Maximum Extraction Research Articles

Study of an effective method for extracting uranium from black shale rock using a factor of oxidation and reverse coal flotation

The article presents the results of experiments on the extraction of uranium from black shale rock by the combined method of reverse flotation followed by leaching with sulfuric acid. The shape of the uranium in the test sample is typical for such types of black shale rock. The distribution of uranium in silicate and carbon-containing fragments makes it difficult to isolate it by the standard flotation method and reduces extraction by sulfuric acid leaching. Based on the characteristics of the composition of black shale rock, studies were conducted on the extraction of uranium by reverse coal flotation, using various grinding modes and the addition of an oxidizing reagent - trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA). The effect of the grinding regime on the transfer of uranium-containing carbon fragments and coal to the reverse flotation concentrate has been revealed. The most representative results of the processing of black shale rock with coarse and fine grinding options are presented. As a result, it was found that when crushed to a fineness class of 60% minus 0.071 mm in the presence of the oxidizer TCCA, the maximum extraction of 98.2% uranium into the tailings during reverse flotation was achieved. Subsequent leaching of the tailings of the reverse flotation made it possible to obtain the maximum concentration of uranium in the productive solution at 94.5% extraction.

Infrared and Visible Image Fusion based on Sparse Representation and Weighted Least Square Optimization

Infrared and visible image fusion brings complementary information from different images into a single image, improving its information processing capabilities. There is always a quest for maximum information extraction and subsequent transfer to fused images. In this paper, a scale-aware infrared and visible image fusion algorithm based on sparse representation (SR) and weighted least square (WLS) optimization is proposed. Firstly, a guided filter is employed to maximize information extraction from visible images. The source images are decomposed using a rolling guidance filter (RGF) based on the LoG filter and joint bilateral filter. RGF has both scale-aware and edge-preservation properties; it represents the image information at specific levels. The low-frequency coefficients are fused using sparse representation based on a Modified Prewitt-based clustered dictionary and high-frequency coefficients are fused using the max-absolute rule and WLS optimization. This optimization prevents the transfer of distortion and redundant information from the infrared image to the fused image. The subjective and objective performance evaluations show that the proposed algorithm could outperform other state-of-the-art techniques.

Analysis on Light Extraction Efficiency of Aluminum Gallium Nitride-Based Ultraviolet-C Light Emitting Diode with Patterned Surface in FDTD

This paper presents the analysis on light extraction efficiency (LEE) of each polarization mode for Aluminum Gallium Nitride (AlGaN)-based Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) light emitting diodes(LEDs) with patterned substrate surfaces. LEE is severely constrained by the substantial refractive index contrast and polarization-dependent losses, especially transverse magnetic (TM) mode polarized light that predominates at shorter wavelengths. This study employs two dimension (2D) Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) simulations to investigate the effects of flat, equal triangular patterned, and isosceles triangular patterned surfaces on the LEE of both transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes in order to solve this issue. The specific objective of this study is to evaluate the maximum light extraction efficiency for each polarization mode of AlGaN-based UV-C LED with flat surface and patterned surfaces. Simulation results show that the patterned surfaces have better performance than flat surface. This study concludes that isosceles triangular patterning is the most effective approach for maximizing light extraction efficiency compared with equal triangular patterning and flat surfaces in AlGaN-based UV-C LEDs, providing a pathway toward the development of high-efficiency deep UV emitters.

Development of the composition of aqueous extract of lespedeza bicolor and gel with extract and mangiferin

The aim of the work: research on the development and standardization of an aqueous extract of the aerial part of Lespedeza bicolor and the study of pharmacotechnological parameters of a gel with the extract and mangiferin. Materials and methods: in the studies on obtaining an aqueous extract, the aerial part of Lespedeza bicolor, harvested in the Botanical Garden of the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv (Lviv, Ukraine) in the flowering phase, was used. Identification and quantitative content of biologically active compounds in the experimental samples of the extracts were carried out by chemical reactions, thin-layer chromatography and absorption spectrophotometry. The results obtained were used to standardize the selected aqueous extract of Lespedeza (AEL). In the development of the gel, AEL, mangiferin (China, X’ian Pincredit Bio-Tech Co., Ltd. QC004) and excipients of domestic and foreign production were used. The studies used physicochemical (pH value) and pharmacotechnological research methods (thermo- and colloidal stability, dispersion analysis, dialysis method through a semipermeable membrane). Results. The conditions for obtaining AEL were experimentally substantiated. It was shown that the use of three-stage remaceration with infusion for 60 minutes at a temperature of 90-100 ºC ensures maximum extraction of polyphenolic compounds. The TLC method identified the presence of rutin, quercetin, chlorogenic and caffeic acids, tannins and substances of polysaccharide structure in the extract. Methods for quantitative determination of polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids by absorption spectrophotometry were developed. Based on the results of microscopic analysis, study of the osmotic activity of the base and the dynamics of mangiferin release, the composition of a dermatological gel was proposed, containing AEL, mangiferin, PEO-400, ethanol 96 %, corn oil, tween 80, carbopol, trometamol, purified water. Conclusions. The conditions for obtaining and standardizing the aqueous extract of Lespedeza bicolor were substantiated. The composition of the gel with mangiferin and AEL was proposed. It was shown that the introduction of 20 % PEO-400, 10 % ethanol 96 % and 1 % tween-80 into the gel base ensures its absorption capacity and increases the rate of mangiferin release

Comparison of Analytical Methods Used for Standardization of Triterpenoid Saponins in Herbal Monographs Included in the Russian and Other Pharmacopeias.

Harmonization of methodological approaches to the analysis of herbal substances containing triterpenoid saponins, considered the largest group of phytochemicals, is essential for the pharmaceutical industry worldwide. This review aimed to perform a comparative analysis of the requirements for the standardization of herbal substances, herbal medicinal products (HMPs), and other herbal materials containing triterpenoid saponins in the pharmacopeial texts of the Russian Federation and the world's leading pharmacopeias. The review covers the data on the quantitative and qualitative analysis of herbal substances containing triterpenoid saponins, as presented in the State Register of Medicinal Products of Russia and the monographs of the world's leading pharmacopeias: the European Pharmacopeia, United States Pharmacopeia, British Pharmacopeia, Japanese Pharmacopeia, and the national pharmacopeias of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) Member States. This review compares and discusses the analytical methods used for the standardization of Aesculus hippocastanum L. seeds, Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem roots, Glycyrrhiza spp. roots, Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. leaves, and Polemonium caeruleum L. rhizomes with roots. The most common analytical methods used are (HP)TLC and (U)HPLC. The Russian Pharmacopeia also includes titrimetry and spectrophotometry. The appropriate selection of a group of biologically active compounds for HMP standardization is still challenging. We believe that a rational approach to the standardization of herbal substances and HMPs should be based on the use of herbal substances with maximum extractability and specific pharmacological activity. The harmonized procedures and reference substances for the identification and assay of active metabolites in HMPs must be implemented at all stages of production control from herbal substances to finished dosage forms.

SPECT/CT Scan Images to Evaluate COVID-19 Pulmonary Complications: A Systematic Review.

The highly contagious 2019 novel coronavirus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 increased the scientific community's interest in diagnosing and monitoring COVID-19. Due to the findings about the association between COVID-19 infection and pulmonary disturbances, the need for the use of complementary tests that can be carried out, preserving the health of patients, has grown. In this context, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was performed during the COVID-19 pandemic to assess and try to diagnose lung lesions. The aim of this current review was to investigate the types of SPECT images most commonly used and the main pulmonary parenchymal lesions and different lung perfusion abnormalities observed in these images in individuals with COVID-19 in different countries in the world. Electronic searches in the MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and CINAHL databases were conducted in December 2022. Studies that used SPECT/CT scans to evaluate pulmonary involvements due to COVID-19, with no language restriction, were included. Two reviewers, who independently examined titles and abstracts, identified records through the database search and reference screening, and irrelevant studies were excluded based on the eligibility criteria. Relevant complete texts were analyzed for eligibility, and all relevant studies were included in a systematic review. Eight studies with regular methodological quality were included. The types of SPECT examinations used in the included articles were SPECT/CT, Q SPECT/CT, and V/Q SPECT. The possible pulmonary complication most observed was pulmonary embolism. This systematic review demonstrated that SPECT/CT scans, mainly with perfusion methods, allow the maximum extraction of benefits from pulmonary images, in safety, suggesting efficiency in the differential diagnosis, including of respiratory diseases of different etiology, and with diagnostics and additional analyses, can possibly aid the development of suitable therapeutic strategies for each patient. Randomized clinical trials and studies of good methodological quality are necessary to confirm the findings of this review and help better understand the types of SPECT images most commonly used and the main pulmonary parenchymal lesions observed in the images in individuals with COVID-19.

Nonlinear optimal control of variable speed wind turbines using optimal homotopy asymptotic method

This paper presents a new nonlinear optimal controller for wind energy conversion systems. This study utilizes a new strategy to solve the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equation and design a nonlinear optimal controller for wind turbines. The optimal homotopy asymptotic method (OHAM) is applied to derive the solution of the HJB equation corresponding to variable-speed wind turbines. The OHAM controller ensures proper tracking and achieves maximum wind power extraction while preventing excessive loads on the drive train. The proposed control strategy can provide fast convergence and rapid transient responses with high precision and small control input. The OHAM strategy requires a few iterations and can adjust the convergence domain and the convergence rate. The proposed OHAM controller is compared and evaluated with some existing control strategies. The obtained results indicate that OHAM achieves a suitable compromise between maximizing aerodynamic power capture and minimizing low-speed shaft oscillation.

A high-speed MPPT based horse herd optimization algorithm with dynamic linear active disturbance rejection control for PV battery charging system

This study first proposes an innovative method for optimizing the maximum power extraction from photovoltaic (PV) systems during dynamic and static environmental conditions (DSEC) by applying the horse herd optimization algorithm (HHOA). The HHOA is a bio-inspired technique that mimics the motion cycles of an entire herd of horses. Next, the linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC) was applied to monitor the HHOA’s reference voltage output. The LADRC, known for managing uncertainties and disturbances, improves the anti-interference capacity of the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique and speeds up the system’s response rate. Then, in comparison to the traditional method (perturb & observe; P&O) and metaheuristic algorithms (conventional particle swarm optimization; CPSO, grasshopper optimization; GHO, and deterministic PSO; DPSO) through DSEC, the simulations results demonstrate that the combination HHOA-LADRC can successfully track the global maximum peak (GMP) with less fluctuations and a quicker convergence time. Finally, the experimental investigation of the proposed HHOA-LADRC was accomplished with the NI PXIE-1071 Hardware-In-Loop (HIL) prototype. The output findings show that the effectiveness of the provided HHOA-LADRC may approach a value higher than 99%, showed a quicker rate of converging and less oscillations in power through the detection mechanism.

Dry Magnetic Separation and the Leaching Behaviour of Aluminium, Iron, Titanium, and Selected Rare Earth Elements (REEs) from Coal Fly Ash

Coal fly ash (CFA) is a commercially viable source of alumina comparable to traditional bauxite deposits. Due to its high silica content and alumina in the refractory mullite phase, the most suitable processing technique is the sinter-H2SO4 leach process. However, this process is energy-intensive, has low selectivity for Al, and generates a secondary solid waste residue. To develop a sustainable process that is economically attractive, Al can be extracted with REEs, Ti, and Fe as saleable products, while secondary solid waste is regenerated for further applications to achieve high-value and high-volume utilisation of CFA. This study focused on the potential extraction of selected REEs (Ce, La, Nd, Y, and Sc), Al, Ti, and Fe, using dry magnetic separation and the sinter-H2SO4 leach process. XRD analysis showed that CFA is predominantly amorphous with crystalline mullite, quartz, and magnetite/hematite. Further analysis using SEM-EDS and TIMA showed Al-Si-rich grains as the predominant phase, with discrete REE-bearing grains (phosphates and silicates) and Fe-oxide (magnetite/hematite) grains. Traces of REEs, Ti, Ca, Si, and Fe were also found in the Al-Si-rich grains. Discrete Fe-oxide was recovered using dry magnetic separation, and up to 65.9% Fe was recovered at 1.05 T as the magnetic fraction (MF). The non-magnetic fraction (non-MF) containing quartz, mullite, and amorphous phase was further processed for preliminary leaching studies. The leaching behaviour of Al, Ti, Fe, and the selected REEs was investigated using the direct H2SO4 and sinter-H2SO4 leaching processes. The maximum extraction efficiency was observed using the sinter-H2SO4 leach process at 6 M H2SO4, a 1:5 solid-to-liquid ratio, 70 °C, and a residence time of 10 h, yielding 77.9% Al, 62.1% Fe, 52.3% Ti, and 56.7% Sc extractions. The extraction efficiencies for Ce, La, Nd, and Y were relatively lower at 23.2%, 27.6%, 11.3%, and 11.2%, respectively. Overall, the results demonstrate that the extraction of REEs using the sinter-H2SO4 leach process is strongly influenced by the complex CFA phase composition and the possible formation of insoluble calcium sulphates. Appreciable extraction of Al, Fe, Ti, and Sc was also observed, suggesting a potential two-step leaching process for the extraction of REEs as a feasible option for the industrial recovery of multiple saleable products.

Optimization of Ultrasound Assisted Extraction on Total Phenolic Content of Saussurea lappa Root Using Response Surface Methodology and Evaluation of their Antioxidant Properties

Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is a scientific method are useful in optimization of experimental set ups. It requires observing and gathering information about how process and system works. In an experiment, some input x’s transform into an output that has one or more observable response variables y. Therefore, useful results and conclusions can be drawn by experiment. In the present paper, Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was applied to the ultrasound assisted reaction using three factors and three variables to optimize the extraction process. The three independent variables during the extraction of phytochemicals from the Saussurea lapparoot were temperature, concentration of solvent a time of sonication and dependent variable is yield, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The total phenol contents of the optimized extraction process were studied. The optimized extraction was evaluated for antioxidant studies using DPPH (diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. The optimized conditions for the maximum extraction 50% were when temperature was maintained at 45 °C with 60% methanol concentration and sonication time around 50 mins and the 80% of inhibition of DPPH free radical was achieved.

Comprehensive simulation study and preliminary results on various shapes of nanopatterns for light extraction improvement in scintillation crystal.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) systems with high spatial resolution and sensitivity suffer from reduced photon transmittance due to the high aspect ratio of scintillation crystals and the large refractive index (RI) difference at the crystal-photosensor boundary. This study aimed to enhance light extraction from the scintillation crystal to the photosensor by applying various nanopatterns on the crystal surface. Various nanopattern shapes, including line, circular, hexagonal, and tapered pyramid, were designed and simulated using Monte Carlo and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) methods. The optimization focused on the nanostructure's diameter, width, height, period ratio, and RI. Light extraction gain was evaluated against a reference dataset with a 100nm thick airgap between the crystal and photosensor. Nanopatterns significantly improved light transmission at the crystal-photosensor boundary, especially for scintillation photons entering at angles larger than the critical angle. Hole-type patterns showed superior performance with lower heights, larger period ratios, and RIs between 1.7 and 1.9. A maximum light extraction gain of 1.46 was achieved with a hole-type circular nanopattern with an RI of 1.7. Furthermore, our simulation results were experimentally validated through the preliminary development of a nanopattern applied to the GAGG crystal. Nanopattern on the crystal surface can effectively enhance light extraction to the photosensor. These findings were experimentally validated, confirming the potential of nanopatterns in improving PET system performance.

Effect of ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction on proso millet bran protein: extraction rate, structural and functional properties.

Proso millet bran protein (PMBP), derived from agricultural by-products, possesses high nutritional value, despite its challenging extraction process. The present study proposes an extraction method for PMBP using ultrasound-assisted cellulase technology (UAE), and optimizes the process parameters. Non-waxy (N-PMBP) and waxy (W-PMBP) PMBPs, extracted through alkaline solubilization and acid precipitation (conventional treatment, CT), served as control groups to assess the impact of UAE on the structure and functionality of PMBP, as well as the distinctions between N-PMBPs and W-PMBPs. At an ultrasonic power of 420 W, cellulase concentration of 80 U g-1, enzymolysis pH of 5.0, enzymolysis temperature of 55 °C and enzymolysis time of 3 h, the maximum PMBP extraction rate was achieved at 76.80%. Compared to CT, UAE extraction resulted in enhancements in α-helix and random content, particle size, surface hydrophobicity (H0) and ξ-potential value, leading to improved functionality of the PMBPs. Additionally, significant functional and structural disparities were observed between N-PMBPs and W-PMBPs. Although no significant difference in molecular weight was detected, each exhibited three major bands. W-PMBPs exhibited significantly higher beta-sheet content compared to N-PMBPs, whereas the reverse trend was observed for α-helix content. W-PMBPs displayed strong solubility and water/oil holding capacity compared to N-PMBPs, albeit with lower emulsifying properties and H0. UAE could enhance PMBP extraction, inducing structural and functional changes in PMBPs compared to CT. Significant differences in functionality and structure were observed between N-PMBPs and W-PMBPs, providing fundamental data and a theoretical basis for PMBP development and utilization. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

From Waste to Value: Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Anthocyanins and Flavonols from Pistacia lentiscus L. Oilcakes.

Pistacia lentiscus L., commonly known as the mastic tree or lentisk, is a woody Mediterranean plant revered for its ecological relevance as well as for its extensive ethnobotanical heritage. Historically, the fruits and the resin of P. lentiscus have been widely utilized in traditional medicine, underscoring its important role in local healing practices. Given these properties, this study explored an innovative approach to efficiently extract anthocyanins and flavonols from P. lentiscus oilcakes utilizing ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) as an alternative to conventional solvent extraction. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) were used to identify and quantify the anthocyanins and flavonols, revealing the successful extraction of eight distinct anthocyanins and twenty flavonols. A Fractional Factorial Design (FFD) followed by a Box-Behnken design (BBD) were applied to optimize the yield of anthocyanins and flavonols. The optimal extraction conditions found were to be an extraction time of 15 min with 70% ethanol as the solvent and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 0.012 L g-1, which resulted in a maximum extraction yield of 19.78 mg g-1 dry extract for the Total Flavonol Content and over 25.4 mg g-1 dry extract for the Total Flavonol and Anthocyanin Content. By elucidating the optimal conditions for extracting anthocyanins and flavonol glycosides, this study opens promising avenues for utilizing P. lentiscus oilcake by-products, supporting sustainable practices, and advancing the valorization of Mediterranean bio-resources for health-promoting applications.

Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of total carotenoids from larvae of Antheraea pernyi (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) using response surface methodology

Abstract Carotenoids play multiple important functional roles in insects, including photoprotection, antioxidant, and coloration. Antheraea pernyi Guérin-Méneville, 1855 (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) is an important traditional edible insect in China, with rich nutritional content and distinctive flavour. However, the information about the natural carotenoids in this edible insect is still extremely limited. The present study reports the quantitative of the carotenoids from the larvae of A. pernyi. Response surface methodology (RSM) analysis was used to optimize the extraction method. The results revealed that the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) condition was a liquid-solid ratio of 19.4 mL/g, extraction temperature of 59.2 °C and extraction time of 38.8 min. Under these conditions, the maximum extraction of total carotenoids yielded 145.184 μg/g of dried yellow-cyan larvae. The results indicated that A. pernyi was a potential natural carotenoids-rich edible insect.

Unveiling the potential anticancer activity of Spirulina maxima extract-nanoemulsion through in vitro and in vivo studies.

Being the second leading cause of death globally, cancer has been a long-standing and rapidly evolving focus of biomedical research and practice in the world. Recently, there has been growing interest in cyanobacteria. This focus is particularly evident in developing innovative anticancer treatments to reduce reliance on traditional chemotherapy. This study investigates the anticancer potential of the Spirulina maxima extract nanoemulsion (SMNE) technique to improve the delivery, stability, and solubility of the S. maxima extract (SME). SMNE, prepared in three concentrations (SMNEC1, SMNEC2, SMNEC3), was characterized and confirmed to successfully load SME into silica-coated nanoparticles. Cytotoxicity tests on HepG2 and MCF-7 cell lines revealed a significant reduction in cell viability after 48-hour SMNE treatment, with IC50 values of 1488µg/mL and 1721.936µg/mL, respectively. SMNE also demonstrated efficacy in inhibiting tumor growth in mice with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, normalizing alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, and reducing oxidative stress markers such as catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Histopathological examination showed that SMNEC3-treated groups had almost normal liver architecture. Additionally, SMNE downregulated oncogenic miR-221-3p and miR-222-3p, activating cancer suppression genes p27 and PTEN. The study concludes that SMNE, with its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and ability to modulate key miRNAs, enhances SME delivery and shows promise as an effective cancer treatment.

Extraction of Astaxanthin from Hyperproducing Haematococcus Pluvialis Using Different Oils

Astaxanthin is a high antioxidant which is red carotenoid pigment obtained from many microalgae species. It is an important preservative of the immune system and it is used in the treatment of cancer, skin and heart diseases. The most efficient source of astaxanthin is Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae. The aim of the present investigation was to extract the astaxatnin, a food, a feed and pharmaceutical valuable secondary carotenoid from the Haematococcus pluvialis with common vegetable oils. Without a cell harvest process step, the culture was directly mixed with the vegetable oils; the astaxanthin inside the cell was extracted into the vegetable oil phase by hydrophobic interaction. We have found that the maximum extractability of astaxanthin 98.28 % in soybean oil from mutant strain.

Preparation of polyvinylidene fluoride membranes with enhanced hydrophobicity and its applications in chromium recovery using supported liquid membranes in practical scale

This study focuses on the development of polyvinylidene fluoride (PDVF) membranes with enhanced hydrophobicity and their application for supported liquid membrane (SLM)-based solvent extraction. Flat sheet membranes were prepared via vapor-induced phase separation (VIPS), followed by non-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS). PVDF flat sheet membrane was prepared with different solvents, namely N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide, and dimethylsulfoxide, and at different VIPS times. The effect of different solvents and VIPS time on the membrane characteristics and performance was studied. PVDF membrane prepared with DMF solvent with VIPS time of 7.5 min gave optimum results in terms of membrane characteristics and performance with a water contact angle of 95.5°. The optimized PVDF flat sheet membrane was used as support in a SLM setup for the extraction and recovery of chromium from a simulated aqueous feed solution similar to tannery effluent with concentrations ranging from 5 to 75 ppm. Dodecane, modified with 1-dodecanol and decalin, was used as an organic solvent with tri-caprylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat 336) as an extractant. NaNO3 solution was used as a stripping solution. The processes of extraction and stripping were carried out simultaneously in a single-step operation to recover chromium. The extraction of chromium achieved in 3 h using an in-house-prepared hydrophobic PVDF membrane as support for the liquid membrane varies from 63.08% for feed containing 5 ppm chromium to 50.59% for feed containing 75 ppm chromium, with a maximum extraction of 70.92% for feed with 50 ppm chromium.

Innovative CO2-NBs-assisted ultrasonication for the phytochemical extraction of peanut (Arachis hypoga) shells: Synthesis and characterization of CO2-nanobubbles.

This study was designed to obtain the maximum extraction yield of peanut shell (PS) polyphenols using a novel carbon dioxide nanobubbles (CO2-NBs) assisted ultrasonic extraction method. CO2-NBs were generated in distilled water with a self-developed high-pressure nano-jet homogenization method and characterized by size, zeta potential and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The obtained nanobubble's mean size and zeta potential were 229.96±17.44nm and -15.9±1.27mV, respectively. Later, these CO2-NBs, combined with ultrasonic method, were used for the extraction of polyphenols, achieving the highest polyphenol content (3619.21±113.07 µg GAE/mL) as compared to ultrasonic extraction (2914.69±145.45µg GAE/mL) and conventional extraction (2340.11±80.02µg GAE/mL). Response surface methodology (RSM) provided optimization parameters, including ultrasonic power of 358.76W, surfactant concentration of 4.54%, and extraction time of 41.41min. HPLC analysis identified distinct peaks corresponding to polyphenolic compounds such as gallo-catechin, catechin gallate, resveratrol, and luteolin, confirming their presence and concentrations in the peanut shell extract (PSE). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed significant structural disruption and increased porosity in peanut shell powder, supporting the enhanced extraction of polyphenols through CO2-NBs-assisted ultrasonic extraction process. This research establishes theoretical and practical foundation for generation of CO2-NBs and CO2-NBs ultrasonic extraction technology to efficiently extract polyphenols from waste PS, thereby enhancing the extraction efficiency of valuable compounds for use in functional food products and promoting sustainable practices in food industry.

Comparative Analysis of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Subcritical Water Extraction for Sabah Coffea Canephora

This work provides a thorough comparative analysis of the green extraction process, viz. supercritical carbon dioxide and subcritical water extraction methods for Sabah Coffea canephora. Rigorous experiments were conducted using supercritical carbon dioxide (temperature ranging from 40 °C to 80 °C and pressure from 10 to 30 MPa) and subcritical water (temperature ranging from 120 to 180 °C with extraction times from 5 to 15 min). The optimum conditions for supercritical carbon dioxide extraction were obtained at 79 °C and 30 MPa at the maximum extract yield (8.549%), total phenolic content (4.563 mg/g gallic acid equivalent), total flavonoid content (0.763 mg/g quercetin equivalent) and antioxidant activity (63.34%). Meanwhile, subcritical water extraction is the best extraction method for Coffea canephora, which was obtained optimum conditions at 180 °C and 15 min of extraction time with a maximum extract yield of 44.477%, total phenolic content of 6.481 mg/g gallic acid equivalent, total flavonoid content of 13.816 mg/g quercetin equivalent and 77.586% of antioxidant activity. In conclusion, this understanding contributes to developing optimized conditions for green extraction methods, expanding the potential applications of Sabah Coffea canephora in industries, including pharmaceuticals and functional foods.

Elimination of organic compounds by a material (Magadiite-NA)

This underscores the need for developing effective techniques to treat polluted water and improve its quality.In this study, we investigated the adsorption behavior of Magadiite-Na, a material, as an adsorbent for removing organic pollutants Betadine and Salicylic Acid were selected as model compounds to evaluate the material's efficiency. The adsorption process was analyzed using isotherm models and kinetic models to understand the mechanism and identify the optimal conditions for maximum efficiency. The results demonstrated high adsorption capacities, with a maximum extraction rate of approximately 99.7% for Betadine and 93.3% for Salicylic Acid under optimal conditions. These findings highlight the effectiveness of Magadiite-Na as an environmentally friendly and cost-efficient solution for treating water polluted with organic compounds, contributing to sustainable water treatment practices and environmental protection.