Maximum Age Research Articles

Paleopteran molecular clock: Time drift and recent acceleration

AbstractApplying BEAST v1.10.4, we constructed a Bayesian Inference tree comprising 322 taxa, primarily representing Paleoptera (Odonata and Ephemeroptera; Pterygota), Zygentoma and Archaeognatha (Apterygota; paraphyly), and Neoptera (Plecoptera; Pterygota), based on a 2685 bp sequence dataset. Our analyses revealed that robust dating required the incorporation of both Quaternary and pre‐Quaternary dates. To achieve this, our dating incorporated a 1.55 Ma (Quaternary) geological event (the formation of the Ryukyu Islands) and a set of chronologically well‐founded fossil dates, spanning from up to 400 Ma (Devonian) for the stem Archaeognatha, 320 Ma (Carboniferous) for the crown of Paleoptera, 300 Ma (Carboniferous) for the crown Ephemeroptera, and 280 Ma (Permian) for the crown Odonata, down to 1.76 Ma (Quaternary) for Calopteryx japonica, encompassing a total of 22 calibration points (events: 6, fossils: 16; Quaternary: 7, pre‐Quaternary: 15). The resulting dated tree aligns with previous research, albeit with some dates being overestimated. This overestimation was mainly due to the lack of Quaternary calibration and the exclusive dependence on pre‐Quaternary calibration, though the application of maximum age constraints also played a role. Our minimum age dating demonstrates that the molecular clock did not uniformly progress, rendering rate dating an inapplicable approach. We observed that the base substitution rate is time‐dependent, with an exponential increase evident from around 20 Ma (Miocene) to the present time, exceeding an order of magnitude. The extensive radiation and speciation of Insecta and Paleoptera, potentially resulting from the severe climatic changes associated with the Quaternary, including the commencement of glacial and interglacial cycles, may have significantly contributed to this increase in base substitution rates. Additionally, we identified a potential peak in base substitution rates during the Carboniferous period, around 320 million years ago, possibly corresponding to the Late Paleozoic Ice Age.

Struggling with fish age, a comparison of otolith preparation techniques to unravel age and growth of boarfish, Capros aper (Linnaeus, 1758)

Fish age and growth data are crucial for understanding vital species’ traits and their populations. Boarfish is a pelagic species widely distributed in the Northeast Atlantic that is one of the most discarded non-commercial species on the Portuguese coast. Due to its potential valorisation as a new fishery in the Northeast Atlantic, boarfish has become object of interest in several published studies. However, since no age standard protocol has been implemented for boarfish, studies have used a variety of different otolith preparation techniques to estimate age, leading to contradicting and discrepant results. This research aims to consolidate biological insights into boarfish age and growth, lay the foundation for a standardized ageing protocol and serve as a benchmark study for the Portuguese west coast before commercial exploitation. Through the comparison of two otolith ageing methodologies, this study recommends using whole otoliths as the best method, revealing a maximum age of 15 years. The growth pattern estimated, indicated a biphasic growth pattern, with a faster initial growth rate that slows down at 2.4 years, the moment of change, when energy is allocated for sexual maturation. This finding was corroborated by a maturity ogive and analysis of fish size and otolith length relationship.

High-intensity resistance training and collagen supplementation improve patellar tendon adaptations in professional female soccer athletes.

We investigated whether 10 weeks of pre-season soccer training (including high-intensity resistance exercise) with hydrolysed collagen (COL) supplementation would confer greater changes in patellar tendon (PT) mechanical and material properties compared with placebo (PLA) in professional female soccer athletes. Eleven athletes from the first team squad of a Football Association Women's Championship soccer club volunteered to participate in this study (age, 25.7±4.2 years; height, 1.68±0.04m; mass, 64.0±4.6kg). Participants were pair-matched for baseline knee extensor maximum isometric voluntary contraction torque, age, height and mass and were randomly assigned to the COL group (n=6) or PLA group (n=5). Participants were given 30g COL or energy-matched (36.5g maltodextrin and 8.4g fructose) PLA, plus 500mg vitamin C before each training session, which consisted of high-intensity lower-limb resistance exercise, plyometric or pitch-based exercise 3 days/week for 10weeks during the pre-season period. We assessed knee extensor maximum isometric voluntary contraction torque and PT properties using isokinetic dynamometry and ultrasonography before and after the intervention. The PT stiffness [COL, +15.4%±3.1% (d=0.81) vs. PLA, +4.6%±3.0% (d=0.32), P=0.002] and Young's modulus [COL, +14.2%±4.0% (d=0.65) vs. PLA, +3.4%±2.8% (d=0.15), P=0.004] increased more in COL than in PLA. There was a main effect of training on PT cross-sectional area (P=0.027), but no interaction effect (P=0.934). To conclude, 10 weeks of pre-season soccer training (incorporating high-intensity resistance exercise) with 30g COL increased PT stiffness and Young's modulus more than training alone in professional female soccer athletes. This has positive implications for improving athletic performance and mitigating injury risk.

Detrital zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopes of late Meso-Neoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks in the South Altyn Tagh: Implications for tectonic affinity of microcontinents in NW China

The Neoproterozoic tectonic correlation between the Central-South Altyn, Qilian, Qaidam, and East Kunlun blocks in northwestern China remains controversial, with competing models favoring separate blocks or a unified single block, and debatable paleo-positions in the Rodinia supercontinent. In this study, we present a systematic provenance study on the late Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks from the South Altyn Tagh. A mica quartz schist sample from the Bashikuergan group yielded a maximum depositional age of 1050 ± 31 Ma. Four paragneiss samples from the Altyn Complex yielded maximum depositional ages of 1106 Ma, 1065 Ma, 1054 Ma, and 870 Ma. Given that the Altyn Complex was intruded by numerous early Neoproterozoic granitoids (ca. 976–900 Ma), we propose that the sedimentary protoliths of the Altyn Complex and the Bashikuergan Group were deposited at two stages, i.e., ca. 1105–975 Ma and after 870 Ma. Provenance tracing indicates that these 1105–975 Ma sediments probably received detritus from the late Mesoproterozoic rocks of Western Australia, East Antarctica, and Central Indian Tectonic Zone in India. In contrast, the detritus of the paragneiss (deposited after 870 Ma) was likely sourced from local regions in the Altyn Tagh orogen. Combined with the comparable magmatic, sedimentary, and tectonic records, we propose that a few microcontinental fragments in northwestern China, including Central-South Altyn Tagh, Qilian, Qaidam, and East Kunlun blocks, constituted a unified block in the early Neoproterozoic and occupied a periphery position of the Rodinia supercontinent with a close paleogeographic affinity to South China and Northwest India.

Optimization of liquid cooling plate considering coupling effects of heat generation and aging characteristics in power batteries

The heat generation and aging characteristics of power batteries exhibit a strong coupling relationship, and thus designing liquid cooling plates (LCPs) requires considering both aspects to achieve optimal thermal management. In this study, an electric-thermal-aging model (ETAM) correlating internal resistance, capacity, and temperature was developed. Based on this model, the effects of a serpentine LCP on the heat generation and aging characteristics of battery pack under different operating conditions were investigated using a combined simulation of zero-dimensional numerical model and three-dimensional CFD methods. Furthermore, the LCP channel widths in the length and width directions and the number of channels were optimized using orthogonal tests, artificial neural networks, and genetic algorithms, aiming to minimize battery capacity degradation. Results showed that increasing the mass flow rate of the coolant reduced the maximum temperature, temperature difference, capacity loss, and aging inconsistency of the battery pack. Conversely, reducing the coolant inlet temperature could decrease the maximum temperature and capacity loss but increased the temperature difference and aging inconsistency of the battery pack. The orthogonal test results indicated that the number of channels had the greatest impact on the heat generation and aging characteristics of the battery pack, followed by the channel width in the length direction, and the channel width in the width direction had the least impact. After optimization, the maximum temperature of the battery pack decreased by 0.57 %, the maximum temperature difference increased by 1.41 %, and the average capacity degradation decreased by 0.20 %. Moreover, with the increasing mass flow rate, the pressure drop reduction improved from 27.90 % to 33.90 %. This study may provide guidance for the design of LCPs that take battery aging into account.

Systematics and paleobiology of new bison occurrences from the Late Pleistocene of central Mexico

This study presents new findings of bison remains associated with alluvial plains in central Mexico dating back to the Late Pleistocene. These discoveries encompass eight sites in Hidalgo (Conejos, Ventoquipa, Barranca del Berrendo, Barranca Jagüey Viejo, Las Cajas, El Barrio, Monte Alegre, and San Gabriel Azteca) and two sites in Puebla (Barranca Policarpio and Barranca Xocoa). Biometrical analysis was conducted on the herein studied material, consisting of a horn core fragment, a skull fragment, two mandible fragments, five isolated teeth, and several postcranial remains. A comparative study with selected specimens indicates the presence of Bison antiquus and B. cf. latifrons. The record represents the first reported occurrences of these species for the states of Hidalgo and Puebla respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) isotopes in tooth enamel apatite from the material of Hidalgo and Puebla was used to characterize the bison's diet and habitat, providing evidence of the flexible dietary regime observed in Pleistocene bison populations and that were common inhabitants of mixed environments. Body mass estimation of some individuals (average weight ≈ 450 kg) is in the lower limit of B. antiquus populations from the Late Pleistocene of North America. New knowledge about the geographical presence of Bison antiquus and B. cf. latifrons in central Mexico is provided. Comparison with another bison record of these species from North America suggests a biochronological delay between them, representing a younger time interval for Bison antiquus (maximum age at 50 ka), allowing us to biostratigraphically constrain some Mexican localities containing bison remains.

Accretion of microcontinents and arcs in the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt: insights from provenance analyses of early Paleozoic sedimentary records in Beishan

The Central Asian Orogenic Belt involves amalgamation of numerous magmatic arcs, accretionary complexes and continental fragments during long-lived subduction and accretion. However, the nature of key microcontinental terranes, as well as their continuity, remains unclear. This study conducted outcrop observation, heavy mineral assemblage, whole-rock geochemistry, detrital zircon U–Pb dating and Lu–Hf isotope analysis on sandstones in the Beishan orogenic belt. The findings from field observations, petrographic analysis and weathering indices show that the tectonic setting of the sandstone is a forearc sedimentary basin. The maximum depositional ages (MDAs) of sandstones are 503.8 ± 6.9 Ma and 431.9 ± 6.0 Ma. The provenance of the sandstone is complex, which probably originates from the Shuangyingshan and Hanshan blocks. By comparing the detrital zircon U–Pb ages with adjacent terranes such as Central Tianshan, Dunhuang and Tarim, it was observed that the Shuangyingshan block shares similar provenance with the Dunhuang terrane, while the Mazongshan–Hanshan shows affinity to the Central Tianshan terrane. This study highlights the complex nature of sediment provenance in the Beishan orogenic belt, influenced by tectonic processes involving thrusting, accretionary complexes and the presence of multiple terranes.

Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Nurses’ Towards Physical Restraints for Critical Ill Patients in Orotta National Referral Hospital

<i>Background</i>: Physical restraint can be defined as any act that avoids a person's liberated body change to a position of preference and, or regular evaluation to their body by the application of any technique, attached or adjacent to a person’s body that they cannot manage or remove easily. Inappropriate use of physical restraints may cause patients grave damage. Different studies informed that patients faced to physical restraints pass on due to pneumonia, constipation, and incontinence, as well as circulatory and respiratory problems. Critical care nurses should make correct decisions regarding use of physical restraints if they are to guarantee patient safety by the accountable nurse. <i>Aim</i>: the intention of this study was to assess nurses’ knowledge, attitude and practice; towards physical restraints use. <i>Method</i>: study design was a descriptive cross Sectional that used to assess knowledge, attitude and practice of nurses towards physical restraints in Orotta national referral hospital with self-administered questionnaire. Lastly data was analyzed using SPSS version 26. <i>Results</i>: the study was conducted among 100 nurses. 60% of the respondents were females and the median age of the study participants was 28 (IQR=6) years, with a minimum age of 21 and maximum age of 50yrs. Most of the study participants 31% had age of 25 or less years. Majority of them were diploma level and did not take any physical restraint related training 55% and 84% respectively. Except in recovery (12%) and adult ICU (27%) areas, the number of nurses in medical, surgical and adult was similar (each 20%). More than ninety percent (94%) of the study participants were not aware of the presence of guidelines regarding physical restraint in their work area. <i>Conclusion</i>: In this current study we concluded that, there was no correlation between knowledge and attitude and also between attitude and practice. But there was correlation between knowledge and practice. Those who have good knowledge can practice well. <i>Nursing implication</i>: By evaluating the current nurses’ knowledge, attitude and practice, this study will contribute recommendation on the frequent training of nurses on physical restraints and possible avoidance of it or safe practice.

Glacially influenced provenance and Sturtian affinity revealed by detrital zircon U–Pb ages from sandstones in the Port Askaig Formation, Dalradian Supergroup

The Cryogenian ‘Sturtian’ snowball Earth glaciation ( c. 717–658 Ma) likely had a major role in shaping continental landscapes and biotic radiations of the late Neoproterozoic Era. However, an incomplete sedimentary record and inadequate syn-glacial age constraints make Cryogenian studies challenging. We present detrital zircon U–Pb ages for >2000 zircons from 11 sandstone samples taken at <200 m stratigraphic resolution throughout the Port Askaig Formation, a c. 1.1 km thick glaciogenic succession within the Dalradian Supergroup of Scotland and Ireland. Eight new maximum depositional age constraints, including a key constraint on deglaciation (<662.7 ± 7.8 Ma), support lithostratigraphic and stable isotope evidence that suggests the Port Askaig Formation preserves a relatively complete record of the global ‘Sturtian’ glaciation. An increasing contribution from Archean and Paleoproterozoic detritus to the sandstones through the lower c. 500 m of the Port Askaig Formation likely reflects the progressive glacial unroofing of the previously buried Lewisian Gneiss terrane. Archean and Paleoproterozoic grains then become scarce in the uppermost c. 300 m of the formation, which we attribute to glacial modification of the Laurentian continental margin landscape during the waning stage of ‘Sturtian’ glaciation. The disruption to sediment transport pathways caused by this modification, and evidenced by the detrital zircon data, points to partially warm-based ‘Sturtian’ ice sheets that were, to some degree, dynamic.

Source and age of the Ngaye banded iron formations, Adamawa Yadé Domain, Central Cameroon: Constraints from whole-rock geochemistry and U-Pb zircon geochronology

The Ngaye inlier of the Adamawa Yadé Domain is located in the Central African Fold Belt, adjacent to the Nyong Complex at the northern margin of the Congo craton, in central Cameroon. This area consists of metamorphosed granite-greenstone associations comprising amphibole- and pyroxene-rich banded iron formations (BIFs), amphibolites, and migmatitic gneisses. This study reports detailed petrographic, whole-rock geochemical, and LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon data for the Ngaye BIFs and associated amphibolites to better constrain their source, tectonic setting, and age. Amphibole-rich BIFs exhibit high REE-Y content and uncommon LREE-enriched patterns. In contrast, pyroxene-rich BIFs display combined low REE-Y content, seawater-like patterns, and positive Eu anomalies, suggesting a mixture of seawater and hydrothermal fluids during their deposition. The geochemical data of associated amphibolites suggest a back-arc setting for the Ngaye metavolcanosedimentary sequence, similar to that of the Nyong Complex. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon dating of amphibole-rich BIFs indicate a maximum depositional age of ca. 2186 Ma and subsequent metamorphism at ca. 2038 Ma, overlapping with that of metavolcanosedimentary sequences from the Nyong Complex. Neoproterozoic age of ca. 598 Ma obtained for these BIFs is interpreted as the Pan-African metamorphic/hydrothermal imprint. This finding suggests that the post-depositional fluid overprint was probably related to the regional Pan-African tectono-thermal event.

Cumulative incidence of chronic health conditions recorded in hospital inpatient admissions from birth to age 16 in England.

Monitoring the incidence of chronic health conditions (CHCs) in childhood in England, using administrative data to derive numerators and denominators, is challenged by unmeasured migration. We used open and closed birth cohort designs to estimate the cumulative incidence of CHCs to age 16 years. In closed cohorts, we identified all births in Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) from 2002/3 to 2011/12, followed to 2018/19 (maximum age 8 to 16 years), censoring on death, first non-England residence record or 16th birthday. Children must have linked to later HES records and/or the National Pupil Database, which provides information on all state school enrolments, to address unmeasured emigration. The cumulative incidence of CHCs was estimated to age 16 using diagnostic codes in HES inpatient records. We also explored temporal variation. Sensitivity analyses varied eligibility criteria. In open cohorts, we used HES data on all children from 2002/3 to 2018/19 and national statistics population denominators. In open and closed approaches, the cumulative incidence of ever having a CHC recorded before age 16 among children born in 2003/4 was 25% (21% to 32% in closed cohort sensitivity analyses). There was little temporal variation. At least 28% of children with any CHC had more than one body system affected by age 16. Multimorbidity rates rose with later cohorts. Approximately one-quarter of children are affected by CHCs, but estimates vary depending on how the denominator is defined. More accurate estimation of the incidence of CHCs requires a dynamic population estimate.

Aircraft Age Limitation versus Three Indonesian Fatal Air Accidents in HFCAS Perspective

An aircraft deemed to be airworthy, not limited by aircraft age but by well maintenance and by the operation of the aircraft. The investigation by KNKT between 2014 -2021 found no statement related of aircraft aging like material fatique or other phrases. The latent errors started with repetitive failures which were not solved as early as possible. Three fatal accidents involved aircrafts with age of 27, 6 and 1 year old, all below the Minister Regulation No. 160 (2015) which stated maximum age was 30 years. The cancelation of Minister Regulation No. 027 (2020) is the correct decision from Indonesian Government as per other countries policy in term of aircraft airworthy not affected by aircraft aging. The cancelation empowers the technology innovation for old aircraft to be remanufactured which is common practise in other countries, latest technology innovation, safe operation, sustainability by reserving raw material of natural resources from scarcity. Incosistency regulations about aircraft age limit which operated since beginning in Indonesian airspace, showed that the regulations were made not based on academic or research approach.

U-Pb zircon and Sm-Nd geochronology of the dom Silvério group, SE Brazil: Implications for the evolution of the superposed Araçuaí and Minas-Bahia orogens

The Araçuaí orogen, the South American portion of the Brasiliano/Pan-African Araçuaí-West Congo orogenic system (AWCO), formed during the Ediacaran-Cambrian assembly of West-Gondwana. The basement of a substantial portion of the Araçuaí orogen comprises Archean and Paleoproterozoic rocks involved in the 2.1–2.0 Ga Minas-Bahia orogen. The Dom Silvério Group, which consists of mica schists containing layers and lenses of mafic, ultramafic, and Mn-rich rocks, as well as quartzites, graphite schists, marbles, and banded iron formations, defines a ca. 10 km-wide and 150 km-long belt in the southwestern portion of the Araçuaí orogen. This succession, currently interpreted as deep marine deposits or an ocean-floor assemblage of uncertain age - Paleoproterozoic or Neoproterozoic-, potentially records processes involved in critical evolutionary stages of the superposed Minas-Bahia and Araçuaí orogens. Aiming to characterize the age and tectonic significance of the Dom Silvério Group, we performed a geochronological and geochemical investigation on samples collected from selected lithotypes. U-Pb (LA-ICP-MS) determinations on detrital zircons revealed two distinct age spectra. Zircons extracted from the lower Dom Silvério schists define a spectrum characterized predominantly by Neoproterozoic age clusters with a maximum depositional age of 601 ± 10 Ma. Quartzites from the lower and upper sections of the group do not contain zircons younger than 1.9 Ga and show unimodal age distributions around 2067 Ma. The maximum depositional age estimated for these rocks is 2020 ± 6 Ma. The spectrum of the lower section schist indicates the turbidites of the Ediacaran Salinas Formation as their most probable correlative. In contrast, the quartzites and schists of lower and upper sections correlate with the Orosirian Itacolomi Group, the post-collisional assembly of the Minas-Bahia orogen. Sm-Nd isotope analyses and whole-rock geochemistry allow the discrimination of two generations of mafic rocks. The older generation, showing TDM model ages = 1.92 to 3.6 Ga and ƐNd(t) = -12.93 to +4.63, represents components of the basement. The younger generation, with TDM model ages = 1.0 Ga to 1.25 Ga and ƐNd(t) = +0.05 to +2.29, is similar to the ophiolitic rocks that occur imbricated with Ediacaran metasedimentary successions in the central portion of the Araçuaí orogen defining the Ribeirão da Folha accretionary belt. They show Th/Yb and Nb/Yb ratios of the EMORB-OIB mantle array and Nb/Y and Zr/Y ratios compatible with OIB and oceanic plateau basalts. The Dom Silvério Group is thus a complex that involves members of the Araçuaí and Minas-Bahia orogens. Their Ediacaran components materialize the southern extension of the Ribeirão da Folha accretionary wedge and, as such, provide further evidence for oceanic consumption during the development of the southern Araçuaí orogen.

Cognitive function in adolescence and the risk of early-onset stroke

BackgroundStroke is increasingly prevalent at younger ages but the risk factors are uncertain. We examined the association between adolescent cognitive function and early-onset stroke.MethodsThis was a nationwide population-based cohort study...

Diagenetic and hydrothermal controls in a modern submarine rear-arc setting: Insights from Izu-Bonin volcanic arc (IODP Site U1437)

International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 350 drilled Site U1437 in a submarine volcano-bounded basin situated in the modern Izu-Bonin rear-arc, NW Pacific Ocean. Subaqueous volcaniclastic sediments and rocks with a maximum deposition age of 15.4 ± 0.8 Ma were recovered from 0 to 1,806.5 m below seafloor (mbsf). In order to document post-depositional processes in such geological setting, we describe variations in bulk and clay mineralogy over the entire volcaniclastic succession. Four alteration stages (1, 2, 3 and 4) were identified through the occurrence and development of diagenetic background mineral assemblages (smectite ± Na-Ca zeolites ± illite) that were further superimposed by hydrothermal alteration. Stages 1 and 2 are characterized by diagenetic reactions linked with low fluid/rock interactions that enabled glass devitrification and subsequent lithification under burial conditions. Stages 3 and 4 are characterized by moderate to pervasive alteration processes that are well developed in coarser-grained rocks, and that may be induced by thermal pulses associated with fluid inputs. Below 1,460 mbsf, infilling and replacement textures overprinted the background alteration and can be directly linked with the development of two hydrothermal mineral assemblages: (i) ordered C/S (chlorite-smectite mixed-layers) ± chlorite ± albite, and (ii) calcite ± chalcedony ± anhydrite ± laumontite. Both assemblages evidence relatively low-temperature (up to 225 °C) hydrothermal activity that affected subaqueous volcaniclastic rocks at Site U1437. These assemblages are comparable with propylitc alteration facies present in ore-bearing hydrothermal systems. The preferential development of alteration mineral assemblages in high-permeability, coarse-grained lithofacies, reflects the significant influence of the physical properties of volcaniclastic rocks with depth on chemical kinetics, in comparison with those imposed by the local geothermal gradient.

Psychopathology of cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS): a network analysis based on CBCL scales in 72,106 Chinese school students.

Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) is a cluster of behavioral problems that severely affect an individual's functioning. Currently, there is no consensus on the main clinical features of CDS, and further exploration in large samples is needed. Using a cluster-stratified random sampling method, 72,106 children and adolescents were recruited from five provinces in mainland China for this study. Using both the traditional two-factor scoring method and the CBCL DSM-oriented scales, we assessed individual behavioral problems from psychopathological and DSM-oriented perspectives. Network analysis was employed to explore the relationship between CDS and behavioral problems. The various networks were compared by gender and age subgroups. Among 72,106 participants (mean age, 11.49years; minimum age, 5years; maximum age, 16years), there were 36,449 males (50.5%) and 35,657 females (49.5%). From a psychopathological perspective, the motor symptoms node was associated with the sad node and the withdrawn node, while the cognitive symptoms node was linked to the nervous node and the self-conscious node. In terms of gender, males had stronger associations of the motor symptoms node with the sad node and the withdrawn node than females (P = 0.043), and weaker associations of the cognitive symptoms node with the nervous node than females (P = 0.027). In terms of growth stage, the adolescent group had stronger associations of the cognitive symptoms node with the nervous node and the self-conscious node than the child group (P = 0.016, 0.001). From DSM perspective, motor symptoms node were associated with sad node, and cognitive symptoms node were related to can't concentrate node, nervous node, and worthless node. With increasing age, there was an upward trend in the strength of the cognitive and motor symptoms node. CDS is closely linked to psychological and behavioral issues, especially internalizing problems, with differences observed by gender and growth stage. The connection between CDS and the affective, anxiety, and ADH symptoms is particularly pronounced.

Calibrating the Jehol Biota in the Baiwan Basin of the North Qinling Orogenic Belt, central China

The Jehol Biota sensu lato has a very wide distribution in East Asia, providing palaeontological clues for recovering the Early Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems. This Biota was considered to reach the Qinling Orogenic Belt but its reaching time remains unclear. In this study, we initially constrained the age of the Jehol Biota recovered from the Baiwan Formation of the Baiwan Basin, Zhenping County, southwestern Henan Province, which geographically lies in the North Qinling Orogenic Belt. LA-ICP-MS U–Pb analyses were conducted for the fossil-bearing layers, providing a maximum depositional age of ca. 123.6 Ma (early Aptian). This age is consistent with the biostratigraphic analyses, and can approximately constrain the fossil-bearing layers. This study confirmed that the Jehol Biota has already reached the Qinling Orogenic Belt during its secondary evolutionary stage, revealing the unique palaeogeographic position of this belt for the dispersal of the Jehol Biota in East Asia.

Dynamics and correlations of maximum water age zones and nutrients in the Changjiang Estuary, China

The hydrological process dominates the spatial and temporal concentrations of nutrients and other biogeochemical compounds in the large estuary where river and ocean meet. Water age is a measure of water renewal timescale and a characteristic parameter of hydrodynamics and contaminant transport. A large-scale river-sea linked and multi-process coupled 2D EFDC model was constructed from Datong hydrometric station of Changjiang River to the East China Sea. The effects of changes in river discharge on hydrodynamics and nutrients in the Changjiang Estuary were simulated and analyzed. Pollutant loads to the Changjiang Estuary are mainly from upstream inflows and local inputs. The proportion of total phosphorus (TP) loads from upstream is greater than the total nitrogen (TN) loads, accounting for about 90% and 78%, respectively. As the river discharge decreases, TN concentrations decrease in most regions, except for near large sewage discharges where TN concentrations increase while TP concentrations show a decreasing trend. When the river flow drops from over 60000 m3/s to a relatively low value of 10000 m3/s, the average TN concentration in the southern channel of the Shanghai section of the Changjiang Estuary increases by nearly 13%, while TP concentration decreases by nearly 5%. The model results show that the water age inside the river mouth is inversely proportional to the flow rate. In contrast, the water age outside the mouth is negatively with the river discharge. The water age maximum zones (WAMZ) are found in the estuary, ranging from within the estuary to 90 km from the mouth, and are likely to coincide with the positions of the turbidity maximum zones (TMZ), which move seawards or landwards with the increase or decrease of river discharge in the Changjiang Estuary. In addition to location, the value of water age maxima varies negatively with river discharge, which is also relevant to turbidity intensity likely. Water age and WAMZ can be the indicators to predict the changes in the water environment and nutrient sinks in the Changjiang Estuary.

A Study Evaluating the Functional Outcomes of Mason Type III and IV Radial Head Fractures Treated With a Radial Head Prosthesis.

Objective This research aimed to assess the functional result of type III and IV radial head fractures that were treated using a radial head prosthesis. Methods A retrospective investigation was conducted on 70 patients with type III and IV radial head and neck fractures, as classified by Mason. The patients were hospitalized and received treatment at the Orthopaedics Department, where they had radial head prosthesis surgery for three years. Results Among the total of 70 cases, 42 (60%) cases were below the age of 40, while 28 (47%) cases were over 40 years. The average age was 36.4 years. The maximum age recorded was 54 years, while the lowest age recorded was 30 years. The female population outnumbered the male population. The majority of instances (42, 60%) were attributed to falls, while the remaining cases were caused by road traffic accidents (RTAs). Out of the total 70 instances, 52 cases (74.28%) exhibited right-side dominance, whereas 18 cases (25.72%) exhibited left-side dominance. Within our case study group, 56 (80%) cases fell under modified Mason's classification type Ill, totaling 56 instances. The remaining 20% of the cases, amounting to 11 cases, were classified as modified Mason's classification type IV. Among the 70 patients, 55 cases (78.58%) did not have any ligamentous damage, whereas seven (10%) cases had lateral ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL) injury and eight (11%) cases had medial collateral ligament (MCL)injury. The P value for flexion, extension, pronation, and supination was shown to be very significant. Out of the total, 47 (67%) instances had an MEPI score (Mayo Elbow Performance Index) of more than 90, indicating exceptional performance. In addition, 16 cases (22.85%) had an MEPI score ranging from 75 to 89, which is considered a good result. Lastly, seven cases (10%) had an MEPI score ranging from 60 to 74, indicating a fair result. Conclusion The use of a radial head prosthesis is considered a viable option for managing severe and irreparable fractures of the radial head. Effective outcomes hinge on meticulous preoperative planning, skilled intraoperative techniques, and intensive postoperative rehabilitation. These elements collectively contribute to achieving consistent and favorable results in patients undergoing this surgical intervention.

A new maximum age observed within the family Labridae, ballan wrasse Labrus bergylta.

Ballan wrasse Labrus bergylta is the largest species of wrasse inhabiting European waters and one of the longest-living species within the family Labridae. A large specimen was caught off the coast of Skjerjehamn, western Norway (total length = 410 mm; weight = 1274 g). The age of the specimen was determined to be 34 years old based on the analysis of its opercula bones. This specimen establishes a new maximum age for ballan wrasse, 5 years older than the previously observed maximum age.