Material For Supercapacitor Applications Research Articles

Progress in MOFs and MOFs-Integrated MXenes as Electrode Modifiers for Energy Storage and Electrochemical Sensing Applications

The global energy demand and environmental pollution are the two major challenges of the present scenario. Recently, researchers focused on the preparation and investigation of catalysts for their capacitive properties for energy storage devices. Thus, supercapacitors have received extensive interest from researchers due to their promising energy storage features and decent cyclic stability/performance. The performance of the supercapacitors are significantly influenced by the physicochemical properties of the electrocatalyst. In this review article, we have compiled the previous reports on the fabrication of MOFs-based composite materials with MXenes for energy storage and electrochemical sensing applications. The metallic and bimetallic MOFs and MOFs/MXenes materials for supercapacitor applications are reviewed. In addition, MOFs/MXenes-based hybrid composites are also compiled towards the determination of various toxic/hazardous materials, such as metal ions like copper ions, mercury ions, and picric acid. We believe that present review article may benefit the researchers working on the preparation of MOFs-based catalysts for supercapacitor and electrochemical sensing applications.

Significant Electrochemical Performance of Zirconia Nanoparticles Decorated with Polyaniline for Next Generation Electrode Materials in Supercapacitor Applications

Significant Electrochemical Performance of Zirconia Nanoparticles Decorated with Polyaniline for Next Generation Electrode Materials in Supercapacitor Applications

Conversion of cobalt from spent LIBs to Co3O4 electrode material for application in supercapacitors

ABSTRACT The cathode material of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is endowed with valuable metals, such as cobalt. The improper treatment of these batteries pollutes the environment and causes enormous resource waste. Therefore, the recovery of valuable metals from spent LIBs has attracted widespread attention. In this study, Co3O4 electrode materials were prepared by a simple homogeneous precipitation method and heat treatment using a leaching solution of spent LIBs-positive electrode material as the cobalt source. The crystal structure and morphology of the products were examined at different annealing temperatures, and their electrochemical performance was analyzed. The results show that low-temperature annealing contributes to grain refinement. The Co3O4 material prepared at 300°C annealing temperature has a rod-like structure with distinct pores and a specific surface area of 58.98 m2 g−1. Furthermore, electrochemical performance testing reveals that Co3O4 prepared at 300°C displays the best electrochemical performance as an electrode material, with a specific capacitance of 97.93 F g−1 and a cycle retention rate of 79.12% after 500 charge–discharge cycles. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of recycling valuable metal cobalt from spent LIBs cathode materials to produce Co3O4 materials for use as supercapacitor electrode materials, opening up new avenues for the recycling and utilisation of spent LIBs.

2D Fractal Arrays of Ultrathin Silicon Nanowires as Cost‐Effective and High‐Performance Substrate for Supercapacitors

Silicon is the most diffused material in the industry; thus, considering its high capacity for energy storage, silicon‐based materials are well studied as battery anodes and supercapacitors. Si nanowires (NWs) emerge due to the high surface to volume ratio, its compatibility with a wafer processing typical of microelectronics, and are studied as anodes for lithium batteries as well as coupled with other materials for supercapacitor application. In this article, the synthesis and application are reported as a lithium anode of 2D fractal arrays of ultrathin Si NWs obtained by a thin‐film metal‐assisted chemical etching (MACE). These Si NWs exhibit a density of about 1012 NWs cm−2, maximizing the surface to volume ratio compared to silver‐salts MACE and other NW fabrication approaches. By using 2.7 μm long NWs, a pseudo‐capacitor behavior with a specific capacitance of about 274.2 μF cm−2 at a scan rate of 50 mV s−1 is obtained. This specific capacitance is two orders of magnitude higher than the one obtained in the same condition by using NWs synthesized by silver‐salt MACE. In this result, the route is opened toward the application of these fractal arrays of ultrathin Si NWs as substrate for supercapacitors with improved efficiency.

Enhanced energy density of high entropy alloy (Fe‐Co‐Ni‐Cu‐Mn) and green graphene hybrid supercapacitor

AbstractGiven the growing demand for new materials for supercapacitor applications, high entropy alloys (HEAs) are being extensively investigated. They are an efficient alternative to existing energy sources due to their synergistic contribution from individual element. We demonstrate the development of nanostructured HEA (FeCoNiCuMn) as a cathode material with specific capacitance (Cs) of ~388 F g−1 (5 mV s−1). As anode material, green graphene (rice straw biochar) synthesized using pyrolysis shows a maximum Cs of ~560 F g−1 at similar scan rate (5 mV s−1). A hybrid asymmetric liquid state device was assembled using the FeCoNiCuMn nanostructured HEA and green graphene as electrodes. Utilizing the green source, the device provided a high Cs of 83.22 F g−1 at 2 A g−1. The specific energy of the device was 33.4 Wh kg−1 and specific power of 1.7 kW kg−1. The electrochemical behavior of each element in the high entropy composition was studied through post X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopic analysis. The chemical behavior of FeCoNiCuMn is further investigated using DFT studies. The enhanced electrochemical properties and synergistic contribution of each element of the HEA is studied via d‐band theory. The current study can be utilized to develop asymmetric hybrid supercapacitors as environmental friendly energy source.

Synergistic Enhancement of Supercapacitors with Cobalt–Copper Bimetal–Organic Framework

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), as high‐potential electrode materials for applications in supercapacitors, have received significant attention recently. Unfortunately, MOF materials still suffer from unsatisfactory specific capacitances due to poor conductivity and limited redox active sites. Herein, a novel cobalt–copper‐based bimetal–organic framework (CoCu‐MOF) is synthesized by a bottom‐up synthesis strategy, the material properties systematically characterized, and finally investigated as a supercapacitor electrode material. The synthesized CoCu‐MOF presents a high specific surface area of 62.4 m2 g−1, and 83% of the copper ions attains the +1 oxidation state contributing to the formation of additional redox active sites and leading to the formation of dual‐redox sites. The CoCu‐MOF displays an excellent specific capacitance of 618 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1, which is more than twice that of Co‐MOF and four times that of Cu‐MOF. The CoCu‐MOF retains 75% of its original capacitance after 3000 charge–discharge cycles at the current density of 1 A g−1. Overall, this work demonstrates how the bimetallic synergistic strategy can effectively enhance the electrochemical properties of MOFs by providing a higher specific surface area and by the introduction of dual redox sites.

Ethylenediamine-functionalized metal-organic frameworks for applications of electrochemical supercapacitors as an additive

In this study, the impact of incorporating ethylenediamine (ED)-functionalized metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) on enhancing the electrochemical performance of polypyrrole(PPy)-based conducting polymers as supercapacitor electrode materials was investigated. The stability of terephthalic acid-containing MOFs in different environments, including exposure to acids, relies on the specific metal ions and ligands utilized in their construction. In this research, ED treatment was chosen for its resistance to acid attack. Unlike the post-synthetic modifications observed in previous literature regarding ED-modified MOF5, this study introduces a unique approach where ED is directly integrated into the framework in a single step. The resulting materials, referred to as ED-MOF, were employed in creating a novel composite material concurrently with polypyrrole, designed for use as electrode materials in supercapacitor applications. The optimal loading in the electrochemical preparation of polypyrrole-based conducting polymers was determined using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. Areal capacitance for the resulting electrodes was evaluated through cyclic charge-discharge experiments. The areal capacitance of the ED-ZnMOF/1@/PPy/PGE electrode was found to be 575.2 mF.cm−2 at a charge/discharge current density of 1 mA.cm−2. This research underscores the potential advantages of combining conducting polymers and metal-organic frameworks in supercapacitors, as well as other electrochemical systems.

GO optimization strategies for improved capacity retention in transition metal oxides based ternary nanocomposites for high-performance supercapacitors

This work presents the optimization of GO in transition metal oxide based ternary nanocomposites (NiO/ZnO@(GO)x)for electrode materials in supercapacitor applications. The nanocomposites were synthesized using a straightforward sol-gel auto combustion route followed by sonication. It was observed from XRD analysis that crystallite sizes of NiO/ZnO@(GO)x nanocomposites vary between 49 and 24 nm. According to morphological study, the TEM images depict a hybrid nanoarchitecture with NiO/ZnO nanoparticles dispersed on graphene sheets. The maximum specific capacitance of 1833.9Fg−1 was obtained for NZG3 (NiO/ZnO with 6% GO).Furthermore, largest capacity retention of 98.7% was achieved for NZG3 after 6000 continuous cycles. NZ demonstrated 96% capacitance retention, for NZG1 it was 97.2% and capacity retention for NZG3, it was 98.7%. Therefore,optimized concentration of GO in NiO/ZnOnancomposite to achieve maximum specific capacitance and cyclic stability was found to be forNZG3 nanocomposite. The Rs values attained were found to be 6.7 Ω, 5.8 Ω, 5.4 Ω, 4.4 Ω and 4.9 Ω for NZ, NZG1, NZG2, NZG3 and NZG4 respectively whereas Rctvalues for NZ and NZG electrodes i.e. NZG1, NZG2, NZG3 and NZG4 10.0 Ω, 9.4 Ω,8.5 Ω,7.8 Ω and 8.1 Ω respectively, demonstrating that GO plays an important role in enhancing conductivity.

Electrochemical studies of nickel oxide nanoparticles via solution combustion method using green and chemical fuels

The efficient manufacture of nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) using a novel solution combustion method that makes use of chemical (glucose) and green (Aloe vera gel extract) fuels is reported in this work. As revealed by electron microscopy, the synthesized samples were spongy, spherical, agglomerated, and porous; in contrast, the face-centered cubic crystal structure (FCC) phase for NiO NPs was corroborated by PXRD. The energy band gaps of NiO NPs are 4.09 and 4.21 eV. Using an eco-friendly NiO electrode, cyclic voltammetry investigations demonstrated good reversibility (a reduced value of EO-ER). Its great conductivity was confirmed by electrochemical impedance tests, which also showed a low charge-transfer resistance. Using NiO NPs, stable electrode materials for application in supercapacitors can be readily created. In comparison to chemically synthesized NiO green generated NiO in a 3-electrode setup demonstrated a capacitance of 156 Fg−1 and 183 Fg−1 at a scan rate of 5 Ag−1, respectively, according to the GCD investigation. It also had good cycling stability, retaining more than 85% of its original capacitance after 2000 cycles. The results suggest that green produced NiO could be a cheap and practical material for use in supercapacitor applications in the future.

Li Salt Assisted Highly Flexible Carbonaceous Ni3N@polyimide Electrode for an Efficient Asymmetric Supercapacitor.

This work used a highly flexible, sustainable polyimide tape as a substrate to deposit ductile-natured carbonaceous Ni3N (C/Ni3N@polyimide) material for supercapacitor application. C/Ni3N was prepared using a co-sputtering technique, and this method also provided better adhesion of the electrode material over the substrate, which is helpful in improving bending performance. The ductile behavior of the sputter-grown electrode and the high flexibility of the polyimide tape provide ultimate flexibility to the C/Ni3N@polyimide-based supercapacitor. To achieve optimum electrochemical performance, a series of electrochemical tests were done in the presence of various electrolytes. Further, a flexible asymmetric supercapacitor (NC-FSC) (C/Ni3N//carbon@polyimide) was assembled by using C/Ni3N as a cathode and a carbon thin film as an anode, separated by a GF/C-glass microfiber soaked in optimized 1 M Li2SO4 aqueous electrolyte. The NC-FSC offers a capacitance of 324 mF cm-2 with a high areal energy density of 115.26 μWh cm-2 and a power density of 811 μW cm-2, with ideal bending performance.

Development of vertically aligned NixCo3-xO4 nanowires for supercapacitors

Nickel-cobalt oxide is a type of transition metal oxide which is extensively accredited as an outstanding electrode material for application in supercapacitors. It outperforms single components in terms of superior specific capacitance and incredible rate capability. In this perspective, porous NixCo3-xO4 nanowires have been effectively engineered using a hydrothermal apprroach followed by calcination. The resulting porous NixCo3-xO4 nanowire electrodes display significant properties. They achieve a better specific capacitance (1191.4 F/g) at 1 A/g with superior cycling stability. Interestingly, the NF does not only act as 3Dmacroporousconductive current collector but also as a source of Ni for the formation of NixCo3-xO4 nanowire. These exceptional properties position porous NixCo3-xO4 nanowires as a highly capable prospect for energy storage applications.

Combustion Synthesis of Materials for Application in Supercapacitors: A Review

A supercapacitor is an energy storage device that has the advantage of rapidly storing and releasing energy compared to traditional batteries. One powerful method for creating a wide range of materials is combustion synthesis, which relies on self-sustained chemical reactions. Specifically, solution combustion synthesis involves mixing reagents at the molecular level in an aqueous solution. This method allows for the fabrication of various nanostructured materials, such as binary and complex oxides, sulfides, and carbon-based nanocomposites, which are commonly used for creating electrodes in supercapacitors. The solution combustion synthesis offers flexibility in tuning the properties of the materials by adjusting the composition of the reactive solution, the type of fuel, and the combustion conditions. The process takes advantage of high temperatures, short processing times, and significant gas release to produce well crystalline nanostructured materials with a large specific surface area. This specific surface area is essential for enhancing the performance of electrodes in supercapacitors. Our review focuses on recent publications in this field, specifically examining the relationship between the microstructure of materials and their electrochemical properties. We discuss the findings and suggest potential improvements in the properties and stability of the fabricated composites based on the results.

Fuel coke derived nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped porous graphene structures for high-performance supercapacitors: The trail towards a brown-to-green transition

As the looming crisis of global energy market exponentially intensifies, the scientific community prompts the use of supercapacitors as a sustainable energy production/storage model and emission reduction strategy. Therefore, in this work, we present a cutting-edge approach for the high-value utilization of fossil fuel-derived materials in supercapacitor applications, promoting an integrated brown-to-green transition for energy, ecology, and the environment. Herein, nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped porous graphene sheets (a-NPGO) have been prepared from fuel coke, which exhibits outstanding electrochemical performance as a supercapacitor electrode material. The a-NPGO shows a high specific capacitance (322 F/g at 1 A/g) almost 11 times greater than the undoped coke-based graphene derivative. Furthermore, the symmetric supercapacitor assembled with a-NPGO-modified electrodes delivered an exceptional power density of 812 W/kg at energy density of 14 Wh/kg and an excellent capacitance retention of 90 % after 5000 charge-discharge cycles. This impression of coke-derived material in high-performance supercapacitors may broaden the horizon of the current electrochemical energy storage paradigm and afford the eco-conscious implementation of fossil fuel resources.

Mn Incorporated CeO2 Lattice Endorsement of Electrochemical Performance in Symmetric Supercapacitor Device

The greater charge transfer rate and variable oxidation states make cerium oxides a potential candidate to be used for energy storage application. Also, doping heteroatom in the architecture of well‐structured cerium oxide can significantly improve capacitive performance. Herein, manganese doped cerium oxide‐based nanostructured thin film is synthesized via the pulse laser deposition method for the accomplishment of the supercapacitive performance of the electrode. Due to the incorporation of Mn into the lattice of CeO2 electrode, the specific capacitance has been increased from 292 to 395 F g−1 at 2 mA cm−2 and capacitance retention also increased to 92.5% in 0.5 m Li2SO4 electrolyte solution. Later, an Mn–CeO2//Mn–CeO2@SS device is fabricated, which exhibit a specific capacitance of 85 F g−1 at 2 mA cm−2 within the working voltage window of +1.2 V. The symmetric supercapacitor (SS) device with high energy and power densities of 31 Wh kg−1 and 1673 W kg−1, respectively, also exhibits excellent cyclic retention of 87.6% even after 10 000 cycles. The Mn‐doped CeO2 symmetric supercapacitor device's electrochemical richness makes it an appropriate material for supercapacitor applications.

Supercapacitor electrode material derived from copper hydrogen phosphate nano pellets

Herein, the authors disclose for the first time the synthesis of copper hydrogen phosphate (Cu(HPO4)) material for supercapacitor applications. First, we synthesized Cu(HPO4) by a facile chemical bath deposition (CBD) method and then it was characterized by several physicochemical techniques. The fabricated Cu(HPO4) electrode showed superior capacitive performance of 874F/g at 0.1 A/g of current density. Further, Cu(HPO4) electrode retains a maximum of 93.2% of its original specific capacitance retention over 5,000 galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) cycles.

Efficient Synthesis and Electrochemical Investigation of Co3O4:PdO/Pd Nanocomposite for High‐Performance Supercapacitor Electrode Material

Advancements in the metal oxides‐based electrode material for the fabrication of supercapacitors have been an important focus of research in recent times. The electrochemical properties of electrode materials play a vital role in the excellent performance of the supercapacitor. In this regard, the doping of Co3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) with PdO/Pd using the ecofriendly extracted foliar reducing and stabilizing agent from Euphorbia cognata is analyzed. The as‐synthesized Co3O4:PdO/Pd nanocomposite exhibits a multifaceted phase composition, characterized by a particle size of 22 nm and a bandgap energy of 2.28 eV. Remarkably, an obvious reduction in bandgap energy is observed, indicative of the heightened electrochemical performance of the Co3O4:PdO/Pd nanocomposite. Galvanostatic charge–discharge techniques elucidate impressive electrochemical properties, including a 202 F g−1 specific capacitance and an exceptionally small resistance value of 1.04 Ω. These findings not only infer efficient charge particle diffusion, but also signify an enhanced charge storage capacity. Thus, the outcomes of this study state the potential of functionalized foliar Co3O4:PdO/Pd nanocomposites as a promising choice for advanced electrode materials in supercapacitor applications. Importantly, this study highlights the significance of utilizing cost‐effective and sustainable materials in the development of pioneering energy storage materials, contributing the advancement of materials field.

Dual Role is Always Better than Single: Ionic Liquid as a Reaction Media and Electrolyte for Carbon‐Based Materials in Supercapacitor Applications

The burgeoning energy demand necessitates the demand for alternative sources of energy worldwide. The development and enhancement of energy storage devices are the main focus of researchers for sustainable energy production. Carbon supercapacitors have the potential applicability as a commercial source of power. Carbon‐based materials have been synthesized by utilization of ionic liquids (ILs). ILs exhibit unique properties, making them valuable materials to be utilized as a precursor, template, reaction media, and electrolytes for forming carbon‐based materials and enhancing supercapacitors (SCs) performance. This review article provides detailed information about ILs in the field of SCs. First, different attractive properties are illustrated, and then the role of ILs in producing carbon‐based materials in the SCs field is described. The next part provides detailed information regarding the utilization of ILs as electrolytes in carbon‐based SCs. Further, the implementations of ILs as electrolytes in different carbon‐based materials (such as activated carbon, graphene carbon nanotubes, and carbon nanofibers) in SCs are listed. Lastly, the importance of IL‐based materials from other materials and future prospects are provided to the readers, which helps further improve the sustainable development of SCs.

Biomass-Derived N-Doped Activated Carbon from Eucalyptus Leaves as an Efficient Supercapacitor Electrode Material

Biomass-derived activated carbon is one of the promising electrode materials in supercapacitor applications. In this work bio-waste (oil extracted from eucalyptus leaves) was used as a carbon precursor to synthesize carbon material with ZnCl2 as a chemical activating agent and activated carbon was synthesized at various temperatures ranging from 400 to 800 °C. The activated carbon at 700 °C showed a surface area of 1027 m2 g−1 and a specific capacitance of 196 F g−1. In order to enhance the performance, activated carbon was doped with nitrogen-rich urea at a temperature of 700 °C. The obtained activated carbon and N-doped activated carbon was characterized by phase and crystal structural using (XRD and Raman), morphological using (SEM), and compositional analysis using (FTIR). The electrochemical measurements of carbon samples were evaluated using an electrochemical instrument and NAC-700 °C exhibited a specific capacitance of 258 F g−1 at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1 with a surface area of 1042 m2 g−1. Thus, surface area and functionalizing the groups with nitrogen showed better performance and it can be used as an electrode material for supercapacitor cell applications.

Recent advancements in zero- to three-dimensional carbon networks with a two-dimensional electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors.

Supercapacitors have gained significant attention owing to their exceptional performance in terms of energy density and power density, making them suitable for various applications, such as mobile devices, electric vehicles, and renewable energy storage systems. This review focuses on recent advancements in the utilization of 0-dimensional to 3-dimensional carbon network materials as electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitor devices. This study aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the potential of carbon-based materials in enhancing the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors. The combination of these materials with other cutting-edge materials, such as Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs), MXenes, Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs), graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), Black Phosphorus (BP), and perovskite nanoarchitectures, has been extensively studied to achieve a wide operating potential window. The combination of these materials synchronizes their different charge-storage mechanisms to attain practical and realistic applications. The findings of this review indicate that hybrid composite electrodes with 3D structures exhibit the best potential in terms of overall electrochemical performance. However, this field faces several challenges and promising research directions. This study aimed to highlight these challenges and provide insights into the potential of carbon-based materials in supercapacitor applications.

Investigation on carbon derived from casuarina bark using microwave activation for high performance supercapacitors

The activated carbon was obtained from casuarina bark skin (CBS). CBS were carbonized by 9 M concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and activated by a chemical activation process by adjusting the concentration of KOH in simple microwave pyrolysis. Obtained activated carbon sample has a defined surface area of about 4588 m2/g. In this study, the activator was KOH solution, is used to synthesise activated carbon from biomass.The activated carbon is created from casuarina bark skin in a 3 wt% KOH solution, and the resulting activated carbon material had a high specific capacitance of 333 F/g and a current density of 0.5 A/g. After 5000 cycles of testing, the produced activated carbon show extreme durability. According to the findings, biomass such as casuarina bark may be utilized to produce activated carbon, which can be used as a substitute for traditional anode materials in supercapacitor applications.