, the presence of phosphorus in the soil is essential, not only to increase productivity but also because it affects basic functions in plant metabolism. Phosphate fertilizers have low efficiency in Cerrado soils. For this reason, the use of technologies associated with phosphate fertilizers is important to increase their efficiency in the soil. The experiment was conducted at Fazenda Rio Brilhante in Coromandel, MG. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design in a 4 × 4 + 1 factorial arrangement. Treatments consisted of four phosphate fertilizer sources (MAPCONVENCIONAL, MAPpol 1, MAPpol 2, and FOM), four P2O5 doses (40, 80, 120, and 160 kg ha-1), and the control treatment (no phosphorus application). The soybean cultivar RK8115 IPRO with a plant population of 340 thousand plants per hectare was used. The experimental plots consisted of five planting lines with a spacing of 0.5 meters and a length of 7 meters. In the experiment, phosphorus leaf, morphological evaluation of plant height, stem diameter, number of stems, and pods were measured. For plant biomass, the dry matter of leaves, stems, and pods were determined. For yield evaluation, the calculation of productivity and RAE was compared with MAPCONVENCIONAL. For sources, data were subjected to analysis of variance, and means were separated by Tukey’s rate test (p < 0.05). For P2O5 doses, regression model fitting was performed using the ExpDes.pt package of R Studio software. Morphological assessments responded linearly to P doses, except for DPM. Leaves and pods P content and yield were affected by P dosage and P sources, with a quadratic response to P dosage. Maximum yield efficiency was achieved at P2O5 doses of 122.73; 145.07; 112.03; and 94.71 kg ha-1, with yields of 3818.30; 4064.67; 4089.03; and 3952.63 kg ha-1 for MAPCONVENCIONAL, MAPpol 2, MAPpol 1, and FOM, respectively. However, MAPpol 1 and FOM provided a dose reduction of 26 and 15 compared to the maximum yield of MAPCONVENCIONAL, respectively.

Canopy management to improve fruit quality of Coe Red Fuji, Granny Smith and Spartan varieties of apple (Malus domestica)

Light management within apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) canopies has been an invariable rationale of fruit tree architecture strategy during the development of training systems. This paper attempts to compare fruit quality characteristics of three apple cultivars Coe Red Fuji, Granny Smith and Spartan trained on three canopy architectural engineering (training) system, viz. Espalier, Vertical axis and Cordon were grafted on M 9 rootstock. The maximum fruit weight (210.11g) was observed in Granny Smith and maximum yield per tree (32.11 kg/cm2) and yield efficiency (0.69 kg/cm2) in Coe Red Fuji which may be due to higher crop density. Among training systems, maximum fruit weight (200.12 g), highest yield per tree (36.36 kg) and maximum yield efficiency (0.72 kg/cm2) was observed in espalier training system. The interaction study displayed maximum fruit weight in Granny Smith (210.55g), highest yield per tree in Coe Red Fuji (32.16 kg) and maximum yield efficiency in Spartan on Espalier system. Light interception demonstrated maximum photon flux density (237 µmolm-2 s-1) across the canopy of Spartan with minimum leaf area index (0.30) and among training systems maximum PPFD (221 µmolm-2s-1) was observed in Espalier system with minimum LAI (0.21). Fruit size, TSS and colour parameters of fruits in all varieties were significantly influenced by light intensity. Higher the light intensity, higher was the TSS and colour development in coloured varieties like Spartan and Coe Red Fuji. Therefore, espalier training system was found the best canopy management system allowing maximum PAR penetration and diffusion leading better fruit quality and productivity.

Characterization of Fig (Ficus carica L.) Germplasm in Central Kashmir of North Western Himalayan Region

The present study was focused on collecting, evaluating and characterization of fig germplasm, aiming for the establishment of long term in-situ and ex-situ conservation. Morphological and chemical characters were evaluated for 13 individual fig accessions grown in two districts of Central Kashmir. The results revealed that fig accessions have a vast diversity in terms of morphological (metric and non-metric) and chemical characters. Intermediate and high plant vigour, open to erect growth habit and dense and intermediate relative degree of branching was observed in the studied accessions. Maximum yield (kg/plant) along with maximum yield efficiency (kg/cm2) was recorded in ML-G-17 accession closely followed by JN-S-09 (32.82 kg/plant) for yield. Fruit weight varied from 24.40 (B-G-07) to 74.25g (DH-S-06) while width/length ratio ranged between 0.887 (CHS-03) and 1.150 (YL-G-01). Total soluble solids varied from 9.20 to 20.20 per cent and total sugars from 6.70 to 16.60 per cent in B-G-14 and AH-S-06, respectively. Oblate, oblong and globose fruit shape was recorded. External fruit colour varied from yellowish green to dark purple while internal colour of pulp ranges between light pink and dark red. On the basis of the studied parameters ML-G-17, AH-S-06 and DH-S-04 accessions are found to be promising. These valuable and superior fig accessions have potential for raising the new plants through propagation techniques, deserve further characterization and conserve under in-situ conservation for future breeding programmes.

Effect of planting densities on productivity of different cultivars in apple (Malus × domestica)

Relationship between crop density and yield efficiency was studied to assess the influence of fruit number on yield of cultivars under different planting densities in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh). Under 4.0 × 4.0 m spacing, crop density ranged between 0.38 in cv Red Fuji to 2.11 in American Apirogue with an average of 1.20 and under 2.5 × 2.5 m spacing, crop density ranged from 0.44 in cv Red Fuji to 1.69 in Vance Delicious with an average of 1.22. Maximum fruit weight (197 g) was observed in cv Red Delicious and minimum fruit weight (120 g) was observed in American Apirogue under 4.0 × 4.0 m. Yield efficiency under 4.0 × 4.0 m spacing ranged from 0.06 kg/cm2 for Red Fuji to 0.31 kg/cm2 for Red Delicious with an average of 0.19 kg/cm2. Maximum yield efficiency (0.28 kg/cm2) was observed in cv Mollies Delicious and Vance Delicious but minimum (0.07 kg/cm2) in Red Fuji under 2.5 × 2.5 m spacing. Thus crop load influences both fruit size and yield efficiency of apple varieties differently under two densities.

Performance of Exotic Sweet Orange (<i>Citrus sinensis Osbeck</i>) Cultivars on Different Rootstocks under North Western India

Evaluation of different sweet orange cultivars on three rootstocks was conducted during 2012 and 2013. Different rootstock scion interactions influenced vegetative, fruit quality and yield characteristics. Vernia, Olinda Valencia and Rhode Red sweet orange varieties under the study were found to produce tall plants while Midknight Valencia had maximum dwarfing character. Similar results of these varieties were observed for canopy volume also. Volkameriana was found to produce significantly more vigorous plants then the other two trifoliate rootstocks. The scion circumference was maximum in Vernia and minimum in Midknight. Combination of Olinda Valencia and Benton resulted into maximum scion circumference. Influence of scion variety on stock circumference was maximum with Olinda Valencia while among rootstocks Volkameriana contributed maximum for this parameter. As per fruit quality parameters, Olinda recorded maximum value for fruit weight, peel weight and percent juice content. Highest TSS level was also observed in Olinda while Midknight recorded maximum value for acidic content. Hamlin was found to generate maximum yield efficiency with Trovita and Rhode Red statistically at par with it. Stock-scion combination of Trovita budded on Volkameriana registered maximum yield efficiency.