Material Production Research Articles

Embodied carbon saving potential of using recycled materials as cement substitute in Singapore’s buildings

Material production and construction activities are key contributors to global carbon footprints, necessitating sustainable alternatives. This study aims to investigate the potential of integrating recycled materials as Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) in concrete production to mitigate the substantial carbon emissions of Singapore’s building and construction sector. The research focuses on Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBFS), waste glass powder, and calcined marine clay as alternative SCMs, aiming to reduce environmental impact and waste disposal emissions in Singapore. Employing a cradle-to-gate Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology for 1 m3 of concrete with different grades, this study quantifies embodied carbon savings and assesses the feasibility of substituting these SCMs in concrete. The results reveal that substituting Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) with GGBFS in concrete offers the most significant reduction, up to 56%, in 1 m3 of concrete. In contrast, the use of calcined marine clay and glass powder in concrete results in reductions of up to 21% and 16%, respectively. Two case studies were used to exemplify the impact of using SCM concrete at the project scale. Results indicate that up to 31% of the total embodied carbon could be saved in the building. Additionally, scenario analysis suggests that the total emissions from cementitious materials in Singapore could decrease by 20% through the incorporation of locally recycled marine clay and glass powder. This reduction could potentially reach 56% if the GGBFS supply is not constrained. To further enhance sustainability in Singapore’s construction sector, the study proposes sourcing GGBFS from neighboring countries to minimize transportation emissions and localizing the production and usage of calcined marine clay and glass powder. These measures can improve material circularity and significantly contribute to achieving carbon reduction targets.

Optimizing decarbonation and sustainability of concrete pavement: A case study

This study focuses on the actual project of rural road ‘concrete to asphalt’ pavement renovation, deeply integrating the design concept of full structure regeneration and the innovation of in-situ regeneration technology for old cement pavement. Through the life cycle assessment method, an environmental impact quantification assessment model is used. Based on the analysis of the environmental benefits of traditional pavement renovation technology (using multi-hammer crushed stone and hot mix asphalt production technology), the environmental advantages of the full-structure regeneration technology scheme are outlined, including the recycling of recycled asphalt pavement materials, application of emulsified asphalt plant mixing cold regeneration technology, and implementation of resonance crushed stone on-site regeneration technology. At the same time, sensitivity analysis methods are used to deeply analyze the sensitivity of changes in parameters such as surface and base thickness, transportation distance, and environmental factors to the overall environmental impact. The research results indicate that the optimization plan can achieve a 57.97 % reduction in total energy consumption and a 71.45 % reduction in total carbon emissions. Additionally, the recycling and utilization of RAP materials significantly reduce the demand for new mineral materials and asphalt. For a 1-kilometer road surface, mineral materials save up to 82.39 % and asphalt saves up to 27.11 %. The energy consumption and carbon emissions generated during the raw material production stage in both schemes contribute the most to the environmental impact of road construction. The analysis found that the environmental benefits of the optimization plan mainly come from the recycling of the old cement concrete pavement as the base layer after resonance crushing, as well as the use of emulsified asphalt mixture cold recycling instead of the lower layer of hot mix asphalt concrete, achieving full-scale recycling of the pavement renovation. The relevant findings provide a data foundation or the improvement and upgrading of energy-saving and emission reduction technologies in road surface renovation and offer valuable insights for future research on sustainable road surface renovation strategies.

Dry gel spinning of fungal hydrogels for the development of renewable yarns from food waste

BackgroundRenewable materials made using environmentally friendly processes are in high demand as a solution to reduce the pollution created by the fashion industry. In recent years, there has been a growing trend in research on renewable materials focused on bio-based materials derived from fungi.ResultsRecently, fungal cell wall material of a chitosan producing fungus has been wet spun to monofilaments. This paper presents a modification for the fungal monofilament spinning process, by the development of a benign method, dry gel spinning, to produce continuous monofilaments and twisted multifilament yarns, from fungal cell wall, that can be used in textile applications. The fungal biomass of Rhizopus delemar, grown using bread waste as a substrate, was subjected to alkali treatment with a dilute sodium hydroxide solution to isolate alkali-insoluble material (AIM), which mainly consists of the fungal cell wall. The treatment of AIM with dilute lactic acid resulted in hydrogel formation. The morphology of the hydrogels was pH dependent, and they exhibited shear thinning viscoelastic behavior. Dry gel spinning of the fungal hydrogels was first conducted using a simple lab-scale syringe pump to inject the hydrogels through a needle to form a monofilament, which was directly placed on a rotating receiver and left to dry at room temperature. The resulting monofilament was used to make twisted multifilament yarns. The process was then improved by incorporating a heated chamber for the quicker drying of the monofilaments (at 30⁰C). Finally, the spinning process was scaled up using a twin-screw microcompounder instead of the syringe pump. The monofilaments were several meters long and reached a tensile strength of 63 MPa with a % elongation at break of 14. When spinning was performed in the heated chamber, the tensile strength increased to 80 MPa and further increased to 103 MPa when a micro-compounder was used for spinning.ConclusionThe developed dry gel spinning method shows promising results in scalability and demonstrates the potential for renewable material production using fungi. This novel approach produces materials with mechanical properties comparable to those of conventional textile fibers.

Electronic-Structure Interpretation: How Much Do We Understand Ce L3 XANES?

Historically, cerium has been attractive for pharmaceutical and industrial applications. The cerium atom has the unique ability to cycle between two chemical states (Ce(III) and Ce(IV)) and drastically adjust its electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f15d16s2 in response to a chemical reaction. Understanding how electrons drive chemical reactions is an important topic. The most direct way of probing the chemical and electronic structure of materials is by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) or X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) in high energy resolution fluorescence detection (HERFD) mode. Such measurements at the Ce L3 edge have the advantage of a high penetration depth, enabling in-situ reaction studies in a time-resolved manner and investigation of material production or material performance under specific conditions. But how much do we understand Ce L3 XANES? This article provides an overview of the information that can be extracted from experimental Ce L3 XAS/XANES/HERFD data. A collection of XANES data recorded on various cerium systems in HERFD mode is presented here together with detailed discussions on data analysis and the current status of spectral interpretation, including electronic structure calculations.

A Comparative Analysis of ChatGPT and Medical Faculty Graduates in Medical Specialization Exams: Uncovering the Potential of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education.

Background This study aims to evaluate the performance of ChatGPT in the medical specialization exam (MSE) that medical graduates take when choosing their postgraduate specialization and to reveal how artificial intelligence-supported education can increase the quality and academic success of medical education. The research aims to explore the potential applications and advantages of artificial intelligence in medical education and examine ways in which this technology can contribute to student learning and exam preparation. Methodology A total of 240 MSE questions were posed to ChatGPT, 120 of which were basic medical sciences questions and 120 were clinical medical sciences questions. A total of 18,481 people participated in the exam. The performance of medical school graduates was compared with ChatGPT-3.5 in terms of answering these questions correctly. The average score for ChatGPT-3.5 was calculated by averaging the minimum and maximum scores. Calculations were done using the R.4.0.2 environment. Results The general average score of graduates was a minimum of 7.51 in basic sciences and a maximum of 81.46, while in clinical sciences, the average was a minimum of 12.51 and a maximum of 80.78. ChatGPT, on the other hand, had an average of at least 60.00 in basic sciences and a maximum of 72.00, with an average of at least 66.25 and a maximum of 77.00 in clinical sciences. The rate of correct answers in basic medical sciences for graduates was 43.03%, while for ChatGPT was 60.00%. In clinical medical sciences, the rate of correct answers for graduates was 53.29%, while for ChatGPT was 64.16%. ChatGPT performed best with a 91.66% correct answer rate in Obstetrics and Gynecology and an 86.36% correct answer rate in Medical Microbiology. The least successful area for ChatGPT was Anatomy, with a 28.00% correct answer rate, a subfield of basic medical sciences. Graduates outperformed ChatGPT in the Anatomy and Physiology subfields. Significant differences were found in all comparisons between ChatGPT and graduates. Conclusions This study shows that artificial intelligence models such as ChatGPT can provide significant advantages to graduates, as they score higher than medical school graduates. In terms of these benefits, recommended applications include interactive support, private lessons, learning material production, personalized learning plans, self-assessment, motivation boosting, and 24/7 access, among a variety of benefits. As a result, artificial intelligence-supported education can play an important role in improving the quality of medical education and increasing student success.

A Short Review: The Use and Application of Matrix Resins Formed with Some Plant-Based Oils in Bio-Composite Materials

Increasing environmental problems, waste recycling problems, and non-biodegradable resources have led researchers to different searches for composite materials in recent years. In these studies, interest in bio-composite materials known as green composites has increased significantly due to their potential to replace traditional materials in material production. The creation of biocomposite materials from natural fibers or natural resins instead of synthetic fibers and synthetic resins has made natural resources the focus of researchers. Among these natural resin formations, the use of vegetable-based oils in various applications has started to be seen frequently due to their low cost, biodegradability, and availability. In addition to being recyclable, vegetable-based oils are an important alternative in many sectors, especially in the chemical industry, both environmentally and economically, with a wide variety of chemical conversion possibilities. The desire to explore the versatility of vegetable oil components formed by the complex multi-component mixtures of fatty acids and glycerol ester accelerates the studies in this field even more. In this study, the chemical compositions of vegetable oils hybridized with different resins, the chemical structures of pure vegetable oils, the different varieties among these vegetable oils, and various types of biocomposites produced using vegetable oil-based resins were investigated. In addition, the latest trends in other applications of these bio-composites, especially in automotive, were examined.

Development of Integrated Electronic Module with Instructional Videos

This research was conducted to develop a teaching material product for teaching Mathematics. The product developed is an electronic module containing instructional videos aimed at addressing common issues in online learning. The research method used was Research and Development (R&D). The R&D stages included analyzing field needs, designing the concept of the developed product, designing the product itself, and validating the product with three experts: Content Validator, Media Validator, and Language validator. Based on the questionnaire validation from the experts on the e-module development, the findings are as follows: Content validation scored 73.5 out of 75 in total, or 4.9 out of 5 on a scale of 5. The score interval obtained was 98%, indicating that the content validity criteria are highly valid. Language validation aspect indicated that the language used is highly valid, scoring 50 out of 50 in total, or 5 out of 5 on a scale of 5, meeting the 100% validity criteria. Media validation scored 65.33 out of 75, or 4.35 out of 5 on a scale of 5. The score interval obtained was 87%, indicating that the media validity criteria are very valid.

PENGEMBANGAN BAHAN AJAR MENULIS BIPA TINGKAT MADYA TINGGI BERBASIS KONTEKS LINGKUNGAN PELAJAR

This development research aims to produce an intermediate high level BIPA writing teaching material product based on the context of the learner's environment that has gone through a validation test. This research adapts Thiagarajan's 4D development model and is limited to the revision stage based on the assessment of expert validators and practitioners. Based on the validation results, an average percentage of 81.25% was obtained in the content feasibility aspect, an average percentage of 83.3% was obtained in the presentation feasibility aspect, an average percentage of 75% was obtained in the language feasibility aspect, and an average percentage of 81.06% was obtained in the display feasibility aspect. From the overall total validation results with an average percentage of 80.15%, it can be concluded that the teaching materials for writing intermediate high level BIPA based on the context of the learner's environment can be said to be feasible to use.

Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Industry: Current Status and Prospects

Pyrolysis is a technology that can produce pyrolysis oil by decomposing waste plastic, and has the advantage of being able to process contaminated waste plastic that is impossible to process with other technologies. In Korea, where the amount of waste plastic is increasing and natural resources such as fossil fuels are lacking, pyrolysis technology is attracting attention under the keyword ‘urban oil field’. The Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Korea announced a ‘plan to revitalize waste plastic pyrolysis’ to increase the proportion of waste plastic pyrolysis treatment from 0.1% in 2021 to 10% in 2030. The products of pyrolysis are both fuel and plastic raw materials, but the processing consumes significant energy. Therefore, as criticism continues that the marketability and economic feasibility of pyrolysis technology is poor, questions are being raised about its environmental friendliness. Against this background, this study investigated international trends in pyrolysis technology and performed a detailed comparative analysis with other technologies from an environmental perspective. According to the results of this study, currently environmentally advanced countries are very negative about using pyrolysis oil as fuel, and the following policy directions are suggested. 1) In order to comply with the mandatory use ratio of plastic recycled raw materials and at the same time achieve eco-friendliness, it is recommended to use pyrolysis technology as a plastic recycled raw material production technology rather than fuel conversion. 2) Since pyrolysis emits more greenhouse gases than physical recycling, pyrolysis technology is used as a complementary method to physical recycling to process waste plastics that are difficult to physically recycle. 3) Since physical recycling is very important in the resource circulation of waste plastic, the development of separation and sorting technology is promoted nationally.

Proporsi Ikan Bandeng dan Puree Kacang Merah dengan Penambahan Daun Bawang pada Produk Milk Fish Taro Crispy

Milk Fish Taro Crispy is an innovation product that dirposes by mixing milkfish meat and red bean puree with the addition of leeks and then steaming. Milk fish Taro crispy made from milkfish, red beans and green onions. including shape, color, and taste, and determine the nutritional content of milk fish Taro crispy products. assisted by observation sheets of 0-15cm line assessment. The data were analyzed using two-Way ANNOVA. The test results showed that there is an influence of color and flavor; there is no influence on The Shape of milk fish Taro crispy products; has a nutritional content of Protein by 12.65%, carbohydrates by 46.05%, fat by 4.08%, water content by 36.75%, and ash by 0.65%. 1. It is necessary to conduct advanced research on the best products for safe and innovative packaging for consumers. 2. Further research on the organoleptic properties of textures is needed. 3. This study only knows part of the nutritional content of the product so that further tests need to be carried out to determine the overall nutrition 4. This study does not calculate the cost of raw materials needed to make milk fish Taro crispy , so it is necessary to calculate the cost of calculating the cost of raw material products.

Analysis of Supply Chain Management on Audio System Product at CV. Cipta Mekar

This study aims to analyze the supply chain management performance of audio system products at CV. Create Bloom. Another objective is to find out the material flow, information flow, and product flow run by CV. Cipta Mekar. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, using purposive sampling technique. Data collection techniques in this study were observation, interviews and documentation. In addition, performance assessment is carried out using the Scor Model. The results showed that the material flow did not run properly. The flow of information with a circular communication pattern and the simultaneous dissemination of information did not go well. In the product flow there is a shortage of stock and there is no quality control process. The results of the Scor Model show that the daily inventory performance is not good. In this case, there are still many things that need to be improved in the supply chain management of audio system products on CV. Cipta Mekar.

Assessing Intra-Bundle Impregnation in Partially Impregnated Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites Using a 2D Extended-Field and Multimodal Imaging Approach.

This study evaluates multimodal imaging for characterizing microstructures in partially impregnated thermoplastic matrix composites made of woven glass fiber and polypropylene. The research quantifies the impregnation degree of fiber bundles within composite plates manufactured through a simplified compression resin transfer molding process. For comparison, a reference plate was produced using compression molding of film stacks. An original surface polishing procedure was introduced to minimize surface defects while polishing partially impregnated samples. Extended-field 2D imaging techniques, including polarized light, fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopies, were used to generate images of the same microstructure at fiber-scale resolutions throughout the plate. Post-processing workflows at the macro-scale involved stitching, rigid registration, and pixel classification of FM and SEM images. Meso-scale workflows focused on 0°-oriented fiber bundles extracted from extended-field images to conduct quantitative analyses of glass fiber and porosity area fractions. A one-way ANOVA analysis confirmed the reliability of the statistical data within the 95% confidence interval. Porosity quantification based on the conducted multimodal approach indicated the sensitivity of the impregnation degree according to the layer distance from the pool of melted polypropylene in the context of simplified-CRTM. The findings underscore the potential of multimodal imaging for quantitative analysis in composite material production.

Material metabolism and associated environmental impacts in Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration

AbstractRapid urbanization has resulted in significant bulk materials use, raising concerns over associated environmental impacts and sustainability challenges. However, a significant gap remains in the city‐level analysis of bulk materials production, use, and associated environmental impacts in China. This study calculated the stocks and flows of 13 bulk materials and their associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across nine cities in the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration (PRDUA) of China during 2000–2020. Results showed that total and per‐capita material stocks within the PRDUA experienced a continuous increase, with an average annual growth rate of 0.5 Gt/year and 4.4 t/cap/year, respectively. Both material stocks and flows exhibited similar spatial distribution patterns that gradually decreased from the center to the perimeter. As stocks continuously increase, GHG emissions from material production were rising annually, reaching 187.2 Mt CO2e in 2020. While recycling end‐of‐life materials contributes to reducing GHG emissions, the current limited mass of recycling curtails its broader impacts. This situation highlights a significant untapped potential within the city to meet decarbonization goals. To maximize the carbon reduction benefits, it is essential to enhance recycling efforts. Moreover, it is crucial that recycling strategies are specifically tailored to suit the timing, location, and types of materials involved.

Study on the properties of anorthite-based porous sound-absorbing materials prepared by steel slag and fly ash

The efficient utilization of solid wastes, such as fly ash and steel slag, has attracted significant attention across the globe. In this paper, these two kinds of waste materials are used to prepare porous sound-absorbing materials, so as to achieve efficient resource utilization and environmental protection, and promote green manufacturing and circular economy. In this study, steel slag and high-alumina fly ash were used as the primary raw materials to prepare green bodies via organic foam impregnation. Subsequently, a high-temperature sintering process was implemented to get the porous sound absorption material product from the green bodies. The effects of several factors, including the ratio of steel slag and fly ash, sintering temperature, and pore structure, on the sound absorption and mechanical properties of the product were investigated. Based on the anorthite region in the CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 ternary phase diagram region, the composition ratio of the material was designed. The composition and microstructure of the material were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. From the results, with the increase of the ratio of fly ash and steel slag, the composition of low melting point substances in the system decreases, and the amount of liquid phase decreases, which weakens the pore blocking phenomenon inside the material, resulting in the increase of pore size and noise reduction coefficient of the material. Besides, higher sintering temperature tends to correlate to greater density and higher compressive and flexural strengths but lower porosity, and the sound absorption coefficient demonstrated a peak with respect to sintering temperature. Furthermore, when the reduction of polyurethane sponge body pore size was taken into account, the product's sound absorption coefficient also showed a peak. The optimal parameters for our porous materials are as follows: fly ash:steel slag = 48 : 25, polyurethane sponge pore size = 40 ppi, sintering temperature = 1160 °C at 1-h duration (bulk density = 573.98 kg/m3), compressive strength = 1 MPa, porosity = 79.35 %, and noise reduction coefficient = 0.47.

Novel nano composites from Citrus limon and Citrullus colocynthis agricultural wastes for biomedical applications

In recent years, academic and industrial research has focused on using agro-waste for energy and new material production to promote sustainable development and lessen environmental issues. In this study, new nanocomposites based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-Starch using two affordable agricultural wastes, Citrus limon peels (LP) and Citrullus colocynthis (Cc) shells and seeds powders with different concentrations (2, 5, 10, and 15 wt%) as bio-fillers were prepared. The nanocomposites were characterized by Dielectric Spectroscopy, Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and water swelling ratio. The antimicrobial properties of the nanocomposites against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans were examined to investigate the possibility of using such composites in biomedical applications. Additionally, the biocompatibility of the composites on human normal fibroblast cell lines (HSF) was tested using MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. The results demonstrate that the filler type and concentration strongly affect the film's properties. The permittivity ε′, dielectric loss ε″ and conductivity σdc increased by increasing filler content but still in the insulators range that recommend such composites to be used in the insulation purposes. Both bio fillers control the water uptake, and the samples filled with LP were more water resistant. The polyvinyl alcohol/starch incorporated with 5 wt% LP and Cc have antimicrobial effects against all the tested microorganisms. Increasing the filler content has a negative impact on cell viability.

Comparison of Quantitative and Qualitative EDXRF Analysis for Provenance Study of Archaeological Ceramics.

The most common scientific analysis of archaeological ceramics aims to determine the raw material source and/or production technology. Scientists and archaeologists widely use XRF-based techniques as a tool in a provenance study. After conducting XRF analysis, the results are often analyzed using multivariate analysis in addition to interpretation and conclusions. Various multivariate techniques have already been applied in archaeological ceramics provenance studies to reveal different raw material sources, identify imported pieces, or determine different production recipes. This study aims to evaluate the results of multivariate analysis in the provenance study of ceramics that belong to three cultures that settled in the same area during various prehistoric periods. Portable energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pEDXRF) was used to determine the elemental composition of the ceramic material. The ceramic material was prepared in two different ways. The ceramic body material was ground into powder, homogenized, and then pressed into tablets. After that, the same fragments are polished in suitable places. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed on the tablets and polished pieces. The results were subjected to both unsupervised and supervised multivariate analysis. Based on the results, it was concluded that qualitative analysis of the well-prepared shards' surface using EDXRF spectrometry could be utilized in provenance studies, even when the ceramic assemblages were made of similar raw materials.

Developing teaching materials for writing observation report texts using Powtoon for grade X high school students

This study aims to develop teaching materials for writing observation report texts based on technology by utilizing the Powtoon application for class X SMA students. This study uses a development procedure called the ADDIE model. This study was conducted at SMA Negeri 15 Pekanbaru with 36 class XB students as research subjects. The data collection techniques used were student needs analysis questionnaires, validation questionnaires for teaching material products by validators, trials (limited tests), and teacher and student assessment questionnaires. The results showed that the quality of the product development of teaching materials for writing observation report texts based on Powtoon for class X SMA students was seen from the results of expert validation and got a score of 4.5 (90%), the practicality of the product was seen from the results of teacher assessments of 4.6 (92%) and student assessments of 4.5 (90%). The average pre-test score was 64, and the post-test was 87, which was stated to be significantly different based on the Wilcoxon test. It can be concluded that teaching materials designed using Powtoon for class X SMA students are very feasible and have the potential to be used in learning to write observation report texts.

Novel STAttention GraphWaveNet model for residential household appliance prediction and energy structure optimization

The multifaceted challenge of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions during building operations, construction, and material production perpetuates energy shortages and climate adversities. Urgent imperatives underscore the need for effective energy reduction and carbon mitigation, driving the building sector toward a paradigm shift in clean, low-carbon evolution. However, the complex multidimensional and nonlinear characteristics of influencing factors of building energy consumption make it difficult in precisely understanding the spatial and temporal relationships between the features in the predictive modeling of buildings. Therefore, a novel Graph Wavenet (GWN) based on the spatio-temporal attention fusion mechanism (STA-GWN) is proposed for spatio-temporal graph prediction modeling of structures, which can capture hidden spatial relationships using an adaptive dependency matrix. To overcome the drawbacks of standard predefined adjacency matrices and their inability to capture faraway dependencies, a spatio-temporal attention fusion mechanism is introduced to extract latent spatio-temporal features dynamically. By combining extracted features, building energy consumption can be predicted more precisely. Moreover, the proposed model becomes more interpretable, making it easier to reveal how spatio-temporal features relate to building energy consumption. Lastly, the proposed method is applied to energy conservation and emission reduction in the building industry. A predictive model for electrical energy consumption during two public datasets with an operational phase of buildings is established to analyze and optimize energy utilization in residential structures that rely on electricity. The experimental results demonstrate that the STA-GWN model surpasses other deep learning methods in terms of prediction accuracy and robustness. Moreover, the proposed model can offer optimal solutions for building energy processes, reducing approximately 201.44 kg (Kg) and 64.08 Kg of CO2 emissions in the appliances energy prediction dataset and the individual-household-electric-power-consumption (IHEPC) dataset, respectively.

Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Materi Teks Negosiasi Berbantuan Aplikasi Anyflip pada Siswa Kelas X SMA Swasta Gajah Mada Medan

This research aims to: (1) describe the process of developing teaching materials for negotiation text materials assisted by the Anyflip application for class Mada Medan. The research and development model used is ADDIE with five stages, namely analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation. The instruments used were interviews, as well as material validation questionnaires, design validation, and responses from Indonesian language study teachers. Data were analyzed using qualitative descriptive and quantitative descriptive analysis techniques (Likert scale). The results of the research and development carried out are teaching material products for negotiation text materials assisted by the Anyflip application with good average assessment results.

Decarbonization in the maritime industry: Factors to create an efficient transition strategy

The maritime industry faces intense scrutiny to address climate change amidst strict environmental regulations and societal expectations. The paper mainly focuses on understanding and evaluating the key factors driving the transition toward decarbonization in shipping. The study utilized qualitative analysis, focusing on reviewing current environmental targets set by major regulatory bodies, notably the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the European Union (EU). The study concludes that a clear strategy for reducing emissions is essential, and a holistic approach must be adopted. Thus, the investigation identified several critical factors that can facilitate the creation of an effective strategy to achieve net zero emissions, comply with regulatory goals, and reduce current emissions. They are decarbonization levels (solutions), ecosystem (value chain), and drivers (enablers), collectively referred to as the decarbonization LED model. The study emphasizes the importance of stakeholder engagement and policy advocacy to support zero-emission transition. For instance, the paper explores the sector’s decarbonization potential through a value chain perspective (Scope 3): employing the life-cycle approach to assess the complete environmental footprint of ship – “Cradle-to-Grave” frameworks (from raw material extraction, production, and product use, until the end of its life) and “Well-to-Wake” methodology to evaluate greenhouse gas emissions from fuel production to end-use by a ship. Additionally, the paper assesses the potential impacts of environmental regulations in the maritime sector, predicting significant transformations in the industry’s operational, technological, and collaborative practices. AcknowledgmentThis study was partially supported by the SEUS project – Horizon Europe Framework Programme (HORIZON), under grant agreement No 101096224. This article reflects only the authors’ views, and the European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.