Maximum Power Transfer Efficiency Research Articles

Review of Compensation Topologies Power Converters Coil Structure and Architectures for Dynamic Wireless Charging System for Electric Vehicle

The increasing demand for wireless power transfer (WPT) systems for electric vehicles (EVs) has necessitated advancements in charging solutions, with a particular focus on speed and efficiency. However, power transfer efficiency is the major concern in static and dynamic wireless charging (DWC) design. Design consideration and improvements in all functional units are necessary for an increase in overall efficiency of the system. Recently, different research works have been presented regarding DWC at the power converter, coil structure and compensators. This paper provides a comprehensive review of power converters incorporating high-order compensation topologies, demonstrating their benefits in enhancing the DWC of EVs. The review also delves into the coupling coil structure and magnetic material architecture, pivotal in enhancing power transfer efficiency and capability. Moreover, the high-order compensation topologies used to effectively mitigate low-frequency ripple, improve voltage regulation, and facilitate a more compact and portable design are discussed. Furthermore, optimal coupling and different techniques to achieve maximum power transfer efficiency are discussed to boost magnetic interactions, thereby reducing power loss. Finally, this paper highlights the essential role of these components in developing efficient and reliable DWC systems for EVs, emphasizing their contribution to achieving high-power transfer efficiency and stability.

A Comprehensive Review on Control Technique and Socio-Economic Analysis for Sustainable Dynamic Wireless Charging Applications

Dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) has garnered significant attention as a promising technology for electric vehicle (EV) charging, eliminating the need for physical connections between EVs and charging stations. However, the improvement in power transfer efficiency is a major challenge among the research community. Different techniques are investigated in the literature to maximize power transfer efficiency. The investigations include the power electronic circuit, magnetic coupler design, compensating capacitance and control technique. Also, the investigations are carried out based on the type of wireless charging system, which is either a static or dynamic scenario. There are a good number of review articles available on the power electronic circuit and compensator design aspects of WPT. However, studies on the controller design and tracking maximum efficiency are some of the important areas that need to be reviewed. This paper provides a comprehensive review of bibliometric analysis on the DWPT technology, design procedure, and control technique to increase the power transfer and socio-economic acceptance analysis. The manuscript also provides information on the challenges and future direction of research in the field of DWPT technology.

Wirelessly Powered and Bi-Directional Data Communication System With Adaptive Conversion Chain for Multisite Biomedical Implants Over Single Inductive Link.

A wirelessly powered and data communication system is presented which is implemented as a full system, designed for multisite implanted biomedical applications. The system is capable of receiving wireless power and data communication for each implant separately, using inductive links with different resonance frequencies. To achieve this, dual-band coils are presented in the system. In addition, the system supports bi-directional half-duplex data communication, utilizing amplitude and load shift keying (ASK and LSK) modulation schemes over a single inductive link. The system employs a digitally assisted active rectifier and an automatic resonance tuning system, to improve the power transfer efficiency (PTE) through various coupling coefficients, while minimizing the reverse current and power dissipation. The power control unit enables closed-loop monitoring to prevent high or low power delivery, and it can detect inefficient or excessive wireless power transmission or prevent temperature elevation by limiting the voltage to a safe level. A new structure of self-sampling separated- Vb ASK demodulator is proposed in the paper which is utilized within the data conversion chain, serving both the external and implanted units. The whole system is fabricated using a standard 180-nm 1.8/3.3 V CMOS process with a core area of 0.82 mm[Formula: see text]. The system is tested with coupled multisite inductive links and offers the maximum overall PTE of 31.2%, from the Tx coil to the implant load.

Hybrid Topology with Reconfigurable Rectifier for Enable CC and CV Output Characteristics in Wireless Power Transfer Systems

To achieve simple and reliable conversion from constant current (CC) charging mode to constant voltage (CV) charging mode in wireless power transfer systems, this paper proposes a hybrid topology equipped with a reconfigurable rectifier. An AC switch is adapted to simultaneously realize the change from half-bridge rectification to full-bridge rectification and achieve the shift from a topology with capacitors in the series compensated primary and secondary sides to a topology with capacitors in the series compensated primary side and the inductor-capacitor-inductor (LCL) compensated secondary side. Notably, communication between the transmitter and receiver sides is not necessary in the proposed method. Furthermore, the zero phase angle characteristic is successfully maintained in both charging modes. The experimental results obtained using the 48 V/0.7 A experimental prototype, which was built to validate the relevant theoretical analysis, show that output current/voltage can be achieved in CC/CV charging mode independent of load resistance. Notably, the maximum power transfer efficiency of the system during the charging process reached 95.33%.

Design of a Circular Micro-strip Patch Antenna for Improved Directivity and Gain of Mobile Communication Base Station

This study presents the design of Circular Micro-strip Patch Antenna (CMPA) for improved directivity and gain of mobile communication base station. The design incorporates a Rogger/5880 substrate material with a permittivity of 2.2, tangent angle of 0.00009 and a substrate height (thickness) of 0.98μm at a frequency of 1.65THz. Diversity Antenna Array Processing (DAAP) and Chebyshev Antenna Array (CAA) methods were used in the design. AutoCAD software and 2D data plotter were used for the diagrams and charts while Maple software was used for simulation. For angles of 0o, 30o, 60o, 90o, 120o, 150o and 180o, the array factors are 7.84dB, 7.85dB, 7.87dB, 7.88dB, 7.87dB, 7.85dB and 7.84db respectively. The results from the design demonstrated a remarkably low side lobe level of 0.01dB, indicating excellent suppression of unwanted radiation in undesired directions. Additionally, the antenna exhibits a Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) of unity, ensuring maximum power transfer efficiency from the source to the load. Furthermore, the antenna shows a high directivity and gain of approximately 9dB, which enhances the signal strength and coverage range. The Half Power Beam-width (HPBW) and First Null Beam-width (FNBW) was measured as 300 and 600 respectively. These parameters depict the angular width of the main radiation beam and the sharpness of the beam pattern’s nulls. In all, the designed CMPA with its CAA based antenna array holds great potential for communication networks and for mobile communication base station, offering enhanced performance in terms of radiation characteristics and signal quality.

Enhanced-efficiency Capacitive Coupling Intra-body Power Transfer Systems with 1.8 V Output for Neural Interfaces.

Traditional wireless power transfer methods for powering neural interfaces have many restrictions such as short transmission distance and strict device alignment. The recently proposed capacitive coupling intra-body power transfer (CC-IBPT) which utilizes human body as the medium supports flexible placements of the transmitter electrode. In this paper, we established two prototype systems based on CC-IBPT with different power sources of a grounded signal generator and a battery-powered board to explore the maximum output power levels with 1.8 V load voltage. To improve the power transmission efficiency, LC impedance matching (IM) and backward compensation (BC) are conducted at the transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) respectively. Measured results show that 2.5 and 7.4 times load power is enhanced in the two prototype systems. Moreover, the maximum power transfer efficiency (PTE) of 11.16% can be obtained with the TX-RX distance of 16 cm. Therefore, our work verifies CC-IBPT's capability of achieving a high PTE in long-distance wireless power supply for neural interfaces and promotes its widespread application.

Design and Optimization of Planar Spiral Coils for Powering Implantable Neural Recording Microsystem.

This paper presents a design and optimization method utilizing inductive coupling coils for wireless power transfer in implantable neural recording microsystems, aiming at maximizing power transfer efficiency, which is essential for reducing externally transmitted power and ensuring biological tissue safety. The modeling of inductive coupling is simplified by combining semi-empirical formulations with theoretical models. By introducing the optimal resonant load transformation, the coil optimization is decoupled from an actual load impedance. The complete design optimization process of the coil parameters is given, which takes the maximum theoretical power transfer efficiency as the objective function. When the actual load changes, only the load transformation network needs to be updated instead of rerunning the entire optimization process. Planar spiral coils are designed to power neural recording implants given the challenges of limited implantable space, stringent low-profile restrictions, high-power transmission requirements and biocompatibility. The modeling calculation, electromagnetic simulation and measurement results are compared. The operating frequency of the designed inductive coupling is 13.56 MHz, the outer diameter of the implanted coil is 10 mm and the working distance between the external coil and the implanted coil is 10 mm. The measured power transfer efficiency is 70%, which is close to the maximum theoretical transfer efficiency of 71.9%, confirming the effectiveness of this method.

Semi-Implantable Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) System Integrated With On-Chip Power Management Unit (PMU) for Neuromodulation Application

Miniaturization of the neuromodulation system is important for non-invasive or sub-invasive optogenetic application. This work presents an optimized wireless power transfer (WPT) system integrated with an on-chip rectification circuitry and an off-chip stimulation circuitry for optogenetic stimulation of freely moving rodents. The proposed WPT system is built using parallel transmitter (TX) coils on printed circuit board (PCB) and wire-wound based receiver (RX) coil followed by a seven-stage voltage doubler and a low dropout regulator (LDO) circuit designed in 180 nm standard Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) process. A pulse stimulation is used to stimulate the neurons which is generated using a commercially available off-the-shelf (COTS) components based oscillator circuit. The intensity of the stimulation is controlled by using a COTS based LED driver circuit which controls the current through the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu$</tex-math></inline-formula> LED. The total dimension of the RX coil is 8 mm × 3.4 mm. The maximum power transfer efficiency (PTE) of the proposed WPT system is <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sim$</tex-math></inline-formula> 35% and the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the rectifier is 52%. The proposed system with reconfigurable stimulation frequency is suitable for exciting different brain areas for long-term health monitoring.

Resonant Mechanism for a Long-Distance Wireless Power Transfer Using Class E PA and GaN HEMT

This paper presents a study on long-distance wireless power transfer (WPT), which formulates the voltage gain in terms of the coupling coefficient between the power transmitting unit (PTU) and the power receiving unit (PRU) coils. It is proposed that maximum power transfer efficiency (PTE) can be reached when maximum voltage gain is achieved under a matching condition between the coil quality factor and the coupling coefficient. In order to achieve maximum power delivered to load (PDL), we need to elevate the input voltage as high as the high breakdown-voltage of gallium nitride (GaN) high-electron mobility transistors (HEMT) along with class E amplifier circuit topology. In order to promote voltage gain, knowledge of the coupling coefficient between two coils including the factors of the coil diameter, wire diameter, coil turns, and the coil resistance are derived. It was observed that a lower coil resistance leads to a reduced parallel quality, which facilitates long-distance wireless power transfer. Experimental results support the findings that the maximum PTE occurred at the maximum voltage gain existing at a specific distance matches the coupling coefficient between coils. A maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method is also developed to achieve maximum PDL. At a distance of 35 cm, experiments with more than 100 W successfully receive a PTE of 57% at the PRU when the received voltage reached 1.4 kV. This is used to verify the concepts and analysis that are proposed in this paper.

Wirelessly Powered 3-D Printed Headstage Based Neural Stimulation System for Optogenetic Neuromodulation Application

This work presents a miniaturized wireless power transfer (WPT) system integrated with a neuromodulation headstage for duty-cycled optical stimulation of freely moving rodents. The proposed WPT system is built using the commercially available off-the-shelf components (COTS) for the optogenetic neuromodulation system consisting of a bridge rectifier, a DC-DC converter, an oscillator circuit, an LED driver, and a μLED. The total power consumption of the stimulation system is 14 mW which is provided using the WPT method. The WPT system includes a novel transmitter (TX) coil implemented on a printed circuit board (PCB), and a solenoid receiver (RX) coil wrapped around a customized 3-D printed headstage. The proposed TX coil is designed in such a way that the magnetic field all across the TX coil is sufficient to provide the required power to the optical stimulation system that is worn as a headstage by the freely moving rat. The headstage device's dimension is 18.75 mm × 21.95 mm, weighing 4.75 g. The ratio of the weight of the headstage and rat is 4.75:300. The proposed system is able to achieve a maximum overall efficiency of ∼63% at 5 cm separation between the TX and RX coils, where the maximum power transfer efficiency (PTE) of the WPT system is ∼88% and the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the rectifier is 71.6%. The proposed system with reconfigurable stimulation frequency is suitable for exciting different brain areas for long-term health monitoring.

Transmitter Coils Selection Method for Wireless Power Transfer System With Multiple Transmitter Coils and Single Receiver Coil

This article proposes transmitter coils selection method for maximum power transfer efficiency in the wireless power transfer (WPT) system with multiple transmitter coils and a single receiver coil (MTSR). The proposed method is divided into two main steps. First, transmitter coil selection criteria that can achieve maximum efficiency are derived by analyzing the relative magnitude of the coupling coefficient between each coil. Next, a method for calculating the relative coupling coefficients used for the criteria only with the input current value is presented. This method differs from previous studies in that it can be applied when some transmission coils are deactivated. Therefore, it is possible to select the optimal transmitter coil combination in consideration of the characteristics of the receiver coil using the proposed method without information on the receiver coil. By the proposed transmitter coils selection criteria, the power transfer efficiency has an average of 96.5 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\pm$</tex-math></inline-formula> 0.5% when the output power is 300 W, even with the position change of the receiver coil. In addition, it is confirmed that the proposed coupling coefficient extraction method has a slight error of 2.5% compared to the measured value by a vector network analyzer.

Fabrication and Assembly Techniques for Sub-mm Battery-Free Epicortical Implants.

Over the past three decades, we have seen significant advances in the field of wireless implantable medical devices (IMDs) that can interact with the nervous system. To further improve the stability, safety, and distribution of these interfaces, a new class of implantable devices is being developed: single-channel, sub-mm scale, and wireless microelectronic devices. In this research, we describe a new and simple technique for fabricating and assembling a sub-mm, wirelessly powered stimulating implant. The implant consists of an ASIC measuring 900 × 450 × 80 µm3, two PEDOT-coated microelectrodes, an SMD inductor, and a SU-8 coating. The microelectrodes and SMD are directly mounted onto the ASIC. The ultra-small device is powered using electromagnetic (EM) waves in the near-field using a two-coil inductive link and demonstrates a maximum achievable power transfer efficiency (PTE) of 0.17% in the air with a coil separation of 0.5 cm. In vivo experiments conducted on an anesthetized rat verified the efficiency of stimulation.

Improving Wireless Power Transfer Efficiency Considering Rectifier Input Impedance and Load Quality Factor

This paper presents a method to maximize power transfer efficiency (PTE) in wireless power transfer (WPT) systems with low-quality factors merely based on tuning the receiver-side components. The paper also suggests an algorithm to find the optimum components values considering the effect of input impedance of receiver-side rectifier at high-frequency (MHz) applications such as portable electronic devices. Existing methods often consider the input impedance of the full-bridge rectifier as a pure resistance at low frequencies. However, at high frequencies, the complex impedance of the rectifier should be taken into account since it impacts on the components optimum values to maximize PTE. Despite conventional maximizing PTE methods for series-series and series-parallel topologies, this paper shows that a series-parallel WPT system with low load quality factor requires adjusting the resonant capacitor in addition to resistive load. The validity of the proposed method is verified based on numerical simulations and experiment tests using a 100 mW cm-scale prototype of a resonant inductive link at 6.78 MHz with varying distance between coils. The test results show a PTE improvement up to 40% in a series-parallel WPT compared with the methods that only tune the load equivalent resistance.

Position Optimization of Maintaining Stable Transfer for Dynamic Dual-Rx WPT System

This letter aims to provide an analysis of selecting the optimal coil position under a dynamic transmitting coil (Tx-coil) to improve the performance of a dual-receiver magnetic resonance wireless power transfer (MR-WPT) system. The expressions of power transfer efficiency (PTE) and optimal load are derived using equivalent circuit model (ECM), and the relationship between coils position and PTE under cross-coupling is discussed; it proves the existence of an optimal transfer distance to achieve the maximum PTE for a symmetric receivers (Rxs) system. The system has a dynamic Tx-coil position variation range under optimal load of maintaining stable and efficient power transfer when the Tx-coil moves within this range. Finally, the theoretical results are verified through experiments in the laboratory. Under the optimal operation, a stable overall efficiency above 75% can be achieved for a system when the Tx-coil moves within this range that the gap of receivers at 100 mm.

WPT compensation topology optimized for PV embedded electric vehicle

The incorporation of renewable energy sources into Electric Vehicle (EV) integration systems to charge the onboard charger will result in a significant increase in the number of EV and industrial equipment in the next years. Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) technology is a significant source of operation in the field of power transmission, with enormous potential in a wide range of applications. The resonance phenomenon has lately acquired favor as a method of transferring electricity to a load efficiently across a large air gap. This research presents an efficient L2CL-LCL correction in WPT for obtaining electricity from the PV array and charging the EV’s battery. To demonstrate its advantages, the L2CL-LCL method is compared to the DSLCL compensation method. The system adjusts the transmit current of the primary coil to maintain stable output power, maximize power transfer efficiency, and power transferred to the load using an Improved Weighted Chimp Optimization (IWdCH) algorithm that searches for the coupling coefficient 'k' of the elements of the compensation networks. Finally, the proposed system was implemented in Python power electronics software and its superiority was demonstrated by comparing it to conventional optimization algorithms. It outperforms conventional optimization algorithms in terms of efficiency, with anefficiency of 95 %.

A portable, auxiliary photovoltaic power system for electric vehicles based on a foldable scissors mechanism

In recent years, countries worldwide have actively advocated electric vehicles for environmental protection. However, restrictions on the driving range and charging have hampered the promotion of electric vehicles. This study proposes a portable, auxiliary photovoltaic power system based on a foldable scissors mechanism for electric vehicles. The system includes a photovoltaic power generation module and an electricity transfer module. The photovoltaic power generation module built based on a foldable scissors mechanism is five times smaller than in its unfolded state, improving its portability in its folded state. The electricity transfer module transfers electricity into the cabin via wireless power transfer units and stores electricity in supercapacitors. Solar simulation experiments were conducted to evaluate the system's performance: maximum output power of 1.736 W is measured when the load is 5 Ω, while maximum wireless power transfer efficiency is up to 57.7% with 10 Ω load. An electric vehicle in Chengdu city was simulated for a case study. The results show that the annual output of a single photovoltaic power system can drive the MINIEV for 423.625 km, indicating that the proposed system would be able to supply power for electric vehicles as an auxiliary power supply system.

Wireless Power Transfer-Based Microrobot with Magnetic Force Propulsion Considering Power Transfer Efficiency

A microrobot that could continuously receive both electrical energy and propulsion force from a wireless power transfer system would offer tremendous benefits. However, wireless powering systems produce a time-varying magnetic field that can be harmful if the generated magnetic field needed for microrobot movement is large. To limit exposure, power transfer efficiency must be enhanced. This paper derived and analyzed the magnetic force applied to a microrobot from a wireless power transfer system. Unlike previously introduced Lorentz force-based microrobot propulsion, the proposed method is independent of a wireless power transfer system’s frequency. Therefore, this frequency can be determined considering maximum power transfer efficiency. The theoretical analysis and simulation by numerical analysis were compared, and results were verified though actual fabrication and measurement. Analyses of the transmitting and receiving coils were conducted. The optimum force, with less than 9% discrepancy, was determined while achieving a 3.6% improvement in power transfer efficiency.

Wall-Meshed Cavity Resonator-Based Wireless Power Transfer Without Blocking Wireless Communications With Outside World

In order to address the issue of wireless communication signal blocking in the traditional cavity resonance wireless power transfer (CR WPT), a wall-meshed cavity resonator constructed of the meshed metallic walls is proposed together with an analytical design method. This cavity resonator can not only generate and confine the electromagnetic waves of natural resonant modes inside the cavity resonator, but also support wireless communications with outside. The wall-meshed cavity resonator is analytically designed by the known theoretical equations without time-consuming optimizations and verified by electromagnetic simulations and experiments. The results show that the proposed CR WPT system can achieve simultaneous wireless power transfer in the cavity and wireless communications with outside. The maximum power transfer efficiency is higher than 85%. The power transfer efficiency exceeds 60% within about 70% areas inside the wall-meshed cavity. For wireless communication signals passing through the wall-meshed cavity, the attenuation at 2.1 GHz (4G), 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi), and 3.5 GHz (5G) is about 6.0 dB, 5.1 dB, and 3.8 dB, respectively. Additionally, the safety performance of the proposed CR WPT system is numerically investigated by the specific absorption rate analysis of a human torso model.

Hybrid Power Modulation Scheme for High Frequency Isolated Bidirectional Dual-Active-Bridge DC-DC Converter

High frequency isolated bidirectional dual-active-bridge (HFIB-DAB) DC-DC converter is a bidirectional DC-DC converter. A hybrid power modulation scheme is introduced, resulting in improved efficiency over complete power range. This proposed hybrid modulation scheme combines two different types of power modulation techniques. Up to certain level of power modulation, the DPS power modulation technique is more efficient and after that the efficient performance of RF power modulation technique supersedes over the other. A switch over provision is proposed to choose the most efficient one for a given power transfer requirement in the HFIB-DAB DC-DC converter by using the proposed reconfigurable resonant tank network. The results are verified by using 4 kW HFIB-DAB DC-DC converter operating at 50 kHz. It is designed to interface two 400V DC bus voltages on either side of the HFIB-DAB DC-DC converter. The validation is done by using MATLAB/Simulink package and a maximum power transfer efficiency of 99.94% is achieved.

Low-cost, microcontroller-based phase shift measurement system for a wireless power transfer prototype

Seeking to characterize and mitigate the adverse effects of misalignment in WPT applications, we present the design and construction of a low-cost wireless charger prototype and a novel phase-shift measurement system. The first is built using a half-bridge inverter and antennas with series-series compensation, while a microcontroller (Teensy 4.1) supplies high-frequency PWM signals. The measurement system comprises high-speed operational amplifiers and an exclusive OR gate. A resistor was used as load. On the other hand, the maximum power transfer efficiency occurs at the resonance frequency, nevertheless, this depends physically on the geometry of the coupling system. Using a 3D-printed displacement system, we created controlled vertical misalignments between the coils, thereby obtaining variations in the resonance frequency of the system and consequently, producing a proportional phase shift between the voltage and current waves of the transmitting antenna. As the experimental results demonstrate, the measurement system can process this high-frequency signal for the phase shift estimation and subsequently use it as a control variable in a proportional-integral controller, which adjusts the operation frequency of the system and brings it back to optimal conditions. This precise yet inexpensive implementation could find its application in EVs and biomedical devices’ efficient wireless chargers.