Maximum Residue Limits Research Articles

Introducing bimetallic MOF-based electrochemical sensor for voltametric nanogram determination of sulfadimidine: various applications and a comprehensive sustainability assessment

Due to its characteristics and allowable use, the sulphonamide group remains a first-choice treatment for veterinarians when managing multiple veterinary diseases. Unfortunately, long-term consumption of food containing sulphonamide residues can result in harmful effects, especially that sulphonamides are classified in category D. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have demonstrated outstanding selectivity in detecting target components due to their large surface areas and intricate structures. In this study, we present a novel voltammetric approach for determining sulfadimidine (SLD) in veterinary formulations, animal plasma, and animal-derived products, including milk and eggs. We employed a bimetallic Cu/Ni-MOF to modify a carbon paste electrode, utilizing differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) for SLD detection. The morphology of the Cu/Ni-MOF was analyzed to ensure optimal structural characteristics, and experimental conditions were optimized to achieve the best performance. A major advantage of this method is its wide linearity range (100 nM to 100,000 nM) and the ability to detect SLD at nanogram levels, with a LOD of 20 nM and a LOQ of 60 nM. These characteristics demonstrate the fabricated Cu/Ni-MOF’s capability to detect SLD at levels below its maximum residue limit (MRL) in plasma, milk, and eggs. Furthermore, the environmental impact of this method was assessed using the RGB 12 metric and compared against the AGREE, Complex GAPI, and BAGI metrics, offering a comprehensive evaluation of its analytical performance and practical advantages. This approach holds promise for curbing antibiotic misuse by providing a straightforward and effective method for SLD detection across multiple matrices.

Recent Advances and Challenges in Graphene-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Food Safety.

Recent Advances and Challenges in Graphene-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Food Safety.

Occurrence of pesticide residues in fruit juices from markets across Turkey and health risk assessment.

Food is one of the most important sources of human exposure to pesticide residues. The analysis of pesticide residues in fruit juices, frequently consumed by adults and children in daily life, is a sensitive issue concerning food safety. In this study, 99 fruit juice samples were collected from markets in Turkey. The Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) method was used for the extraction of samples, and residue analyses for 325 pesticides were performed with LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. The health risk assessment of the pesticide residues for children and adults was conducted. The monitoring results showed that about 25% of juice samples contained detectable pesticide residues. Residues of 21 different types of pesticides from the insecticide and fungicide classes were detected in 25 fruit juice samples (peach, apricot, pomegranate, orange, grape, and mixed fruit). Prohibited pesticides (chlorpyrifos, carbendazim, iprodine, and fenvalerate) were detected in nine fruit juices. The pesticide residue amounts detected in fruit juices were lower than the maximum residue limit established by the European Union and the Turkish Food Codex. However, the non-cancer health risk assessment based on the acute health index (aHI) and chronic hazard quotient (HQ) indicates that the consumption of pesticide-contaminated juice poses acute (aHI>1) and chronic (HQ>1) health risks for children and adults. Pesticides detected in fruit juices have increased concerns for children because of the acute and chronic health risks, due to their lower body weight and higher sensitivity compared to adults. Target hazardous quotient (THQ) values for residual pesticides in fruit juice were determined to be lower than 1. However, the hazard index (HI) values were determined to be higher than 1 for adults and children, thus posing an unacceptable risk.

Effects of Low and High Doses of Deoxynivalenol on Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry, Histology, Metabolites, and Microbial Community in Adult Rats

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a widespread mycotoxin which contaminates several crops, including maize, wheat, and barley. In this study, we investigated the effects of orally administered DON on growth performance, blood biochemistry, histology, the gut microbiome, and metabolism in rats. Six-week-old rats, acclimatized for one week, were subjected to different dietary treatments for 42 days, as follows: CON (control): 0.9% saline; T1: 0.5 ppm DON; T2: 50 ppm DON; and T3: 100 ppm DON. The T3 group had the lowest final body weight (298.5 ± 3.69 g) and average daily gain compared with the control group (338.9 ± 6.43 g, p < 0.05). The feed conversion ratio was highest in the T3 group (4.28 ± 0.28) compared with that in the control group (3.12 ± 0.13, p < 0.05). DON treatment significantly reduced serum levels of creatinine, amylase, urea nitrogen, and alkaline phosphatase, but not alanine aminotransferase. Fibrosis and apoptosis were exacerbated in various tissues with increasing DON concentration. The metabolite profiles of several tissues were significantly different in the DON-treated and control groups. In the cecum, DON treatment increased the abundance of Desulfobacteria, while decreasing that of Firmicutes. Our results indicate that DON levels above the maximum residue limit have serious health consequences for animals.

Determination of neomycin B residue in bovine edible tissues and milk by ion-pair liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

AbstractAn analytical method based on ion-pair liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed to accurately determine neomycin B in bovine edible tissues (muscle, kidney, liver, fat) and milk. The pre-treatment procedure, including protein precipitation and solid phase extraction, was investigated to extract the analytes of interest better and remove matrix interferences. After sample pre-treatment, the 1% heptafluorobutyric acid 20 μL was added to the final extract. Then, the chromatography and mass spectrometry conditions were optimized, and the established method was validated. Good linearity (r > 0.999) was obtained at five matrices. The limit of detection, and the limit of quantitation were 10 and 20 μg kg−1, respectively. Trueness and repeatability at 0.5× maximum residue limit (MRL), MRL, and 2× MRL ranged from 96.67 to 109.54% and 3.36 to 9.01%, respectively. Adding the ion-pair agent to the extracts, rather than the mobile phase, ensures that neomycin B is efficiently retained on the reverse-phase column without contaminating the ion source. This simple and sensitive LC-MS/MS method is suitable for regularly monitoring neomycin residue in bovine edible tissues and milk.

Chlorantraniliprole-induced oxidative stress, DNA damage, and apoptosis in Caenorhabditis elegans: Mechanistic insights and ecological risk implications.

Chlorantraniliprole-induced oxidative stress, DNA damage, and apoptosis in Caenorhabditis elegans: Mechanistic insights and ecological risk implications.

Maximum Residue Limits and Agricultural Trade: Evidence from China

In recent years, maximum residue limit (MRL) standards regulated by governments have become increasingly stringent. MRL standards aim to protect human health and environmental sustainability by setting maximum allowable residue concentrations for chemical substances in imported products. In November 2020, the European Union published EU Regulation 2020/1085, imposing stricter MRL standards on imported agricultural products. As standard-setting leaders implement more restrictive MRLs and export-oriented countries adjust their chemical practices to align with these standards, it is essential to examine the emerging trade patterns associated with MRLs and exports. This paper investigates the impact of maximum residue limits (MRLs) on China’s agricultural exports, using disaggregated product-level data (HS eight-digit) for 237 products across 43 importing countries from 2006 to 2021. The results show that a 10% more stringent MRL at the mean in the previous year leads to a 6.6% decrease in the current-year export values of China’s agricultural products. Stricter MRLs for insecticides significantly reduce China’s agricultural exports, while MRLs for fungicides and herbicides have no significant effect. Additionally, I analyze the top 10 most frequently notified chemical substances in goods from China, as reported by the European Commission’s Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) over 2020–2024. More stringent MRLs for Chlorpyrifos, Diafenthiuron, and Carbendazim significantly impede China’s agricultural exports to the European Union. Conversely, China’s agricultural exports to USMCA, ASEAN, and BRI member countries are sensitive to more restrictive MRLs for Diafenthiuron, while benefiting from tougher MRLs for Tolfenpyrad, Dinotefuran, and Imidacloprid. The impacts of MRLs on the extensive and intensive margins of exports suggest that more restrictive MRLs do not significantly affect the probability of exporting, but they reduce export values conditional on the export decisions. The findings suggest that tightening MRL standards by importing countries do not necessarily impede agricultural trade; in some cases, they facilitate China’s agricultural exports to these markets. This study provides policymakers with a comprehensive analysis to formulate strategies for enhancing agricultural exports and highlights the role of food safety standards in sustainable development.

Applying Tebuconazole at Different Growth Periods of Peanut Influences Its Efficacy and Persistence

ABSTRACTPeanut is a major oilseed crop widely grown worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions. Disease occurrence poses a major threat to peanut cultivation. Among the biotic stresses, foliar fungal diseases, namely late leaf spot (LLS) and rust, caused by Nothopassalora personata and Puccinia arachidis, respectively, are destructive diseases of peanut and can account for more than 70% yield loss. Though various fungicides, including tebuconazole, are used to manage foliar diseases in peanut, there is no detailed study on the efficacy of tebuconazole applied at different growth periods of peanut in managing foliar diseases and its persistence. Hence, field experiments were conducted for managing foliar diseases of peanut using tebuconazole 25.9 EC at 125 g a.i./ha, applied at various days after sowing (DAS). The best results were obtained in terms of disease management (64.8% reduction in LLS and 58.5% reduction in rust), pod yield (2.40 t/ha) and haulm yield (2.72 t/ha) by applying tebuconazole at 60 DAS. A sample preparation method based on acetonitrile extraction and estimation by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was validated in peanut kernel at 0.01 mg/kg, and dissipation studies were conducted in the field at 125 g a.i./ha. The tebuconazole residues were below the European Union maximum residue limits (EU‐MRLs) on all the sampling days, and the risk quotient was less than 1. This study ensures the safe use of tebuconazole fungicide in peanut production.

Degradation of amoxicillin residues in chicken meat with a combination of ozonation and ultrasound

This study aims to investigate the prevalence of amoxicillin (AMX) residues in chicken meat, as well as the influence of the ozonation process (O3) combined with ultrasound on the degradation of AMX in samples with concentrations above the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL). The AMX residues were extracted and determined by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and HPLC-with fluorescence detector. This method provided recoveries ranging from 81.9 to 96.7% at 5 to 100 µg/kg. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.9 µg/kg and quantitation (LOQ) was 1.71 µg/kg. The study found that the wings had the highest percentage of positive AMX samples (28%), followed by thighs (23.3%) and breasts (13.3%). In addition, the results showed that the percentages of samples that exceeded MRL were 16.6, 5%, and 13.3% with wings, breast, and thigh samples, respectively. Treatment by ozonation ultrasound for 15 min degraded the AMX to 68.1, 79.1, and 73.8% in wings, breast, and thigh samples, respectively. Although AMX degradation was achieved, the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in breast samples increased during the treatment, with acceptable levels maintained until the third day, suggesting a balance between AMX degradation and product quality preservation.

Evaluation of Antibiotic Residual Concentrations and Their Effects in Broiler Chicks

Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria develop the ability to withstand the effects of an antibiotic. The misuse of antibiotics in poultry production has contributed to antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics are commonly used as growth promoters and for therapeutic purposes. A survey of 80 questionnaires was conducted to identify the most commonly used antibiotics in poultry farms. This was done to recreate how antibiotic administration is carried out in poultry farms, which would indicate whether these drugs are being abused by poultry farmers. Seven antibiotics were selected and administered based on the average body weight of 40 broiler chickens. These included Oxytetracycline (400 mg/kg), Tylosin (500 mg/kg), Gentamycin (330 mg/kg), Penicillin (500 mg/kg), Neomycin (220 mg/kg), Sulfonamide (200 mg/kg), and Fluoroquinolone (300 mg/kg), which were compared with a normal control group. Additionally, 15 chickens were purchased from local markets in Keffi, Nasarawa State, for comparison. Samples from the blood, breast, liver, gizzard, and crop were analyzed to determine antibiotic residual concentrations, their effects on haematological parameters, the presence of resistant bacteria in the antibiotic residue, alongside an antibiotic sensitivity test. The results showed a significant difference (p<0.05) in haematological parameters in the local market group compared to the poultry farm group, indicating immune suppression. Both groups exceeded the recommended maximum residue limits. Pathogenic bacteria like Salmonella spp. and E. coli were found in the local market group, and antibiotic sensitivity tests showed reduced efficacy of the antibiotics. The misuse of antibiotics as growth promoters and therapeutics affected the blood of chicks, exceeded the antibiotic residue limit and also contributed to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This indicates the misuse of antibiotics in local market chickens during administration, rendering the meat unsafe for human consumption.

Analysis of Glyphosate Herbicide Residues in Coffee Plantations in Bener Meriah Regency

Coffee is a leading plantation commodity as it serves as a source of income for farmers, provides raw materials for industries, creates job opportunities, and promotes regional development in Bener Meriah Regency. To achieve optimal production results, farmers must adequately manage and maintain their coffee plantations, one way being the reduction of chemical usage that may affect the coffee beans. The negative impact of excessive chemical use includes rejecting exports to several European countries due to residue levels exceeding the limits set by European Union regulations. Therefore, analyzing herbicide residues and studying the factors affecting their persistence is necessary. Sampling was conducted in five sub-districts: Gajah Putih, Bandar, Permata, Timang Gajah, and Bukit, by collecting soil and bean samples from five points in each sub-district for analysis using gas chromatography. The research showed glyphosate residue levels of 0.002 mg/kg in each soil and bean sample. These levels are considered low compared to the maximum residue limit (MRL) for coffee, which is 0.1 mg/kg. This indicates that glyphosate residue contamination in the sampled plots is considered safe for consumption. Observations and interviews with farmers concluded that the low residue levels in the soil samples were influenced by several factors, including climate (temperature, humidity, rainfall), soil characteristics, topography, herbicide characteristics, and weed types.

Dietary risk assessment of field-incurred residues of cyantraniliprole & dimethoate on Rabi cabbage, Brassica oleraceae var. capitata in semi-arid region of Haryana (India).

Field experiment was conducted to study the persistence behaviour of two effective insecticides (cyantraniliprole & dimethoate) against B. brassicae on cabbage at single dose and double the recommended dosage. The residues of cyantraniliprole and dimethoate were estimated by High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Gas chromatography (GC), respectively. The half-life of cyantraniliprole at single and double dose was found to be 1.83 and 1.53days, respectively. Similarly, the half-life of dimethoate was found to be 2.47 and 2.66days, at single and double dose, respectively. The residues at terminal harvest for both the insecticides at both the application levels were found to be below the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) value i.e., 2 parts per million (ppm) for both cyantraniliprole and dimethoate specified by the regulatory authority i.e., The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI). The risk quotient (RQ) was found to be < 1 even after 2h of spray for both insecticides at both the doses indicating no possible risk to consumers.

New insights into the interactions between the antibiotic enrofloxacin and fish protein by spectroscopic, thermodynamic, and theoretical simulation approaches.

New insights into the interactions between the antibiotic enrofloxacin and fish protein by spectroscopic, thermodynamic, and theoretical simulation approaches.

Comparative Pharmacological Assessment of Amoxicillin in Five Cultured Fish Species: Implications for Off-Label Use in Aquaculture

Background: Amoxicillin (AMOX) is widely used in aquaculture for bacterial infections due to its efficacy and safety. Despite official approval for select species, off-label use is common. This study evaluated the antibacterial efficacy and residue depletion of AMOX in five aquaculture species: olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica), black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii), and Israeli carp (Cyprinus carpio). Methods: Fish were administered AMOX orally at 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg for seven days. Antibacterial efficacy was assessed by bacterial load reduction and survival rates following artificial infection. Residue depletion was analyzed using HPLC–MS/MS to determine the time required for AMOX levels to fall below the maximum residue limit (MRL, 0.05 mg/kg). Results: AMOX, at 40 mg/kg, significantly reduced bacterial loads in olive flounder, rainbow trout, and Japanese eel (p &lt; 0.05), while Israeli carp exhibited a limited response (p = 0.54). Black rockfish showed moderate efficacy (RPS 72.7%) but increased mortality at 80 mg/kg. Residue levels fell below the MRL within 10 days for all species except Israeli carp (~30 days). Conclusions: These findings highlight species-specific differences in AMOX efficacy and residue depletion rates, emphasizing the necessity of tailored dosing regimens and withdrawal periods to ensure optimal therapeutic outcomes and food safety compliance in aquaculture. Further pharmacokinetic studies are needed to refine dosing strategies, particularly for species with extended residue retention and potential dose-dependent adverse effects.

Are veterinary drug maximum residue limits protectionist? International evidence

AbstractWe analyze the distribution of maximum residue limits (MRLs) on veterinary drugs used in animal production and aquaculture in a global context of food consumption and trade. We compare MRLs by drug‐product pairs for a large set of countries, commodities, and drugs. International standards by Codex cover a small fraction (27%) of existing drug‐product pairs. When Codex MRLs exist, deviations from Codex MRLs are minimal. Little protectionism prevails overall, although countries with a larger presence in world markets and with larger net imports in the regulated commodity have stricter standards. Higher variation prevails when Codex standards do not exist. MRLs exhibit an anti‐protectionist lower tail that is fatter than that of those MRLs for which Codex has a standard. Increasing the institutional capacity of Codex Alimentarius for establishing a larger set of MRLs is likely to facilitate greater alignment of MRLs across countries. We highlight the leading regulatory roles of Codex, the European Union, and the United States in helping set MRLs for other countries to which 41, 6, and 5 countries fully defer, respectively.

Dual SPE–HPLC–MS/MS Platform for Cross-Class Antiparasitic Surveillance: Simultaneous Quantification of Oxyclozanide and Levamisole Hydrochloride in Ovine Tissues with Applications to Withdrawal Period Optimization

This study presents a novel high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of oxyclozanide (OXY) and levamisole hydrochloride (LEV) residues in ovine tissues, addressing the critical gap in cross-class antiparasitic drug monitoring. Leveraging dual solid-phase extraction strategies—MAX anion-exchange for lipophilic OXY and MCX cation-exchange for hydrophilic LEV—we achieved efficient purification of these pharmacokinetically divergent compounds from complex matrices (muscle, liver, kidney, and perirenal adipose). The method demonstrated superior sensitivity with limits of detection (1.5 μg/kg) and quantification (2.5 μg/kg) below international maximum residue limits (MRLs), validated through Codex Alimentarius guidelines (CAC/GL 71-2009). Linear responses (2.5–1000 μg/kg, R2 &gt; 0.9900) and robust precision (intra-day RSD: 1.44–12.51%; inter-day RSD: 0.29–17.70%) were maintained across spiked concentrations (LOQ, 0.5×, 1×, and 2 × MRLs), with recoveries of 80.94–115.36% confirming matrix-agnostic accuracy. Stability assessments under diverse storage conditions further validated method reliability. Applied to pharmacokinetic profiling in medicated sheep, this protocol established a 28-day withdrawal period for edible tissues, reconciling regulatory compliance with food safety requirements. As the first reported simultaneous quantification platform for OXY and LEV antiparasitics, our methodology advances veterinary residue analytics by enabling efficient multi-class surveillance and evidence-based withdrawal period optimization.

SFC-MS/MS enantioseparation, stereoselective behavior and risk assessment of the chiral pesticide bitertanol in four vegetables and soil.

SFC-MS/MS enantioseparation, stereoselective behavior and risk assessment of the chiral pesticide bitertanol in four vegetables and soil.

Dynamics of the Dissipation of Acetamiprid, Azoxystrobin, and β-Cyfluthrin in Jalapeño Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Produced Under Greenhouse and Open-Field Conditions.

Pepper is one of the most widely consumed foods around the world. China is the leading producer, while Mexico is the primary exporter. To support these roles, the responsible use of agrochemicals is essential. Additionally, investigating the factors influencing pesticide dissipation is critical to ensure that residue levels do not exceed established Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) and to achieve the required pre-harvest interval (PHI). This is essential to prevent trade-related issues and mitigate potential health risks to consumers. Consequently, this study aims to evaluate the dissipation dynamics of acetamiprid, azoxystrobin, and β-cyfluthrin residues in jalapeño peppers cultivated under both greenhouse and open-field conditions. Three applications of a manufacturer's suggested dosage were evaluated, with 7-day intervals between each. The residual content was quantified after 1 h and 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days following each application. A QuEChERS method utilizing ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography equipped with a micro electron capture detector (GC-µECD) to determine the pesticide residues was optimized and validated, obtaining suitable performance, with satisfactory linearity, detection and quantification limits, recovery rates, and accuracy. The dissipation curves were constructed from the residues and dissipation percentages of the pesticides over time, elucidating the initial residuality, accumulation, half-life, residence time, and total persistence of the active ingredient. In addition, an analysis was carried out, relating climatic conditions to the cumulative dissipation of pesticides. The results show an increase in the initial residues, half-life, and residence time of pesticides in the greenhouse. Otherwise, in the open field, the residues of the pesticides acetamiprid and azoxystrobin increased over the initial applications. Climatic conditions, mainly evapotranspiration during crop growing, involve the dissipation of pesticides in jalapeño pepper. The validation method demonstrated satisfactory parameters, aligning with the guidelines provided by the US EPA and SENASICA. All concentrations quantified in real samples were found to be below the MRLs, ensuring compliance with regulatory standards. Additionally, the dissipation kinetics played a critical role in elucidating key aspects such as residence times, latency periods, and marketing timelines for ensuring food safety. This kinetics provided essential insights into the behavior and persistence of the residues, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of their dynamics in agricultural and commercial contexts. We believe these findings underscore the reliability and applicability of the method for monitoring pesticide residues in real-world scenarios.

Assessment of pesticide residue patterns and multiple residue occurrence in Egyptian medicinal and aromatic plants: a comprehensive market screening

ABSTRACT This study investigated the prevalence of 430 pesticide residues in 9963 samples representing 20 types of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) from Egyptian markets using GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS. Pesticide-free samples ranged from a high of 68.33% in rosemary and 64.52% in hibiscus to a low of 9.70% in sage and 9.43% in calendula. Compliance with EU maximum residue limits (MRLs) was highest in calendula (84.18%), thyme (81.09%), and oregano (79.23%), but lowest in rosemary (31.38%) and hibiscus (34.66%). Exceedances of MRLs were most notable in sage (10.97%), moringa (8.57%), and cumin (7.80%). Chlorpyrifos dominated as the most frequently detected pesticide across all plants, with detection rates of 16–88%, followed by metalaxyl (detected in 14 plants with detection rates from 1.84% to 36.55%) and pendimethalin (found in 13 plants with detection rates from 2.27% to 19.91%). Single residue prevalence was highest in calendula (59.93%), camomile (57.05%) and dill (52.30%), whereas multiple residues were more common in oregano (50.77%), marjoram (49.52%) and sage (48.95%). The most common co-occurring pesticide combinations were chlorpyrifos with profenofos (16 out of 20 plant types), metalaxyl (15 out of 20 plant types) or atrazine (11 out of 20 plant types). These findings underscore the need for stricter pesticide monitoring, regulation, and sustainable agricultural practices to ensure the safety of these widely consumed plants.

Monitoring and risk assessment for pesticide residues in vegetables, soil, and water in Haryana, India.

The present study was conducted with the aim to identify estimates and risk assessment for the pesticide residue present in vegetables, soil, and water in Haryana, India. In the present study, environmental monitoring of commonly sprayed 161 pesticides was done using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for 102 vegetables, 46 soil, and 50 water samples collected from four districts in Haryana, India. A total of 198 samples were analyzed for the presence of pesticide residue and the measured pesticide concentrations were compared with the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) set by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) and European regulations. The pesticide residues were detected in 31 vegetable samples (30.39%), 44 soil samples (95.65%), and 34 water samples (68.0%). Chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, pendimethalin, and butachlor were the most frequently detected pesticides. The health risk indices (HRI) for triazophos and chlorpyrifos pesticides in vegetable samples ranged from 1.16 to 2.76mg/kg that can cause significant health concerns. The present study can provide valuable insights and awareness for policymakers, authorities, farmers, and consumers.