In power ultrasonics, the Langevin ultrasonic transducer has been widely utilised across medical and industrial applications, including for bone surgery, food cutting, and cavitation generation. Transducers for these applications are typically tuned to a fundamental operating mode, often the first longitudinal, for optimal interaction with a target material or structure. Currently, there is a growing interest in ultrasonic devices with tuneable dynamic properties, including resonance frequency, for optimising performance in these applications. To overcome limited frequency tuning capabilities of current configurations, this study demonstrates a Langevin transducer which is designed and fabricated incorporating the shape memory alloy Nitinol as its end masses. The rationale is that the change in elastic properties of these end masses with temperature will induce a change in the fundamental resonance frequency of the transducer, thereby demonstrating a viable and novel approach to controlling resonance frequency. Laser Doppler Vibrometry was used to characterise the first and third longitudinal modes at room temperature, correlating closely with finite element analysis results. Harmonic analysis was then conducted at various environmental temperatures to show changes in the resonance frequencies and vibration amplitudes of both modes as functions of temperature. The tuneable resonance of the Nitinol Langevin transducer (NLT) has a dependency on changes in the thermomechanical properties of Nitinol from its martensitic phase transformation, demonstrated through structural design factors. The transducer exhibits maximum resonance frequency increases of above 15% and 10% for the L1 and L3 modes respectively, between 30°C and 100°C. This research enables a new generation of Langevin ultrasonic transducers fabricated using advanced materials for multifrequency and tuneable resonance applications.

To address the dual requirements of dynamic topology optimization and static strength in the design of excavator working devices, this paper proposes a dynamic topology optimization method based on equivalent static loads. First, a rigid-flexible coupling dynamic model of the working device is constructed under combined excavation conditions to analyze the dynamic response of the arm in terms of stress and deformation. Then, local element stress constraints are converted into global constraints using the P-norm method. A topology optimization model is established with the minimization of the arm's maximum flexibility as the objective function, constrained by the P-norm stress and volume fraction. Finally, dynamic topology optimization of the arm is performed using the equivalent static loads method, and the topological structure of the arm is redesigned with consideration for manufacturability. Finite element simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a 24.63% reduction in the mass of the arm, while the maximum stress increases by only 5.26% and remains below the material's allowable limit, thereby fulfilling the design requirements.

Land use/land cover (LULC) change significantly influences a range of environmental and socio-economic issues, including climate change, deforestation, biodiversity loss, soil degradation, ecosystem services, and food security, at local, regional, and global levels. In the northwestern Himalayan region, particularly in Rajouri district of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), LULC change has profound environmental and socio-economic implications. Understanding the temporal and spatial dimensions of LULC change is crucial for assessing the impact of human activities on the region’s environment. The present study aimed to analyze LULC change in Rajouri district of J&K, India over a 30-year period from 1990 to 2020 and to project future LULC dynamics for the next 30 years up to 2050. Landsat imagery with a supervised classification technique was used for classification and generation of LULC maps. Moreover, CA Markov model was used to predict the future LULC status of the area. The model validation exhibited strong performance, with Kappa statistics exceeding 0.90, indicating a high level of reliability in the projections. The results indicate considerable changes in different land use classes from 1990 to 2020. Over the 30-year period, dense forest showed the maximum reduction of about −20.69 Km2, followed by open forest (−15.87 Km2) and grassland (−13.75 Km2). Wasteland showed the maximum increase of about +28.24 Km2, followed by built-up (+17.90 Km2) and cropland (+12.50 Km2). The cumulative impact of deforestation from 1990 to 2020 amounts to approximately 43.17 Km2, while afforestation efforts only managed to reclaim 6.61 Km2 of land. The future prediction using the CA Markov model suggests further changes in LULC patterns, with built-up, cropland, and wasteland projected to increase exponentially by 2050, accompanied by sharp declines in forests. Therefore, policymakers should prioritize sustainable land management and forest conservation strategies to mitigate the potential negative impacts of LULC changes on the environment, ensuring balanced and sustainable development.

Microplastics release from infusion sets during intravenous infusion induces cardiovascular toxicity.

Microbes that generate copious amounts of hydrogen (H2) via dark fermentation are a promising means to evolve and improve renewable biofuels. Many anaerobic hyperthermophilic archaea, such as the fast-growing, genetically tractable, heterotroph Thermococcus kodakarensis, produce generous quantities of H2 and provide an idealized platform to further optimize naturally high levels of biohydrogen reduction. Precise genetic manipulations and modifications to growth conditions have already resulted in substantial increases to H2 output but additional improvements are desired. An unexamined and potentially valuable route towards increased H2 production is to tether select electron donor and acceptor proteins together to reroute and maximize the flow of electrons towards H2 production. Such strategies have shown promise in Bacteria and Eukarya but have not yet been investigated in thermophilic Archaea. Here, we generate and evaluate twelve novel T. kodakarensis strains wherein a proteinaceous electron carrier (a ferredoxin, Fd) is physically tethered to the membrane-bound-hydrogenase (MBH), the sole H2 producing enzyme, to direct electron flux towards biohydrogen generation. Growth assessments and H2 output measurements demonstrate that strains encoding protein-fusions evolve up to ~ 40% more H2 per cell than the host strain. Eliminating H2 consumption and alternative routes of electron sinks in concert with protein tethering further increased H2 output per cell for a maximum increase of ~ 66% over the host strain. Our results demonstrate that rerouting electron flux via protein tethering coupled with the elimination of reductant sinks is a promising means towards improved biohydrogen production in T. kodakarensis. KEY POINTS: Protein tethering between redox proteins can reroute electron flux in vivo. Enforced protein proximity results in ~ 40% increases in H2 production per cell. Protein-tethering provides a generalizable framework to redirect redox metabolism.

Impacts of land use/cover changes on local meteorology and air quality in the Yangtze River Delta region of China (2001-2021).

Guangxi boasts extensive selenium-rich soils, creating favorable conditions for screening high-quality rice varieties that can be cultivated in this region and determining the optimal selenium fertilizer spraying concentrations for their growth. In this study, three major rice varieties predominantly grown in the area were selected for evaluation (Ge68 Superior 9938, Guiyu 9 and Yexiang Youlisi). A clear water control (CK), Treatment 1 (T1, with the application of 100 g•hm-2 amino acid-based organic selenium), and Treatment 2 (T2, with the application of 200 g•hm-2 amino acid-based organic selenium) were established. Rice yield, brown rice percentage, selenium content in different plant parts, and the levels of certain rice quality indicators were measured. Additionally, the entropy weight-TOPSIS method was employed to evaluate the comprehensive performance of the eight indicators under different treatments. Results indicate that foliar application of selenium (Se) fertilizer significantly increased rice yield by over 8.7% compared to the control group (CK), but had no significant effect on brown rice rate. Under selenium treatment, selenium content in stems, leaves, panicle stems, and grains of all three rice varieties significantly exceeded the control group, with maximum increases of 0.33, 1.12, 0.38, and 0.26 mg/kg, respectively. Regarding nutritional quality, treatment 2 (T2) significantly elevated protein, amylose, lipid, and amino acid content across all three rice varieties. Entropy-weighted TOPSIS analysis indicated that for the rice variety YexiangYouLisi cultivated in Guangxi’s selenium-enriched region, foliar application of selenium fertilizer at a concentration of 200 g•hm-2 was optimal. This concentration not only yielded the highest grain yield and grain quality for this variety but also maintained selenium levels in stems, leaves, panicle stems, and grains within suitable ranges.

INTRODUCTION. Visual field disorders are a prevalent complication following a stroke, affecting up to 45–65 % of patients in this category. These disorders significantly impair the quality of life of affected individuals, underscoring the need for early and accurate diagnosis, as well as the development of effective rehabilitation methods aimed at restoring visual functions and improving functional outcomes. AIM. To evaluate the effectiveness of a comprehensive rehabilitation program using endonasal Cortexin electrophoresis and virtual reality technology in patients with post-stroke visual impairments based on the analysis of perimeter parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study included 60 patients aged 36 to 73 years who were in the second stage of medical rehabilitation after ischemic stroke and had peripheral vision disorders caused by cerebral damage. The patients were randomized into 3 groups, consisting of 20 participants each: the control group received basic rehabilitation; the comparison group received basic rehabilitation in addition to Virtual Reality technology; and the treatment group received the same rehabilitation programme as the comparison group, in addition to undergoing endonasal electrophoresis of Cortexin. Visual field evaluations were conducted prior to and following the course using the Tomey AP-3000 automatic perimeter. RESULTS. There were no statistically significant changes in the control group. In the comparison group, and especially in the main group, there was a significant improvement in both the overall visual field (OVF) and the static perimeter parameters (average photosensitivity, AD and PD). The main group showed a maximum increase in the OVF (32.59 degrees for white and 49.43 degrees for red stimuli) and a significant improvement in all three perimeter parameters, including a decrease in PD, indicating an increase in the functional uniformity of the visual field. DISCUSSION. The intergroup analysis confirmed the statistically significant superiority of both experimental groups over the control group in terms of the dynamics of OVF and perimetric parameters (p 0.017), while the main group was superior to the comparison group with regard to the degree of improvement. CONCLUSION. The results confirmed the high effectiveness of the combined rehabilitation program in restoring visual functions in patients with post-stroke peripheral vision disorders. Kinetic perimetry proved to be a convenient screening tool, whereas static perimetry was found to be preferable for detailed monitoring of the rehabilitation progress.

Mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels participate in regulating pain sensitivity, insulin secretion, and vascular tension; however, their expression in the autonomic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and role in modulating sympathetic outflow and cardiovascular function remain unstudied. In this study, unilateral PVN microinjection of the Piezo1 channel blocker Dooku1 (0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 200 pmol) administered to anesthetized male rats increased renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and mean artery pressure (MAP) in a dose-dependent manner, with maximum increases of 93 ± 30% (p < 0.0001) and 21 ± 5 mmHg (p < 0.0001), respectively, elicited by Dooku1 at 100 pmol. Similarly, PVN microinjection of the peptide Piezo1 channel blocker GsMTx4 (1 nmol) significantly increased RSNA (p < 0.001) and MAP (p < 0.0001). Conversely, PVN-microinjected Piezo1 channel activators Yoda1 (5 nmol) and Jedi2 (5 nmol) did not significantly alter RSNA or MAP. Western blot and qRT-PCR analyses of the hypothalamic PVN showed abundant Piezo1 mRNA and protein expression. Immunofluorescence detection showed that Piezo1 was expressed in pre-sympathetic PVN neurons with axons projecting to the rostral ventrolateral medulla. We conclude that Piezo1 channels expressed in the autonomic PVN neurons play an important role in regulating sympathetic outflow and cardiovascular function.

Degraded non-cracking soils (locally known as Naga’a) are widespread in semi-arid regions of Sudan and are characterized by severe compaction, low organic matter, poor water retention, and limited crop productivity. Sustainable rehabilitation strategies for these soils remain underexplored. This study evaluated the potential of farmyard manure compost (FYM) as a soil amendment to improve physicochemical properties, soil water retention, and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) performance in degraded Naga’a soil. Aerobic composting of FYM was conducted for two months under controlled moisture and C/N ratio conditions, producing a mature compost with enhanced organic carbon, nitrogen, and water-holding capacity. A pot experiment was conducted using five rates (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 t ha−1) of the produced compost alongside a mineral NPK treatment, assigned in a randomized complete block design. Compost application significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, saturation percentage, and water-holding capacity compared with the control and NPK treatments. The highest compost rate (20 t ha−1) improved soil water-holding capacity by approximately 20% and organic carbon by over 90% relative to the control. Sorghum dry matter production and plant nutrient uptake (N, P, K, and Ca) increased significantly with compost rate, while total seasonal irrigation water requirements declined. Water productivity improved progressively with compost addition, reaching a maximum increase of 60.5% at 20 t ha−1 compared to the control. Overall, FYM proved effective in restoring soil functional properties, enhancing water-use efficiency, and improving sorghum growth. The results highlight the valorization of FYM as a sustainable, low-cost strategy for rehabilitating degraded non-cracking soils in arid and semi-arid environments.

We demonstrate a gate-dielectric engineering approach leveraging an ultrathin, atomic-layer-deposited silicon oxide interfacial layer (SiL) between the amorphous oxide semiconductor (AOS) channel and the high-k gate dielectric. SiL positively shifts the threshold voltage (VT) of AOS transistors, providing at least four distinct VT levels with a maximum increase of 500 mV. It achieves stable VT control without significantly degrading critical device parameters such as mobility and on-state current, all while keeping the process temperature below 225 °C and requiring no additional heat treatment to activate the dipole. Positive-bias temperature instability tests at 85 °C indicate a significant reduction in negative VT shifts for SiL-integrated devices, highlighting the enhanced reliability. Incorporating this SiL gate stack into two-transistor gain-cell (GC) memory maintains a more stable storage node voltage (VSN) (reduces VSN drop by 67%), by limiting unwanted charge losses. SiL-engineered GCs also reach retention times up to 10000 s at room temperature and reduce standby leakage current by 3 orders of magnitude relative to baseline device, substantially lowering refresh energy consumption.

Vitamin A deficiency is a major public health problem affecting up to 50% of the world's population, as staple food crops like wheat and rice, which are often poor in many essential micronutrients such as vitamin A, are major staple food crops. Biofortification of cereal crops with β-carotene (provitamin A) through genetic engineering is a potential solution to overcome vitamin A deficiency. The Orange (Or) protein is involved in the regulation of carotenoid accumulation and previous studies demonstrated high carotenoid accumulation due to a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the CDS leading to substitution of Arg to His in the OR protein results in carotenoid accumulation. In the present study, we showed that this substitution of a single amino acid at position 110 (Arg to His) of wild-type wheat TaOr (referred to as TaOrHis110) increased β-carotene accumulation in transgenic wheat and rice plants overexpressing TaOrHis110 under the control of the seed-specific promoter Glu1D1. HPLC analysis revealed increase in β-carotene content in rice grain up to eightfold in case of TP309 (japonica) cultivar, 13-fold in case of IET10364 (indica) cultivar and sevenfold in wheat cv. CPAN1676. Additionally, most of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway genes were found to be upregulated in TaOrHis110 overexpressing seeds of TP309 and IET10364, which positively correlates with maximum increase in β-carotene content.

The wear performance of 55SiMoVA bearing steel under extreme service conditions in oil and gas screw drilling tools is critical to the reliability and operational lifetime of thrust ball bearings. In service, these bearings experience severe friction between the balls and raceways, leading to accelerated wear and even catastrophic failure. Conventional surface modification techniques, such as carburizing, nitriding, shot peening, or surface coatings, provide limited improvements in surface properties and often fail to sustain high-load, high-temperature, and complex lubrication environments. Laser shock peening (LSP) has emerged as an effective surface engineering technique capable of inducing deep compressive residual stresses and forming a hardened surface layer, thereby enhancing both mechanical and tribological performance. In this study, 55SiMoVA steel specimens were treated using LSP with systematically varied process parameters, including impact energies of 4 J, 5 J, and 6 J, and impact numbers of one and two. The effects of these parameters on surface microstructure and mechanical properties were evaluated through surface roughness measurement, microhardness profiling, and X-ray diffraction-based residual stress analysis. To assess tribological behavior, reciprocating linear ball-on-block wear tests were conducted under lubrication with oil-based drilling fluid, simulating realistic service conditions. The results demonstrate that LSP markedly alters the surface and near-surface characteristics of 55SiMoVA steel. The maximum microhardness increase reached 17%, compressive residual stress exceeded 823 MPa, and the hardened layer extended to a depth of 1.3 mm, with a gradual stress gradient from surface to substrate. Single-impact treatments showed limited improvements in friction stability, whereas double-impact treatments significantly stabilized the coefficient of friction and enhanced wear resistance. Among all parameter combinations, the 5 J × 2-impact treatment exhibited the most favorable performance, reducing wear volume by approximately 15% compared to untreated specimens. Microscopic analysis of worn surfaces revealed that untreated samples displayed severe plowing and material spalling, while optimally treated samples exhibited relatively uniform and shallow wear tracks, indicating improved surface integrity. Overall, the study confirms that appropriate selection of LSP parameters can effectively enhance the surface hardness, residual compressive stress, and hardened layer depth of 55SiMoVA bearing steel, thereby significantly improving its wear resistance under lubricated conditions. These findings not only provide a practical surface engineering strategy for extending the operational lifetime of thrust ball bearings in screw drilling tools subjected to extreme and complex conditions, but also contribute to a broader understanding of LSP-induced surface modifications for high-strength alloy steels. The insights gained from this work offer valuable guidance for optimizing LSP processing parameters to achieve superior tribological performance and mechanical reliability in demanding industrial applications.

Photothermal therapy (PTT) is an emerging minimally invasive approach for cancer treatment that relies on photothermal agents capable of efficiently converting near-infrared (NIR) light into localized heat. In this work, silica-gold nanostructures (SGNs) were synthesized and systematically evaluated to investigate how silica core size influences the photothermal response of the SGNs and optimize their performance as a photothermal agent. SGNs were synthesized with silica cores ranging from 54 to 244 nm in diameter and coated with gold nanoparticles of 4-10 nm in size, enabling controlled tuning of their localized surface plasmon resonance within the NIR region. The morphology and composition were characterized by SEM, TEM, and EDS; optical properties were analyzed by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The SGNs photothermal response low-power laser irradiation at 852 nm and 1310 nm and temperature changes were monitored using a thermographic camera. A maximum temperature increase of 7.1 °C was observed for SGNs with a silica core diameter of approximately 77 nm under the 852 nm laser irradiation. Numerical simulations of the absorption efficiency showed good agreement with experimental UV-Vis spectra and thermal measurements, revealing a size-dependent shift of the absorption toward longer wavelengths for larger nanostructures. These results demonstrate that the photothermal response of silica-gold nanostructures can be rationally tuned through the control of core size and gold growth parameters, providing a framework for the design of wavelength-matched photothermal agents for PTT applications.

The photonic spin Hall effect (PSHE) originates from the spin–orbit interaction (SOI) of light. The literature indicates that the transverse spin-dependent shift, δH− (SDS), from the PSHE is weak (in the nanometer range) and difficult to measure directly. This study utilizes a plasmonic structure to improve the δH− in the PSHE. The obtained results of this study demonstrate that the inclusion of silicon nitride (Si3N4) significantly enhances the δH− relative to its absence; however, plasmonic material is present in both cases. The enhanced shifts exhibit a significant dependence on the resonance angle (θr) and the thickness of layers of the PSHE structure to attain the maximum increase in δH− of 350.82 µm at the plasmonic resonance condition. A systematic analysis of the centroid positions of the reflected beam indicates a distinct and constant separation of opposing spin components. Further, the improved δH− is utilized in cancer cell detection, as changes in the refractive index (RI) of cells facilitate the identification of cancer cells from healthy to cancerous. All examined cell types demonstrate that cancerous cells had a greater δH− than normal cells, owing to their elevated effective RI. These results illustrate that the proposed plasmonic-assisted PSHE structure offers significant enhancement and a high sensitivity of 439.30 µm/RIU for label-free detection of cancer cells.

ABSTRACT Phthalonitrile (PN) resin is an ideal matrix for high‐temperature resistant composites due to its exceptional thermal stability (&gt; 300°C). However, a critical incompatibility arises from the use of commercial sizing agents, which are thermally unstable at high temperatures and become a weak link. To fundamentally investigate this interfacial incompatibility and reveal the intrinsic bonding behavior between fibers and resin, this study employed a desizing approach to systematically isolate the influence of conventional sizing agents. The interfacial shear strength (IFSS) between PN resin and various fibers (T700, T800, T1100 carbon fibers, and a quartz fiber) was evaluated from 25°C to 250°C. The results revealed that the removal of sizing agents significantly enhanced the IFSS of carbon fiber/PN systems, with a maximum increase of 42.4% at 250°C. This enhancement stemmed from the elimination of the thermally degraded weak boundary layer and the subsequent dominance of mechanical interlocking afforded by the intrinsic roughness of the exposed fiber surface. Through a comparative analysis of sized and desized fiber interfaces, this work elucidates the degradation mechanisms of conventional sizing at high temperatures and clarifies the intrinsic interfacial bonding behavior. The findings provide crucial theoretical insights and practical guidance for constructing the next generation of high‐performance composites.

To assess Lipiodol-mediated photon dose perturbation and biological effects using complementary kilovoltage and megavoltage irradiation geometries relevant to hepatocellular carcinoma. Phantom dosimetry used containers filled with lipiodol-oil mixtures (0-100%) embedded in a water phantom with radiochromic film to quantify concentration-dependent enhancement under 6-MV beam. HepG2 human hepatoma cells were irradiated at 0-6Gy using 160-kVp (photoelectric effect dominant) with lipiodol or water placed beneath the cell monolayer to isolate backscatter; γH2AX foci indicating DNA damage were quantified shortly after irradiation. For megavoltage testing, a 6-MV (Compton scattering dominant) Lipiodol-rich "sandwich" geometry (Lipiodol above and below the cell monolayer) was used; apoptosis was quantified at 96h using NucView/NucSpot (apoptotic fraction), and results are reported descriptively. Film dosimetry demonstrated increasing enhancement with Lipiodol concentration, spatially localized to the Lipiodol region, with a maximum localized increase of 57.1% at 100% Lipiodol versus water. In the 160-kVp backscatter model, higher γH2AX foci were observed at 4 and 6Gy in Lipiodol versus control. In the 6-MV sandwich model, cell-plane film confirmed an 11.5% higher delivered dose at 2Gy with Lipiodol and apoptotic fraction was 1.36-5.79-fold higher across 2-6Gy compared to the control. Lipiodol measurably intensified local photon dose and was associated with greater DNA damage and apoptosis in phantom and HepG2 cell models. These findings provide mechanistic support for combining radiotherapy with Lipiodol-based transarterial treatments and highlight the need for further in vivo validation and clinical studies.

The use of sustainable carbon-free energy sources is becoming a priority in the field of transport so that it becomes sustainable. Sustainable transport can also be achieved with vehicles equipped with diesel engines fuelled by alternative fuels that do not contain carbon, like hydrogen. The paper presents an analysis of the experimental results obtained at the fuelling with diesel fuel and hydrogen of a modern diesel engine, operating at 50% partial load and 2500 rev/min speed. For H2 energy substitution degrees of up to 43%, the combustion process is improved: the specific energy consumption is reduced, the combustion duration is reduced, the heat release rate is increased, the maximum pressure is increased, the carbon-based pollutant emissions are decreased and the cyclic dispersion is reduced. For 33% H2 energy substitution degree, the maximum pressure increases by 16.4%, the indicated mean effective pressure increases by 7.5%, the specific energy consumption is reduced by 5.36% and the level of greenhouse gases emission is reduced by 34.5% for carbon dioxide. In case of pollutant emissions, the smoke level is reduced by 58.6% and the unburned hydrocarbons level is reduced with 18%. For higher percentages of H2, emissions reductions can be accentuated. At H2 use, the combustion cyclic variability is reduced, the values of the COV variability coefficients determined for the parameters of interest and the combustion duration being reduced. As a novelty aspect, the optimal adjustment between engine load-speed-diesel fuel flow-hydrogen flow-maximum combustion pressure-smoke emission level-exhaust temperature level is presented. The use of hydrogen at the diesel engines can provide the beginning of sustainable transportation solutions in the future.

The resource recovery and high-value utilization of coal gasification slag (CGS) are vital to promoting green and sustainable advancement in the coal chemical industry. However, synthesizing advanced functional materials with stable performance and high economic value from CGS remains a significant challenge. This research presents an approach to utilize coal gasification fine slag (CGFS) as an economical silicon source for the continuous production of SiO2 nanofluids in a spiral microreactor. The excellent mixing efficiency in the developed 3D-printed spiral microreactor is verified through numerical simulation and fluorescence visualization experiments. Following activation and desilication treatment of CGFS, the microreactor enables the continuous production of SiO2 nanofluids, which exhibit homogeneous particle dimensions and outstanding colloidal stability. The flow boiling heat transfer performance of the fabricated nanofluids in high-power chip cooling applications is systematically evaluated. The results reveal that the 0.01 wt % SiO2 nanofluids exhibit the best heat transfer enhancement, achieving a maximum increase of 49.52% in critical heat flux (CHF) and a 34.00% improvement in maximum heat transfer coefficient (HTC) compared to deionized water as the basic fluid. Through bubble visualization combined with deposition surface characteristic analysis, it is found that nanofluids effectively reduce the bubble size and shorten the bubble lifetime by increasing surface nucleation sites, improving wall wettability, and delaying bubble coalescence, thereby enhancing the boiling heat transfer process. This study not only establishes a novel pathway for the high-value utilization of CGFS but also offers theoretical insights and a technical foundation for developing cost-effective, high-performance cooling fluids.

Objective: To assess the rabbit tibia and to evaluate the female New Zealand White rabbit as an animal model for bone tissue engineering.Study Design: Laboratory-based experimental study.Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Anatomy Department, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, and the National Institute of Health (NIH), Islamabad, Pakistan. The study duration was from August 2021 to January 2023.Methods: Twenty New Zealand White rabbits, divided into four groups (5 rabbits in each group), were used and weighed before surgery. After Anesthesia, critical-sized bone defects were created in the right tibiae of each rabbit. Group A was used as control while the rest were filled with the Silicon substituted hydroxyapatite (Si-HA) alone (Group B), Si-HA and Lipoaspirate derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) (Group C), Si-HA and SVF (modified) (Group D). All the rabbits were weighed again before being euthanized after 6 weeks. After dissecting the tibiae, the length and gross features of each tibia were noted.Results: After six weeks, an increase in body weight was observed in rabbits of all groups. The maximum increase in weight was 600g observed in rabbit number 3 of Group B, while the minimum was 100g in rabbit number 1 of Group D. Statistically, Group A had the highest average weight gain, but the differences between groups were not statistically significant. After dissection, all tibiae showed normal gross morphological features with the same pattern in length and differences existing within the normal anatomic range. The maximum length of the tibia was 10.5cm, the minimum length was 9.3cm, and the mean length was recorded as 9.9cm.Conclusion: Standard laboratory diet seems to increase the weight of rabbits in captivity with a reciprocalincrease in the dose of anaesthesia as per recommendation. How to cite this: Khan MM, Butt SA, Hamid S, Kiani RB, Mahmood M, Anjum K. Laboratory-Based Anatomical Assessment of the Rabbit Tibia and Evaluation of the Female New Zealand White Rabbit as A Model for Bone Substitute Testing. Life and Science. 2026; 7(1): 46-53. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.691