Maxillary Ridge Research Articles

Primary Oral Manifestation of Histoplasmosis

A 46-year-old man consulted a general dentist with the chief complaint of pain in the mouth, of 2 months' duration. Clinically, numerous irregular nodules were observed, distributed in the edentulous alveolar maxillary and mandibular ridges. Incisional biopsy was performed, and microscopic evaluation revealed an intense chronic inflammatory infiltrate in the submucosa with a granulomatous pattern, including giant multinucleated cells and macrophages containing a fungus. Special stains, the Grocott-Gomori methenamine silver and periodic acid–Schiff were reactive for Histoplasma capsulatum. Based on the clinical presentation and microscopic features, the final diagnosis was histoplasmosis. The patient was referred to an infectious disease specialist for treatment. This case report reinforces the importance of microscopic analysis to investigate primary oral manifestations of fungal diseases to establish an accurate diagnosis and treatment for the patient.

Facial Fenestration and Dehiscence Defects Associated With Immediate Implant Placement Without Flap Elevation in Anterior Maxillary Ridge: A Preliminary Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study.

To examine cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) anatomical findings, such as the concavity of the ridge and angulation of the tooth and alveolar ridge, either facial or palatal, in order to assess the potential clinical risks of performing flapless implant surgery. CBCT images that met the inclusion criteria were examined. All images in maxillary anterior areas (canine to canine), facial bone thickness at 3 and 5 mm from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), angulation of the tooth and alveolar ridge (Angle T: the angulation between the long axis of the tooth and the palatal plane; Angle D: the angulation between the long axis of the tooth and the midline of the ridge), the deepest point of facial concavity, the distance from the deepest point of facial concavity to the apex of the tooth and alveolar bone crest, nasopalatine canal, dehiscence, and fenestrations were measured and statistically analyzed. In total, 21 patients (12 women and 9 men) with a mean age of 55.9 years who met the inclusion criteria were included in the analysis. Data from 21 patients, 6 image sections per patient (total of 126 CBCT images) were analyzed. The mean value of facial bone thickness was 0.99 mm and 0.60 mm at 3 and 5 mm from CEJ, respectively. The distance from the deepest point of facial concavity to the apex of the tooth and alveolar bone crest was 2.79 and 11.29 mm, respectively. In canine areas, the mean values of facial bone thickness were larger at 3 mm but thinner at 5 mm. Also, canines were found to have a larger Angle D and a higher incidence of fenestration and dehiscence. Based on the findings, fenestration and a larger Angle D were associated with thinner facial bone thickness at 5 mm, and the tooth types also had an impact. Hence, for immediate implant surgery without flap elevation, besides anatomical structures, both angulation of the tooth and the alveolar ridge also need to be assessed.

Preclinical alveolar ridge preservation using small-sized particles of bone replacement graft in combination with a gelatin cryogel scaffold.

Particulate anorganic bovine bone matrix (ABBM) is extensively used for alveolar ridge preservation (ARP). This study evaluates the potential of ABBM/gelatin cryogel scaffold of regular (250 to 1,000μm) and small (50 to 100μm) particles for ARP. ABBM was either condensed in a gypsum ring to simulate filling of ABBM in a defect or incorporated into a gelatin cryogel scaffold to disperse ABBM. Condensed regular-sized or small-sized ABBM (rABBM or sABBM) (± bone morphogenetic protein [BMP]-2) were subcutaneously implanted in rats to evaluate biocompatibility and osteogenic potential. Experimental extraction sockets were surgically created on the maxillary ridges of rats and were unfilled (control), filled with rABBM/gelatin, or sABBM/gelatin cryogel scaffold. The socket fill and dimensional changes of the ridge were evaluated by microcomputed tomography imaging and histology. Condensed sABBM showed acceptable biocompatibility but significantly lower interparticle distance (IPD) and porosity (P<0.001) compared with rABBM, whereas rABBM/gelatin and sABBM/gelatin cryogel scaffold showed similar IPD and porosity. Osteogenesis took place in rABBM/gelatin and sABBM/gelatin-treated extraction sockets showed osteogenesis at 8weeks and had increased ridge width and reduced ridge discrepancy compared with the control sites. sABBM/gelatin scaffold significantly increased socket fill and reduced ridge discrepancy at 4weeks, increased ridge width at 8weeks, and reduced buccal ridge height resorption at both 4 and 8weeks (P<0.05 for all). Osteoconductivity was suppressed in condensed sABBM, even after adding BMP-2. By dispersing sABBM in a gelatin cryogel scaffold, sABBM/gelatin showed a greater potential in promoting socket fill, reducing buccal ridge atrophy, and providing equivalent ridge stability compared with rABBM/gelatin.

Effect of soft laser on osseointegrated dental implants supported maxillary overdenture

Background/ Aim: Many difficulties are encountered in providing a successful single complete denture treatment. Among these problems are the ways to provide comfort, function, proper esthetics and retention for the maxillary complete dentures in patients with opposing natural dentition. The aim of this study deals with successful rehabilitation of edentulous maxillary ridge (split-mouth technique) opposing a natural teeth prosthetically, retained with dental implants in the canine and posterior regions, using a flapless surgical technique, with an exposure of Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) after implant installment in order to evaluate its influence on the osseionegration, implant stability was evaluated using periotest at time of loading, 4 months and 6 months later to show the early success of dental implants placed into low- density bone. Also bone changes was evaluated by using digital periapical radiography with paralleling technique.Materials and methods: Following the split-mouth design, dental implants were inserted in the maxilla of 6 patients, the right side dental implants received LLLT ( laser side) with an output power of 0.5 UT and continuous mode was used to receive a total dose of 30 J per implant over 60 seconds, while the other side was the control side. The soft laser treatment was performed immediately after the surgery, 3 days and a week after surgery, then evaluated for stability during the follow-up period (at time of loading, 4 months and 6 months later) using periotest ,and further bone height changes using digital radiograph.Results: irradiated implants achieved a higher stability compared with control group during the entire follow-up period. At base line and after 4 months; there was no statistically significant difference between implant stability quotient (ISQ) values in the two sides. After 6 months; laser side showed statistically significantly higher mean ISQ values than control side.Conclusion: the present investigation demonstrated that 6 months after soft laser application significantly positively influenced implant stability and bone height around dental implants.

PC330: Augmentation of maxillary edentulous ridge before implant placement: a case report

PC330: Augmentation of maxillary edentulous ridge before implant placement: a case report

A Novel Idea in the Use of Ultrasound to Guide Nasolabial Hyaluronic Acid (HA) Dermal Filler Injections to Prevent Alar Nasal Necrosis

BackgroundNasolabial dermal filler (DF) injections are one of the most popular cosmetic procedures performed worldwide. DF injections at the nasolabial fold have been associated with nasal necrosis due to inadvertent intravascular injection of the adjacent facial artery (FA). Current DF injection protocols are devoid of imaging the anatomical site, and the use of ultrasound (US) for imaging the FA is very limited in literature. The purpose of this study is to determine the feasibility of utilizing US to identify and measure the FA at different bony landmarks near and within the nasolabial region.MethodsPart ICadaveric dissections (n=18; 10 female, 8 male) will be completed to explore the course of the FA from the external carotid artery to the terminal branches supplying facial structures.Part IIA bilateral US of the FA using 13–6 MHz, 38 mm linear array US transducer was performed on consenting adults (n=16; 9 female, 7 male) from the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology at Western University. The following bony landmarks were identified and used for US measurements, taken in real time: anterior‐inferior angle of the mandible, mandibular teeth, maxillary teeth, maxillary ridge. Measurements of FA diameter, artery distance to skin, and artery distance to bone were obtained at each landmark using digital image distance measurements on the Sonosite M‐Turbo P08189‐88R US machine.ResultsPart IPreliminary results (n=8; 4 female, 4 male) show FA variability between cadaveric specimens, as well as left/right FA variability within cadaveric specimens themselves.Part IIPreliminary results of the average FA distance to the skin measured at 0.438 cm ± 0.126 for the left FA and 0.459 cm ± 0.205 for the right FA. A significant difference (P&lt; 0.05) was noted for FA distance to the skin between the left mandibular teeth (0.481 cm ± 0.107) and left maxillary ridge (0.343 cm ± 0.097).ConclusionsThese findings highlight the importance of understanding the anatomy of the FA within the nasolabial fold, and the need to carefully personalize the placement of DF injections, due to the anatomical variability identified in both the cadaveric and ultrasound portions of the study. Furthermore, since it is feasible to identify and measure the FA using the selected US transducer, the future direction of this study will be to examine the application of US to guide DF injections.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Comparison Between Two Treatment Protocols For Completely Edentulous Maxilla Opposing Mandibular Kennedy Class I

Objectives: This research was carried out to determine whether mandibular implant supported overdenture or maxillary implant supported overdenture is more effective in prevention of combination syndrome.Materials and Methods: Totally, fourteen patients with completely edentulous upper arch and mandibular bilateral distal extensions (Kennedy class I) with the canines or first premolar as the last standing tooth were selected to participate in this study. Inclusion criteria: Patients had well-formed residual ridge covered with dense fibrous connective tissue, Angle class I ridge relationship, and adequate inter arch space. Patients with systemic diseases that might affect the oral tissues or bone, neuromuscular disorders, temporomandibular joint disorders and smokers were excluded. Patients were randomly divided into two equal groups, Group I: patients were rehabilitated with mucosa supported maxillary complete denture and lower tooth-implant partial denture retained by two osseointegrated implants on each side of the lower arch in the first molar area and RPI direct retainer. Group II: patients were rehabilitated with implant retained and supported maxillary complete overdenture by four osseointegrated implants in the anterior maxillary area and tooth-tissue supported partial denture retained by RPI direct retainer. In this study, marginal bone height changes in the premaxillary region and mucosal thickness at the crest of maxillary ridge were evaluated at the time of prostheses insertion, six, twelve and eighteen months. Results: In this study, an insignificant difference was detected between the two groups at the different follow-up intervals, regarding marginal bone loss and mucosal thickness. After 18 months follow up, bone loss & mucosal thickness were 0.5±0.2, 0.6±0.3 mm for group I and 0.5±0.2, 0.3±0.2 mm for group II respectively. Although group II showed decrease in marginal bone loss and decrease in mucosal thickness compared to group I however difference between groups were statistically insignificant.Conclusion: Within the limitations of the number of studied patients and follow up period of this study it could be concluded that, preventing the degenerative oral changes that occurs when complete maxillary dentures opposes the Kennedy class I partial dentures may be possible through accurate treatment planning and, the development of stable posterior occlusion that controls of occlusal pressures on the anterior maxilla. Also, maxillary implant retained overdentures should be considered preferable treatment option, whenever the available bone quantity and quality permits.

Effects of denture adhesive on the retention of milled and heat-activated maxillary denture bases: A clinical study

Statement of problemClinical studies have identified advantages of digital complete denture technology including patient satisfaction, improved mastication, increased retention, and technique efficiency. However, studies that focus on the effect of denture adhesive on the retention of milled and heat-activated denture bases are lacking. PurposeThe purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the effectiveness of denture adhesive on the retention of milled and heat-activated denture bases. Material and methodsTwenty participants with complete maxillary edentulism were selected for this study (11 men and 9 women). Definitive impressions were obtained and scanned (iSeries impression scanner; Dental Wings). Digital data were sent to Global Dental Science for the fabrication of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) milled denture bases (MB condition). The physical impressions were poured in stone to produce casts for the fabrication of heat-activated acrylic resin denture bases (HB condition). A portable clinical motorized test stand and advance digital force gauge were modified to measure the amount of denture base retention in newtons. The denture bases were seated over the edentulous maxillary ridge and pulled 3 times vertically at 10-minute intervals without denture adhesive (MB and HB control conditions) and with denture adhesive (MBA and HBA test conditions). For statistical analysis, a repeated-measures ANOVA was performed (α=.05). ResultsThe control MB condition had significantly higher retention values compared with all other conditions (P<.001). However, the use of adhesive significantly decreased the retention of the milled bases. No significant differences were found with or without the use of denture adhesive among heat-activated denture bases (P>.05). ConclusionsSignificantly higher retention values were recorded with milled denture bases than heat-activated resin bases without the use of denture adhesive. However, denture adhesive did negatively affect the retention of milled complete dentures.

A Retrospective Tomographic and Histologic Analysis of Horizontal Bone Augmentation in Maxillary Atrophic Ridges Using Resorbable Membrane with Anorganic Bovine Bone-Derived Mineral and Plasma Rich in Growth Factors.

A total of six patients treated from 2010 to 2014, having a knife-edge ridge (Cawood-Howell Class IV resorbed ridges) and requiring an implant-prosthetic rehabilitation, were selected. Tomographic measurement of the edentulous ridges was performed before grafting and after implant placement. At 6 months postgraft, a total of 41 implants had been inserted, 17 in the posterior region, 12 in the central region, and 12 in the anterior region. No surgical or healing complications were recorded, and the prostheses were loaded 6 to 9 months after implant placement. The tomographic measurements demonstrated an increased area in all the sites where bone augmentation had been performed, corresponding to 11.1% in the anterior region, 94.7% in the central region, and 760.2% in the posterior region. Histology was performed in 2 patients, one at 1 year and the other at 5 years postgrafting, and demonstrated the presence of mature lamellar bone tissue and newly formed bone without morphologic signs of necrosis or inflammation and a reduction of 50% to 30% of the grafted material. Although this study included a small number of clinical cases, it demonstrated how management of the atrophic maxillary ridge, with the goal of implant placement, may be handled using a technique that requires a single anorganic bovine bone-derived mineral treatment combined with a plasma rich in growth factors and resorbable collagen membrane.

Maxillary Tissue Changes under Complete Dentures Opposing Two Different Mandibular Implant Support Overdentures

Aim: The aim of the study was to study the maxillary tissue changes under complete dentures opposing mandibular implant-supported overdenture retained by either two or single midline implant. Material and Methods: Fourteen completely edentulous patients were chosen for this study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: Group I; Seven patients received mandibular overdenture retained with 2 implants in the canine region bilaterally with ball and socket attachment. Group II; Seven patients received mandibular overdenture retained with single implant in the midline with ball and socket attachment. Clinical and radiographic evaluations were done by measuring the thickness of the soft tissue overlying the anterior maxillary ridge and amount of bone resorption respectively, measured at 2 points 1 cm and 2 cm bilaterally to the midline at time of implant loading, 3, 6, 9 and at 12 months. Results: there was non-significant increase in maxillary mucosa thickness in both groups at both points of measurements. Also, there were posterior radiographic bony changes in maxillary ridge within both groups. There was significant increase in maxillary bony changes in Group II in comparison to Group I. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that there was slight increase in the soft tissue thickness overlying the anterior maxillary ridge in each group. But there was slight increase in Group II more than Group I. More bone resorption in posterior region of maxilla was observed in Group II patients.

Using Intraoral Scanning to Capture Complete Denture Impressions, Tooth Positions, and Centric Relation Records

Intraoral scanning was used to capture the soft tissue surfaces of both maxillary and mandibular edentulous ridges and the denture borders. Additionally, an intraoral scanner was used to digitize existing dentures with their tooth positions and base forms and a centric relation record obtained with a Gothic arch-tracing device. These scans provided all the required records for fabrication of computer-aided design/computer-assisted manufacturing of complete dentures.

Onlay Grafting with FDBA Block Bone for Reconstruction of Localized Maxillary Ridge Defect

Onlay Grafting with FDBA Block Bone for Reconstruction of Localized Maxillary Ridge Defect

Infraorbital Foramen and Pterygopalatine Fossa Location in Dry Skulls: Anatomical Guidelines for Local Anesthesia.

Purpose The aim of the study was to locate the infraorbital foramen (IOF) in relation to the infraorbital margin (IOM) for proper injections of local anesthetics in skull specimens. Another aim was to determine the depth of needle penetration into pterygopalatine fossa through the greater palatine canal (GPC). Materials and Methods 102 skull halves were used to measure the distances between (1) IOF and IOM and (2) IOF and alveolar ridge of maxilla at second premolar. Needles were inserted and bent at a 45° angle, passing through the GPC at the level of hard palate. The depth of the tip of needle emerging out of GPC into pterygopalatine fossa was measured. Results The mean distance between IOF and IOM was 6.46 ± 1.57 mm on the right side and 6.74 ± 1.72 mm on the left. The mean distance between IOF and alveolar bone process of the maxilla at second premolar was 29.07 ± 3.58 mm on the right side and 29.39 ± 3.78 mm on the left. The mean depth of penetration of the needle into the pterygopalatine fossa was similar on both sides. Conclusions Proper identification of IOF and pterygopalatine fossa is of great significance during local anesthesia injections, due to their close proximity to vital anatomic structures.

Titanium and polyether ether ketone (PEEK) patient-specific sub-periosteal implants: two novel approaches for rehabilitation of the severely atrophic anterior maxillary ridge

The aim of this study was to assess two new protocols for single-stage rehabilitation of the severely atrophic maxillary ridge using customized porous titanium or polyether ether ketone (PEEK) sub-periosteal implants. Ten patients with a severely atrophic anterior maxillary alveolar ridge were divided randomly into two groups (five patients in each) to receive customized sub-periosteal implants fabricated via CAD/CAM technology: group 1, porous titanium implants; group 2, PEEK implants. Prosthetic loading with fixed acrylic bridges was performed 1 month postoperative. The implants were followed-up for 12 months and evaluated for the presence of any sign of radiographic bone resorption, mobility, infection, prosthetic fracture, or implant exposure. The immediate postoperative period was uneventful except for one case complicated by wound dehiscence in group 1. At 12 months, all implants were functionally stable and the patients were comfortable with the prostheses. No signs of radiographic bone resorption, mobility, infection, or prosthetic fracture were observed. Within the limitations of this study, the application of customized porous titanium and PEEK sub-periosteal implants produced through CAD/CAM technology appears to be an acceptable method for single-stage prosthetic rehabilitation of the severely atrophic edentulous anterior maxilla.This study was awarded the best case study at the academy of osseintegration annual meeting 2017, Orlando, Florida.

Efficacy of the split-thickness labial flap method for soft tissue management in anterior ridge horizontal augmentation procedures: A clinical prospective study in the anterior maxilla

ObjectiveTo introduce a novel method of split-thickness labial flap in maxillary anterior ridge horizontal augmentation and to evaluate its efficacy and morbidity. Materials and methods230 patients were selected to receive either particulate or onlay grafting. A split-thickness labial flap was applied to cover the grafted area and close the wound. The incidence of postsurgical complications and the level of patient discomfort were evaluated. A visual analog scale was used to quantify the amount of pain and swelling in the patients. ResultsIn all 375 surgical sites, passive primary closure was achieved with the split-thickness labial flap method. Membrane exposure after surgery was seen in 6 cases in the onlay group and in 4 in the particulate group. No long-lasting pain (>1 week), paresthesia, or signs of infection occurred during the follow-up period of 6 months. The mean pain and swelling scores in the particulate graft group (2.75 ± 3.01 and 2.02 ± 2.51, respectively) were lower than the scores in the onlay graft group (3.18 ± 2.79 and 3.85 ± 2.25, respectively). ConclusionsThe flap advancement technique presented in this study facilitates clinically passive primary closure. This technique can be used successfully in both particulate and onlay horizontal graft procedures.

Measuring system for an attitude angle of a denture using an Inertial Measurement Unit

PurposeThe aim of this study was to assemble and verify a measuring system for 3-D movements (attitude angle) of the denture during function. MethodsFor the calibration test, the sensor was fixed at the center of the rotary table. Operation and stopping of the rotary table were repeated 8 times, and the direction of rotation was reversed in the middle. The amount of rotation was 1.2 and 2.4°. As a pilot clinical trial, the attitude angles of three upper complete dentures during tapping were measured by this system. ResultsThe attitude angles calculated by this system reduced by 3–4%. Pitch and roll of Subject III were significantly larger than Subjects I and II (P<0.001), but yaw of Subject: III was significantly smaller than Subject: II (P<0.01) during tapping. Pitch and yaw of “good” was significantly smaller than “average” in the stability of the dentures (P<0.001). But roll of “average” was significantly smaller than “good” (P<0.05). Pitch and yaw of “B” was significantly smaller than “C” in the type of maxillary ridge (P<0.001). But roll of “C” was significantly smaller than “B” (P<0.05). ConclusionsThe measurement accuracy of this system was equivalent to that of 3-D motion capture system by four infrared TV cameras. The measuring system using the IMU is reliable and easy to analyze the attitude angle of the denture during function. It may serve a diagnostic appliance to evaluate the quality of the denture.

EP10.09: Added value of prenatal MR in the evaluation of fetal cleft lip, cleft palate and micrognathia

The aim of this study was to describe MR findings and to determine the accuracy of fetal MRI in diagnosing fetal cleft lip, cleft palate, and micrognathia, either isolated, or in association with additional abnormalities. We reviewed our fetal MRI database from March 2011 through February 2017 and searched for exams referred for cleft lip, cleft palate, and/or micrognathia. A total of 37 fetal exams were identified. 7 cases were lost to follow up, 6 patients underwent termination of pregnancy. Anatomic facial landmarks and biometric parameters were documented including evaluation of the lips, maxillary ridge, position of the tongue, presence/absence of the palate, measurement of the jaw index to evaluate for micrognathia, and binocular and intraocular diameter to evaluate for hypo/hypertelorism. A complete fetal neuroevaluation was performed to detect additional anomalies. Findings on fetal MR were correlated post delivery. In the remaining cohort of 21 fetuses, 20 cases were diagnosed with positive findings. There were 6 diagnoses of cleft lip, 7 diagnoses of cleft lip and palate, 4 isolated micrognathia, 5 micrognathia with isolated cleft palate consistent with Pierre Robin sequence. Of the 21 fetuses, the MR diagnosis was confirmed following delivery in 17 cases. Syndromes that were seen with micrognathia included Dandy Walker, Frynn's, Emanuel, and mid-face hypoplasia syndromes. There was 1 false positive case of cleft lip and palate due to a tethered frenulum. Three cases are waiting to deliver. MRI has a 95.5% degree of accuracy in diagnosing fetal facial abnormalities, including isolated cleft lip, cleft lip with cleft palate, micrognathia with cleft palate (Pierre Robin syndrome), and isolated syndromic micrognathia with additional non-palatal abnormalities.

Morphologic Patterns of the Atrophic Posterior Maxilla and Clinical Implications for Bone Regenerative Therapy.

Regenerative therapies are commonly needed prior to implant placement in the posterior maxilla following tooth extraction. The aim of this study was to investigate the anatomical features of the atrophic posterior maxilla that might affect surgical approach selection and technique and risk of intra- and postoperative complications. Cone beam computed tomography files were screened to identify pristine atrophic maxillary ridges in need of bone augmentation (ridge height < 10 mm). Ridge height and width and lateral wall thickness (LWT) were measured at different levels, and palatonasal recess and lateral wall morphology were calculated. The influence of site was assessed using generalized estimation equations. The linear correlation between parameters was estimated with Pearson coefficient, and principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to establish patterns of multiple correlations. In the 433 edentulous sites and 6,062 measurements analyzed, the strongest correlations corresponded to LWT measurements at the different levels. Most of the parameters examined presented linearity (P < .001), allowing establishment of four main morphologic patterns according to anatomical features. The anatomical structures of the atrophic posterior maxilla follow linear patterns that might predict complications due to an anatomical feature and thus success in regenerative therapy.

IMPACT OF VARIOUS IMPRESSION TECHNIQUES ON MAXILLARY FLABBY RIDGE TISSUE DISPLACEMENT (WITHIN-SUBJECT EVALUATION)

Purpose: This study was conducted to determine the effect of various impression techniques on the displacement of flabby tissues overlying the edentulous maxillary ridge. In this study Ten completely edentulous maxillary arches patients with anterior flabby ridges participated in this study. For each patient five secondary impressions were recorded and divided into five groups according to impression technique used. Group I: comprised impressions following the mucocompressive technique. While, in Groups II, III, IV and V had used different mucostatic impression techniques. Soft tissue displacements in X, Y, Z axes and total 3-D in relation to a fixed reference point were recorded for each impression using modified Measurescope. The data were collected and statistically analyzed. The results obtained showed that there were significant differences in soft tissue displacement of all tested groups in both three coordinates (X, Y and Z) and total 3-D. Also; the results showed significant difference in soft tissue displacement of tissues recorded by the four mucostatic impression technique groups compared to mucocompressive impression technique. A significant difference was found between one step mucostatic impression technique group, and two step mucostatic impression techniques. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, soft tissue displacement of maxillary flabby ridge during impression procedure occurred along X, Y and Z directions for all tested impression techniques. The mucostatic impression techniques generated less soft tissue displacement than the mucocompressive technique. Two-step mucostatic impression techniques produced less soft tissue displacement compared to the one step mucostatic impression technique.

Prosthodontic Rehabilitation of Maxillary Anterior Ridge Defect With Fixed - Removable Bridge System: A Case Report

Prosthodontic Rehabilitation of Maxillary Anterior Ridge Defect With Fixed - Removable Bridge System: A Case Report