Maximum Disease Incidence Research Articles

The Effect of Variety and Fungicide Application on Yellow Rust (<i>Pucciniastriiformis</i>f.sp<i>tritici</i>) Disease of Bread Wheat (<i>Triticumaestivum</i>L.) in East <i>Gojjam</i>, Ethiopia

The study was conducted to evaluate effects of bread wheat variety and fungicide application on yellow rust epidemics under natural field conditions at Debre Markos University research site, East Gojjam Zone in the main cropping season of 2021/2022 year. Three different fungicides (Tilt (25EC), Natura (250 EW), and Takeoff (293 SC) including fungicide unsprayed combined with five improved wheat varieties (Honkolo, Wane, Liben, Lemu and Kakaba) were used in the experiment and the experiment was laid out in RCBD design with factorial arrangement and replicated three time. Disease data’s (severity, AUDPC, incidence and grain yield were recorded. The maximum disease incidence (100 %), initial and final disease severity (39.75 at 57 DAP and 66.66% at 78 DAP) and AUDPC (1770.71 %-day) recorded from fungicide unsprayed plot on Honkolo variety. But the lowest disease incidence (1.50 %), initial and final severity (1.89 % at 57 DAP and 2.36 % at 78 DAP) and AUDPC (78.93 % - day) were recorded from the combination of Liben variety with Natura (250% EW) fungicide treatment. Moreover, the maximum grain yield (6.00 t/ha) was obtained from combination of Kakaba variety and Natura (250 EW) fungicide treatment plot. While the minimum yield (3.00 t/ha) was recorded from fungicide unsprayed Honkolo variety. Natura (250 EW) fungicide sprayed varieties were effective to against yellow rust and gave the highest values of yield over unsprayed plots and other fungicides application. However, Combination of Kakaba variety and Natura (250 EW) fungicide application was more feasible than other treatments.

Epidemiological Study of Downy Mildew Disease of Opium Poppy

The downy mildew caused by Peronosporaspp is a major disastrous disease of many plant species. The symptoms of downy mildew disease incidence on opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) were collected in three years from 2019-20 to 2021-22 for prediction of weather parameters on the progression of downy mildew disease. The downy mildew disease initiation was recorded in the 52nd SMW (10.0%DMI) when the maximum temperature was 19.430C. At 3rd SMW, the maximum temperature dropped 17.330C and DMI reached up to 20.00 percent depicting the progression and spread of downy mildew disease in opium poppy with the decrease of maximum temperature. The maximum disease incidence was recorded 92.53 percent in 10th SMW when maximum and minimum temperature were 29.030C and 13.530C. Regression analysis between dependent variable downy mildew disease incidence Vs. independent variables (viz., rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature and relative humidity) showed that all the weather parameters contributed more than 85 percent variation (R2 = 0.869, 0.957, 0.859) in the downy mildew incidence of opium poppy. One unit change of maximum temperature, minimum temperature (1.00c), maximum and minimum relative humidity (1.0%) might cause to change 0.128, 0.70, 0.117 0.130 units in downy mildew incidence, respectively.

Investigation of stem gall disease prevalence in coriander in Humid South-Eastern plain Zone-V of Rajasthan

Production of coriander is affected by many biotic and abiotic factors. Among them, diseases have been identified as significant limiting factors caused by fungi, bacteria, and viruses. Stem gall caused by the fungus Protomyces macrosporus Unger is the most prevalent and damaging disease of coriander. The field survey of stem gall disease of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) caused by Protomyces macrosporus Unger in Humid South Eastern Plain Zone-V of Rajasthan was conducted at five locations in each district viz., Kota, Baran and Jhalawar district for recording incidence and intensity of disease during Rabi 2021-22. The maximum stem gall disease incidence was recorded in Ramganj Mandi (70%) of Kota district, followed by incidence in Kalya Khedi (60%) of Kota and incidence in Shahbad (60%) of Baran district. In contrast, minimum stem gall disease of coriander incidence was observed in Kanwas (25%) of the Kota district, followed by Gopalpura village (35%) of the Baran district. The maximum per cent disease intensity (PDI) of stem gall disease was observed in Ramganj Mandi (47.5%) of Kota district, followed by stem gall disease PDI in Shahbad (37.5%) and Anta (32.5%) of Baran district. The minimum PDI was recorded in Kanwas (10.0%) of Kota district, followed by Nadi Khod village (12.5%) and Jarga village (15.0%) of Jhalawar district and Gopalpura (15.0%) of Baran.

In-vitro Efficacy of Different Chemical Fungicides and Plant Extracts Against Alternaria alternata Causing Alternaria Leaf Spot Disease in Brinjal

Five different chemical fungicides and three plant extracts were evaluated against Alternaria alternate causing Alternaria leaf spot disease in brinjal. The experiment was carried out in the laboratory of plant pathology at Chaudhary Charan Singh University Meerut, during kharif season 2021-22. During survey the maximum disease incidence was recorded (37.8%) Rajpura in Meerut and minimum (10.9%) incidence was recorded in Lakhaoti, survey and metrological data presented in the (Tables 2 & 3). The incidence of the disease varied from 10.9 to 37.8 percent due to difference in environmental condition. The concentration of all fungicides and Plant-extracts was kept at 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm. Mycelial growth was measured to continue zero to ten days. Mainly four chemical fungicides (Thaiophinate Methyl 70%WP, Propineb 70% WP, Carbendazim 50%WP and Chlorothalonil 75% WP) and Neem extract significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of the pathogen (Alternaria alternata). Among all those, four fungicides and Neem extract giving the better results. Maximum 100% mycelial growth inhibition was recorded in Thaiophinate Methyl 70%WP, 94.45% mycelial growth inhibition was recorded in Propineb 70% WP, 86.09% mycelial growth inhibition was recorded in Carbendazim 50%WP and 84.80 growth inhibition was recorded in Chlorothalonil 75% WP and in plant extract 18.53% inhibition was observed in Neem and 14.33% inhibition was observed in garlic. However, Azoxystrobin 23% SC and Onion also had some effect, which is mentioned in the result of the paper.

Evaluation of Postharvest Behaviour of Bitter Gourd as Influenced by Gamma Irradiation and Modified Atmosphere Packaging

An experiment was conducted at the Postharvest Laboratory of Horticulture Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture during November to December 2022to examine the effects of different doses of gamma irradiation and Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on shelf life and quality of bitter gourd at ambient condition. The experiment comprised ten postharvest treatment viz., T0 =Control (untreated, unwrapped and non-irradiated); T1 =Gourds wrapped in Polypropylene (PP) bag; T2 =Gourds treated with 3% CaCl2; T3 = Irradiated at1000 Gy, T4= Irradiated at2000 Gy, T5 =3% CaCl2+ PP bag, T6 = 1000 Gy+ PP bag, T7 = 2000 Gy+ PP bag, T8 =3% CaCl2, + 1000 Gy+ PP bag and T9 = 3% CaCl2 + 2000 Gy+ PP bag. The single-factor experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications. Parameters investigated were fruit colour, shrinkage, moisture content, dry matter content, weight loss, disease incidence (DI), disease severity (DS) and shelf life. The minimum weight loss (3.49%), shrinkage (0.00%), DI (11.11%),DS (6.67%) and longest shelf life (10 days) were found in bitter gourds treated with T8 treatment, whereas the maximum weight loss (52.31%), shrinkage (3.89%), DI (77.78%), DS (76.67%) and shortest shelf life (4 days) were T0 treatment at 8 days after storage. The findings would have great impact in reducing enormous postharvest loss of bitter gourd and maintain their quality during postharvest handling and marketing under ambient condition. Bangladesh J. Nuclear Agric, 37(2): 57-68, 2023

Effects of bio consortium for the management of collar rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) disease of chickpea in vivo condition

A experiment was conducted in 2019-20 Rabi cropping season to obtain information on the incidence of chickpea diseases. The investigation was entitled effects of bio consortium for the management of collar rot (sclerotiumrolfsii) disease of chickpea in vivo condition was conducted, Department of Plant pathology JNKVV. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) concept comprising nine treatment combinations with three replications in net house condition.Effect of bio consortium against collar rot (Sclerotiumrolfsii) disease incidence on variety JG-12: Among the treatments minimum germination per cent 76.67 per cent was observed in T8. Maximum pre-emergence mortality 23.33 per cent was recorded in T8, Maximum disease incidence of 24.48 and 22.77 per cent was observed in T8 and minimum mortality 17.37% was recorded in T6. Effect of bio consortium on collar rot (Sclerotiumrolfsii) disease and phenotypic parameters on variety JG-12: Among the treatments minimum germination per cent 78.60 per cent was observed in T8, Maximum shoot height 24.33, 22.07, 20.07, 19.27, 16.37, 15.67, 14.23 and 13.30 cm were recorded in T6, Maximum root height 10.37 was recorded in T6, Maximum vigour index per cent of 3,274.21 was recorded in T6. Effect of bio consortium on collar rot (Sclerotiumrolfsii) disease incidence on variety JG-14: Among the treatments minimum germination per cent 77.78 per cent was observed in T8, Maximum pre-emergence mortality 22.22 per cent was recorded in T8, Maximum disease incidence of 24.27 per cent was observed in T8, minimum mortality 16.24 per cent was recorded in T6 (T. viride + T. harzianum + P. fluorescens).Effect of bio consortium on collar rot (Sclerotiumrolfsii) disease and phenotypic parameters on variety JG-14. Among the treatments minimum germination percent 80.68 per cent was observed in T8, Maximum shoot height 26.37 was recorded in T6, Maximum root length 11.53,was recorded in T6, Maximum vigour index percent of 3,658.07 was recorded in T6.

Silicon Supplements Potentially Reduce the Sheath Blight Incidence and Severity of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Sheath Blight is a disease causing up to 50% yield losses of rice depending on severity. Silicon (Si) is a beneficial nutrient for rice having the ability to protect against diseases. So, a pot experiment was carried out at the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture Headquarters Farm, Mymensingh from July 2021 to November 2021 with artificial inoculation of Rhizoctonia solani to study the effect of different Si supplements and their doses on rice ShB incidence and severity. The test crop used in the study was Chinigura aromatic rice variety. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Among the nine treatments, except control, Si was applied from K2SiO3, CaSiO3, and MgSiO3 with three concentrations viz., 2, 4, and 6 mM Si respectively through the foliar spray. The application of different Si supplements showed a significant positive effect on the growth, yield contributing characters, and yield of rice. The highest yield was found at the application of Si as CaSiO3 6 mM. Disease incidence and severity matrix were significantly reduced due to the application of different Si supplements. The minimum disease incidence and severity matrix were found at T6 (CaSiO3 6 mM) treatment. The maximum disease incidence and severity matrix reduction was 35.27% and 54.3%, respectively at T6 (CaSiO3 6 mM) treatment over control (without Si application) which was statistically identical to T3 (K2SiO3 6 mM), T7 (MgSiO3 2 mM), and T8 (MgSiO3 4 mM). The overall disease incidence and severity matrix reduction over control was 24.68% and 35.59%, respectively due to different Si supplement applications. Again, the highest nutrient concentration was found in different Si supplement treatments over control. So, Si supplement applications such as K2SiO3, CaSiO3, and MgSiO3 may be an advisable option for the management of sheath blight disease of rice for successful crop production.

Prevalence of Okra Yellow Vein Mosaic Viral Disease and its Correlation with Vector Population in Sindh, Pakistan

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) being an important vegetable crop is widely grown in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) is not only a major insect pest of okra in Pakistan but also the vector insect of Begomoviruses including okra yellow vein mosaic virus which causes okra yellow vein mosaic viral disease (OYVMVD). Regional monitoring of insect vectors and disease prevalence is being emphasized for proper management, therefore this study was focused on determining the intensity of OYVMVD in the fields and the correlation between the disease and vector population. For this purpose, the virus infection was confirmed with DNA sequencing. The disease and vector population was visually assessed approximately 65-70 days after sowing of okra under field conditions at commercial farmer fields in district viz., Hyderabad, Tando Allahyar, Matiari, and Sanghar of Sindh, Pakistan during the growing season of 2016. Ten okra plants with three replications (N = 30) at ten different locations of each district were assessed. Results of nucleotide alignment of DNA amplified from diseased plants confirmed that yellowing and vein clearing were due to the virus infection. The visual assessment showed that the disease was prevailing throughout all region monitored in this study and the disease was significantly correlated with the vectors population. However, maximum disease incidence and severity were recorded in Tando Allahyar. Therefore, it is recommended to validate various management practices at such high disease risk points for better management

Assessment of mycotic diseases attack on indigenous old mango plants grown in Vatala park, Tehsil Bernala District Bhimber, Azad Kashmir

The current research work was explored fungal attacks on different parts of mango (Mangifera indica L.) trees naturally grown in Tehsil Bernala, District Bhimber Azad Kashmir. Different symptoms were observed, like stem end rot, anthracnose dieback, and blossom blight, during field survey. The identification of mycotic diseases was confirmed by further direct microscopic examination of affected parts of mango trees. Then fungal diseases of mango trees were isolated by microculture and purification methods on different media. Some other parameters, like disease incidence and disease severity rates, were measured against each identified disease through a pathogenicity test under in vitro conditions. It was indicated that maximum disease incidence (DI) was 33.73% measured against dieback disease. The lowest incidence (30.98%) was measured against blossom blight disease. It was also found that disease severity (DS) was rated from 0 to 4 on a visual rating scale.

Variability of phytoplasma associated with weeds grown in and around sugarcane crop in Uttar Pradesh, India

AbstractDuring survey from 2013 to 2018, Cynodon dactylon at Shahjahnapur, Azamagarh, Oplismenus burmannii at Shahjahnapur, Arundo donax at Deoria and Ocimum cannum at Gorakhpur were observed with phytoplasma suspected symptoms. The maximum disease incidence (34%) was recorded at Deoria District in case of A. donax plant with witches' broom symptom. The nested PCR using universal primer pairs (R16F2n/R16R2) confirmed the phytoplasma association with all the suspected samples. Further BLASTn and phylogenetic analysis of the sequences revealed the association of 16SrXIV-A subgroups phytoplasma with C. dactylon, O. burmannii and phytoplasma belonging to 16SrI-B subgroups with A. donax and O. cannum plants in the present study.

Role of Soil Moisture and Temperature on Development of Fusarium Wilt in Cucumber

The research experiment was conducted during the June to August of 2018 under green-house condition at the Experimental farm, Department of Plant Pathology, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India. Mass culture of the pathogenic fungus, Fusarium oxysporum prepared on the corn sand meal medium were inoculated into the sterilized soil (7 cm diameter) in controlled conditions. Sterilized distilled water was sprinkled onto the inoculated soil followed by covering them pots with polythene sheet for about one week for build-up of inoculum. Different moisture and temperature regimes were tested for disease development. Results obtained from the experiments revealed that maximum disease incidence was observed at a soil moisture level of 45% however, no disease was observed at 15% soil moisture regime. Disease development was observed at all the temperature regimes tested except at 15oC where no disease progression was observed even after 21 days of inoculation. Maximum disease incidence (%) was recorded at 25oC temperature. Thus, the present studies indicated that extreme temperature and moisture levels were not found to be favourable for the development of the Fusarium wilt disease in cucumber as disease was observed at optimum environmental conditions of the Fusarium wilt disease in cucumber as disease was observed at optimum environmental conditions.

Studies on Different Host Range of Root Rot (Rhizoctonia solani Kühn) under Pot House

The pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani has a wide host range infecting crops. In order to find out the host range of R. solani causing root rot of fenugreek, 13 plant species were selected which are commonly found in fenugreek growing ecosystem. Root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani has become an important constraint to the growers in Rajasthan. Rhizoctonia solani cause root rot in chick pea, chilli, coriander, fenugreek, cumin, wheat, barley, okra, field pea, tomato, fennel and cabbage but spinach was not infected. Out of these plants maximum disease incidence was observed in paan methi (Trigonella foenum-graecum) i.e., 57.82 per cent whereas, minimum 28.31 per cent disease incidence was observed in barley (Hordeum vulgare).

Gamma irradiation with modified atmosphere packaging extend shelf life of mangoes cv. Himsagar

Irradiation technology has been in use to prolong shelf life and reduces postharvest losses of agricultural produce in many parts of the world as a safe and commercial option for its high efficacy and safety. The research was carried out at the Postharvest Laboratory of Horticulture Division, BINA during the period from June to July 2021 following completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications of 8 fruits per replication. The preharvest bagged and unbagged mangoes (cv. Himsagor) were collected from Bagha Upazila of Rajshai District. Different doses of gamma irradiation (0, 200, 400, and 600 Gy) were applied, and the irradiated mangoes were wrapped in polypropylene (PP) bags of 35μ thickness along with a control treatment to evaluate shelf life and quality at ambient condition. Parameters investigated were colour, texture, TSS, weight loss, disease incidence, disease severity, and vitamin C content during the period of storage. In terms of combined effect of preharvest bagging and gamma irradiation at the 12th day after storage, the minimum weight loss (3.92%), disease incidence (11.00%) and disease severity (8.61%) were found from pre-harvest bagged mangoes when irradiated @ 400 Gy and wrapped in PP bags. In contrast, the maximum weight loss (18.18%), disease incidence (80.00%) and disease severity (74.67%) were found from the preharvest non-bagged and non-irradiated mangoes that were not wrapped. The findings would greatly contribute in reducing postharvest loss of mangoes and maintain their quality during marketing at ambient condition.
 Bangladesh J. Nuclear Agric, 37(1): 11-22, 2023

Survey and Isolation of Rice False Smut Pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens (Cooke) Takahashi

Roving survey has been conducted during first quarter of 2023 at selected paddy fields of Cauvery Delta zone (Tanjore, Perambalur) and Western zone (Coimbatore, Erode) of Tamil Nadu to assess the Percent Disease Incidence for rice false smut disease in which the maximum disease incidence was recorded in Erode district (40%). The infected spikelet were observed with the characteristic symptoms where the individual rice grains turned into large, fluffy and velvety green balls, later these balls turns hard during maturity. The pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens was isolated from the infected smut balls in potato sucrose agar medium in which the fungus appears as small white colonies after seven days of isolation.

Survey and Isolation of Rice Bacterial Leaf Blight Caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

A survey was conducted at different rice growing regions of Tamil Nadu such as Erode, Tanjore and Coimbatore. Among the areas surveyed the maximum disease incidence was recorded at Tanjore in the rice variety ADT 54 with the percent disease incidence of 50.23%. Initially one bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae was isolated in nutrient agar medium from the leaves having characteristic symptom. Totally 10 isolates of Xoo were collected from three different regions of Tamil Nadu. On isolating the pathogen the colonies are found to be well separated with slimy yellow color and mucoid growth.

Isolation and Characterization of Rice Blast and Brown Spot Disease in Different Regions of Tamil Nadu, India

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important staple food crop cultivated in almost every district of Tamil Nadu. Among the rice fungal diseases, rice blast caused by Pyricularia oryzae and brown spot caused by Bipolaris oryzae are considered to be most potent threats causing major yield losses in Tamil Nadu. The present study aims in identification and characterization of rice blast and brown spot pathogen from different rice growing regions of Tamil Nadu. Three isolates of blast pathogen and five isolates of brown spot pathogen were collected and characterized based on colony morphology and conidial characters. P. oryzae and B. oryzae was identified based on cultural and morphological characters. Molecular characterization of blast and brown spot isolates were done with universal ITS primers. Pathogenicity test was carried out for all the isolates of blast and brown spot and the isolate showing maximum disease incidence was found as virulent one. The present work of morphological and molecular characterization of blast and brown spot pathogen will therefore be helpful to identify and manage the disease effectively in Tamil Nadu.

Survey, Incidence and Pathogenicity of Root Rot Disease of Cotton in Different Districts of Haryana Incited by Rhizoctonia spp

Aim: Survey, incidence and pathogenicity of root rot disease of cotton in different districts of Haryana incited by Rhizoctonia spp.
 Design: Survey.
 Place and Duration of Study: Ten major cotton growing districts in Haryana during Kharif 2021 and Kharif 2022.
 Methodology: A roving survey to record cotton root rot incidence was conducted in ten major cotton growing districts of Haryana during the month of June and July for consecutive two Kharif seasons 2021 and 2022. On an average 4 growing region of cotton in each district were visited and percent disease incidence was recorded.
 Results: Among all the surveyed districts of Haryana the maximum mean disease incidence was recorded in Fatehabad (18.75%) followed by Hisar (15.25 %), Sirsa (15%), While the minimum disease incidence was recorded in Nuh and Charkhi dadri 9.25 per cent in both during kharif 2021. Among all the surveyed districts of Haryana the maximum mean disease incidence was recorded in Fatehabad (18.25%) followed by Sirsa (15.25%), Hisar (15.42%), While the minimum disease incidence was recorded Charkhi dadri (9.08%).
 Conclusion: The results of the current study showed that important cotton-growing regions in Haryana have root rot disease incidence. It is clear from the overall study that root rot disease is common in significant mulberry-growing regions in Haryana. As a result, resistant cotton types are urgently needed to address the grower's issue, together with the best management techniques, such as effective biocontrol agents that can significantly reduce the illness. Consequently, research should be conducted to ascertain the incidence of the disease in different places.

Managing Citrus Canker: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Antibiotics and Chemicals for Disease Control

Citrus (family Rutaceae) stands as a prominent fruit crop on a global scale, bearing substantial significance. Renowned for its abundance of fiber, amino acids, antioxidants, vitamin C, and carbohydrates. However, the successful production of citrus is persistently challenged by the menacing presence of citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), posing 5-30% yield losses in Pakistan. Current study was aimed to manage Xcc through antibiotics and copper-based chemicals under lab. and field conditions. In vitro evaluations of antibiotics showed that Enrofloxacin expressed the maximum inhibition zone (35.68mm), followed by Enco-Mix (33.50mm), Pevivet-5 (33.48mm), Kanamycin sulphate (30.41mm), Sinobiotic (30.02mm), Streptomycin sulphate (29.33mm) and Gentam-20% (28.26mm) as compared to control. Field experiments of copper-based chemicals concluded that Copper nitrate exhibited the minimum disease incidence (16.07%), followed by Copper hydrooxide (21.78%), Amistar top (22.28%), Copper oxychloride (24.37%), and Copper acetate (24.63%), but Control expressed maximum disease incidence (65.00%). The mixture of Cu (NO2)3 + Enrofloxacin under field conditions was most effective regarding management of citrus canker. Current revelation appreciated the efficacy of Cu (NO2)3 + Enrofloxacin to manage citrus canker and strongly suggested this treatment against various bacterial pathogens.

Incidence, Characterization and Pathogenic Variability of Fusarium oxysporum in the Punjab Province of Pakistan

The present studies were conducted to determine the incidence of wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum in the major chili-growing districts of Punjab, characterization of Fusarium isolates, and assessment of their pathogenic variability. The overall incidence of Fusarium wilt in the five major surveyed districts of the Punjab province was 9.2% in the year 2015-16 and 9.3% in the year 2016-17. The maximum disease incidence of 10.04% was recorded in district Multan in the year 2015-16 while it was the minimum (7.06%) in district Sahiwal. A similar trend was observed in the disease incidences during the year 2016-17. The disease incidences varied among different localities of the five districts. In total, 92 isolates were recovered from the chili crop in Punjab. All the recovered purified isolates were morphologically characterized using different parameters like colony color, growth habit, pigmentation, days to fill 9-cm-dish, concentric rings, size and shape of macroconidia and microconidia, phialide, septation in macroconidia, diameter, and formation of chlamydospores and interseptal distance. All the isolates were confirmed as Fusarium oxysporum. Based on the pathogenicity test, plants showing more than 75% wilting were rated as highly pathogenic, plants showing 50.1-75% wilting were pathogenic, plants showing 25.1-50% wilting were categorized as moderately pathogenic, and plants showing 0.1-25% wilting were graded as weakly pathogenic. The highly pathogenic and pathogenic isolates were subjected to molecular studies and all the isolates made a band of 550-600 on the gel. All the isolates showed 99-100% similarity with already reported Fusarium species. The phylogenetic tree showed a close relationship between all the isolates

Surveillance of Bacterial Canker of Peach in Azad Jammu and Kashmir, and its Bio-Management

Bacterial canker of peach caused by Pseudomonas syringae is an increasing problem in Azad Jammu Kashmir with more than 50 pathovars on the basis of host. A detailed survey was conducted in peach growing areas of Azad Jammu and Kashmir for the determination of disease prevalence and incidence. Pathogen was isolated and characterized from the collected samples using LOPAT and GaTTA scheme. Furthermore the results of biochemical identification was confirmed using PCR followed by sequencing of obtained expected bands. For the bio-management of virulent pathogenic strains indigenous rhizobacterial isolates were obtained, characterized and evaluated using dual culture as well as in a greenhouse pot experiment against P. syringae pathovars. During a positive sampling method used for the surveillance it was found that maximum disease prevalence was 75% in district Bagh while there was 25% disease prevalence found in Haveli and Sudhanoti. Similarly maximum disease incidence was found in district Bagh that was 16%. A total of 32 isolates were recovered from the collected samples that were further screened on the basis of their virulence. It was found that the total of 18 isolates screened were similar to the already reported strains of P. syringae pv. syringae (Pss) on the basis of biochemical and molecular tools. From total 17 rhizobacterial isolates recovered were subjected to dual culture technique and was found that 06 isolates showed promising zone of inhibition upto 11.5 mm. The results of greenhouse evaluation revealed that the minimum disease incidence was recorded 3% using R-9 and R-17 in consortium against Pss as compared to the control treatment (39%). It was concluded that the ecofriendly management practices against this destructive disease must be adopted and appreciated