Storage Tank Material Research Articles

Karakterisasi Tebal Lapisan Dan Ketahanan Korosi Mild Steel SS400 JIS G3101 Dengan Metode Elektroplating Ni-Cr

Mild steel is steel with a concentration of carbon element below 0.3%. In its use as an oil storage tank material on fuel transport trucks, there is a problem, namely its resistance to corrosion in fuel. Sulfur compounds in fuel have a role in the formation of corrosion. Currently, the Ni-Cr electroplating coating method is very widely used as an effort to control the corrosion rate of carbon steel. The use of Ni-Cr as an anode is relied upon as a substance resistant to corrosion. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify how layer thickness affects corrosion levels in SS400 mild steel based on current variations and duration of the electroplating process. In this study using mild steel SS400 JIS G3101 with electroplating method (electroplating) varying the electric current 1A, 2A and 3A, as well as electroplating time of 10 minutes, 20 minutes and 30 minutes. The test parameters of the electroplating results are the actual layer thickness test, theoretical thickness test and corrosion rate test. Data processing was analyzed using two-way variance analysis. The thickness of the layer increases with increasing electric current and the length of time of Ni-Cr electroplating. The highest thickness value of 102.34 μm using a digital microscope while for theoretical testing of 98.33 μm, both were obtained at a current variation of 3A and an electroplating time of 30 minutes. The trend of corrosion rate value will decrease with the increase in electric current and the length of electroplating time with the lowest value of 0.003359 mmpy at a variation of electric current 3A and electroplating time of 30 minutes. For optimal values with the lowest corrosion rate on mild steel SS400 JIS G3101 as an oil storage tank material on fuel transport trucks, it is obtained by using a current of 3A and an electroplating time of 30 minutes Ni-Cr.

Effect of Water Storage Tank Material on Quality of Water with Storage Period

Quality drinking water is of prime importance for human need. Potable water comes from surface water and groundwater sources and it is acceptable for human consumption. The method of storing water plays a crucial role in maintaining its purity and safety for human consumption. Due to lack of continuous water supply, storage tanks are necessary to store water and storage tank material may affect the quality of potable water. The objective of this study is to investigate the variation in water quality during storage for some particular time period in different types of storage containers. 40 days (six weeks) is considered to determine potable water quality variation during storage in different container materials and materials used for containers are plastic tanks, clay pot and Reinforced Cement Concrete. To find the water quality parameters, samples are to be collected at five days interval. During the period of storage, physical, chemical and biological water quality parameters are to be determined. Parameters obtained from above tests are analyzed to understand the effect of age and container material on the quality of potable water. This analysis is useful to choose the material of storage container to store water for a particular period of time.

Assessment of safety and economic impact of boil-off-gas in LPG storage tanks

This study was carried out to assess the effect of boil-off gas (BOG) on the safety and economic effectiveness of LPG storage tanks. It includes analysis of the thermodynamic properties of LPG; heat absorbed from ambient air by the storage tank that leaks into the LPG, and consequently generates boil-off gas in the supply chain, by utilizing appropriate thermodynamic and heat transfer equations. Analyzing the heat leakage required the estimations of the convective heat transfer coefficient of the ambient air in the supply location and the LPG supply chain, which amounted to 3335.9W/m2K and 21.058W/m2K, respectively, in the system under study. Analyzing the thermodynamic properties, such as specific volume, entropy, and enthalpy of the LPG, shows that the entropy of LPG in the storage tank is negative, which suggests an endothermic process, validating that heat is added to the system from the surroundings. The heat absorbed in the LPG from the ambient air by the storage tank amounted to 1.785kW. The boil-off generation rate due to the storage tank heat leakage was 0.0049kg/s, which translates to a cost equivalent loss of 0.0069$/s at an LPG selling price of 1.42$/kg. It was recommended that maintenance of insulation and other external factors such as wind speed, solar radiation, ambient temperature, and thermal conductivity of the storage tank material are key factors in minimizing the heat leaks into LPG; hence BOG generation, which is of utmost importance in ensuring safety and economic loss in the LPG supply chain.

Temperature-Dependent Molten Chloride Salt Corrosion of Nickel Alloys

As next-generation clean and renewable energy technologies like concentrating solar power (CSP) systems and molten salt-cooled reactors (MSR) operate at ever higher temperatures (HT) to increase efficiency, their structural material and molten salt selection becomes increasingly important. To understand the corrosion behavior of candidate alloys to be used as materials for storage tanks, heat exchangers, and piping, seven alloys (Hastelloy N, Haynes 242, Haynes 214, Hastelloy C-276, Haynes 230, Haynes 224, Haynes 244) are immersed in purified 45.8 MgCl2- 38.5 KCl- 15.7 NaCl wt% chloride salt for 100 hours at 650°, 725°, and 800°C. After the exposure tests, the alloys are analyzed using SEM and EDS to determine the extent of salt infiltration and primary corrosion mechanisms. In addition, room-temperature XRD analysis provides quantitative information about the alloys’ corrosion products. These findings contribute important insight for molten salt energy system communities.

Analysis of residual stress in welding parts of cryogenic materials for LNG storage tank

Research in LNG fueled ships are actively underway in the world. Accordingly, various materials were widely used as materials for storage tanks for ultra-low temperatures, and high manganese steel for ultra-low temperature was recently developed. In this paper, the transient thermal and residual stress analysis of the welding of 9% nickel steel and high manganese steel are presented. 9% nickel steel tended to have higher transverse direction stress and longitudinal direction stress than high manganese steel.

Surface models of granular materials in storage tanks

The paper focuses on the problem of measuring the volume of granular materials in storage tanks where, due to uneven surfaces of these materials, the error in measurement by conventional methods reaches 15–20 percent. To increase the accuracy of volume measurement, a technique for modeling surfaces formed by granular materials in tanks is proposed.

Surface models of granular materials in storage tanks

The paper focuses on the problem of measuring the volume of granular materials in storage tanks where, due to uneven surfaces of these materials, the error in measurement by conventional methods reaches 15–20 percent. To increase the accuracy of volume measurement, a technique for modeling surfaces formed by granular materials in tanks is proposed.

Compatibility of Biofuel/Diesel Blends on Storage Tank Material

Non- edible oils from the plant seeds are the most promising alternative fuel for diesel engines as they are renewable, environment friendly, non-toxic, biodegradable, no sulphur and aromatics, favourable heating value and higher cetane number. But their inherently high viscosity compared to fossil diesel is undesirable for diesel engines. Lowering the viscosity can be achieved by breaking the triglyceride molecules and separating the fatty acid molecules from the glycerine molecules - transesterification. Biodiesel is more susceptible to oxidative attack than diesel fuel. The rate of oxidation is determined by the degree of unsaturation in the fatty acid alkyl ester chain, water content and environmental factors such as temperature, nature of storage container and air exposure during storage. Acceptable storage tank materials include mild steel, stainless steel, fluorinated polyethylene and polypropylene. Biodiesel has a solvent effect which releases the deposits accumulated on tank walls leading to corrosion. In the present investigation, the compatibility of biodiesel from Pongamia pinnata (PBD) and Jatropha curcus (JBD) and their different blends with commercial diesel (5%, 10% and 20%) with mild steel has been studied by mass loss method for a period of 100 h. 3% NaCl was used to depict water contamination. Though negligible corrosion rates were observed in both the biodiesels, corrosion rate in JBD was found to be higher. The surface topography of the metal samples after the exposure period was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The surface profile, pit distribution and pit density of the metal coupons were determined by laser profilometry. The wettability studies also supported the non corrosive nature of the biodiesel used.

Effect of storage tank material and maintenance on household water quality

This study investigated water quality of household water storage tanks in Tiquipaya, Bolivia. Tank age has little effect on water quality. Storage tanks cleaned three or more times per year had statistically less Escherichia coli and turbidity than tanks cleaned less frequently (p = 0.10 and p = 0.06, respectively). There was a statistically significant difference between E. coli counts in tanks cleaned three or more times per year compared with storage tanks cleaned less than once per year (p = 0.01). Polyethylene tanks had statistically higher E. coli counts than fiber cement and fiberglass tanks (p = 0.10 and p = 0.17, respectively). Water temperatures reached their highest levels (34°C) in a black polyethylene tank and temperatures of 20 and 23°C in fiberglass and fiber cement tanks, respectively. Statistically significant increases in total coliforms and E. coli associated with an increase in temperature and a loss of chlorine residual were documented as water traveled from the treatment plant, through the distribution system, and into household cisterns and storage tanks (p values ranged from 0.02 to 0.05).

Determination of Constraint-Modified J-R Curves for Carbon Steel Storage Tanks

Mechanical testing of A285 carbon steel, a storage tank material, was performed to develop fracture properties based on the constraint theory of fracture mechanics. A series of single edge-notched bend (SENB) specimen designs with various levels of crack tip constraint were used. The variation of crack tip constraint was achieved by changing the ratio of the initial crack length to the specimen depth. The test data show that the J-R curves are specimen-design-dependent, which is known as the constraint effect. A two-parameter fracture methodology is adopted to construct a constraint-modified J-R curve, which is a function of the constraint parameter, A2, while J remains the loading parameter. This additional fracture parameter is derived from a closed form solution and can be extracted from the finite element analysis for a specific crack configuration. Using this set of SENB test data, a mathematical expression representing a family of the J-R curves for A285 carbon steel can be developed. It is shown that the predicted J-Rcurves match well with the SENB data over an extensive amount of crack growth. In addition, this expression is used to predict the J-R curve of a compact tension specimen (CT), and reasonable agreement to the actual test data is achieved. To demonstrate its application in a flaw stability evaluation, the configuration of a generic A285 storage tank with a postulated axial flaw is used. For a flaw length of 10% of the tank height, the predicted J-R curve is found to be similar to that for a SENB specimen with a short notch, which is in a state of low constraint. This implies that the use of a J-R curve from the ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) standard designs, which typically are high-constraint specimens, may be overly conservative for analysis of fracture resistance of large structures.

Progressive crack extension due to local cooling of a crack in LNG storage tank material

This paper details an experimental programme designed to simulate the effects of cold gas escape from a crack in the outer mild steel containment tank of an LNG storage tank. Tests involving stressed flat plates in which an artificial defect was locally cooled showed that crack extension occurred when a critical local temperature range was reached. Temperature and strain investigations showed that the crack driving force was generated by thermally induced contraction stresses. In practice, further crack extension could be prevented by application of local heating. The cracks so initiated arrested after travelling a short distance and the arrest temperature conditions are related to stress level. The crack arrest temperature is sub-zero for normal tank design stresses and extensive fracture would not occur in the material investigated.