Material Selection Method Research Articles

Set Point Based Material Selection Method in Case of Recycled Polypropylene Application

Due to the economic reasons of the injection moulding process, robust technology set point was given in the case of a polypropylene part manufacturing. The part, named lid plate was a relatively humble product not sensitive for small strength parameter changing. K392 coded polypropylene (PP) was given as reference raw material for injection moulding. The technical task was to replace the reference material by using recycled PP. It was necessary to keep the production cycle term. The flow characteristics of the offered recycled polymers were previously unknown. New method and capillary rheometry experimental technique was used to aid the material selection. In the method, the repeatability and the accuracy of rod type capillary rheometry was investigated in order to get more reliable flow behavior data of recycled PP polymer. Relatively low repeatability deviance could be determined in the range of 800-1100 s-1 shear rate range by using rod capillary rheometry. By means of the adequate validated rheometry, the recycled polypropylene could be applied for the given technology set point based forming process.

철도 인프라 적용 교량형 조립식 모듈의 경량화 설계

This paper describes a method to design a lightweight modular bridge for a railway infrastructure system. A lightweight design was achieved using the material selection method. Aluminum extrusions and honeycomb sandwich composites were selected as the best materials to reduce the weight of the upper structure of a conventional modular bridge made of carbon-steel material. The structural integrity of the lightweight modular bridge was evaluated under vertical and wind loads. The twisting and bending natural frequencies were also evaluated to investigate its dynamic characteristics. The results showed that the structural integrity and natural frequencies of the lightweight modular bridge, made of aluminum extrusion and sandwich composites, satisfied the design requirements. Moreover, it was found that the weight of the conventional modular bridge made of carbon steel could be reduced by a maximum of 47% using lightweight materials.

Optical material selection method for an apochromatic athermalized optical system

A grapho-analytical method of optical material selection for apochromatic, athermalized objectives is described, based on diagrams of the relation between the optical and thermal characteristics of optical materials. The method presented allows for the selection of the optimal materials to achieve apochromatic correction and maintain the optical characteristics over a wide operating temperature range.

Selection of optical materials to minimize longitudinal chromatic aberration in a prospective broad-coverage medium-resolution multispectral instrument

We discuss a method for selection of the optical materials to be used in the corrective lens for a Cooke three-mirror system. We determined the optimum glass combinations for the 0.45–1.7 μm, 0.45–0.96 μm, and 1.55–1.7 μm spectral regions.

Fuzzy entropy-weighted MULTIMOORA method for materials selection

The selection of proper material is a formative stage in engineering design and production process. Without a systematic approach, many practical engineering materials may be neglected for selection. Multiple attribute decision making techniques as efficient methodologies can aid decision-makers in finding the optimal option. As a robust multiple attribute decision making approach, the MULTIMOORA method can be usefully employed in materials selection process. In this study, we extend the MULTIMOORA approach based on Shannon entropy concept under fuzzy environment to solve a materials selection case that is a group multiple attribute decision making problem. In the present paper, subjective weights of attributes and the ratings of alternatives on attributes are assumed as fuzzy sets. The entropy concept is considered to assign objective relative importance to decision-making attributes. The fuzzy subjective weights of attributes that are based on decision-makers comments and the crisp objective weights of attributes obtained using the entropy concept are consolidated to generate the fuzzy integrated entropy weights. We evaluate a practical materials selection problem related to automotive industry. We perform a sensitivity analysis by altering aggregation and normalization techniques besides the types of weighting. The materials rankings of the example are compared with the related study.

Thermal absorber material selection for solar thermal Bi‐Metallic multilayer crosses absorber

The energy gain term determines the level of energy received by the solar absorber from solar radiation and various methods have been implemented to increase the collector performance using a bi-metallic cross absorber. Experiments have been conducted to determine suitable material pairing between the bi-metallic cross absorber and black coated flat-plate absorber. Five types of solar thermal absorbers are investigated under condition 525 W/m2 of solar radiation and with 0.52 m/s air flow speed in terms of heating and cooling performance. Four set stainless steel cross absorbers achieved best energy retention capability by obtaining the slope value of -0.1520 during the cooling phase while during the heating phase, coated flat plate performed well with a slope value of 0.4909. The profile of the thermal absorber with thermal absorption and thermal buffer can be summarized using a spider chart with distance index bar-chart, and the result shows that a bi-metallic, aluminium and stainless steel cross absorber exhibit the optimal balanced thermal profile. With the implementation of the material selection method could minimize the material selection process for cross absorber application.

Selection of substrate material for hybrid microwave integrated circuits (HMICs)

This paper presents systematic approach of material selection for substrate material in hybrid microwave integrated circuits (HMICs). The performance of HMICs starts deteriorating at microwave frequencies because the circuit dimensions become comparable to the wavelength. So, it is important to design HMICs in such a way that its performance remains unaffected even at high frequencies. One way to fulfil this requirement is to fabricate a proper device. For this, substrate material in HMICs plays an important role. But there are different types of materials available which can be used as substrate material of HMICs. The commonly reported materials are: Silicon (Si), Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), Indium Phosphide (InP), Alumina (Al2O3), Beryllia, Fused Silica, Sapphire, Woven PTFF/ Glass, PTFE/Glass, Polyolefin, and Ferrite/Granite. As each material is having its own advantages and limitations; therefore, it is important to choose the best possible material out of all possible materials. For this purpose two decision making techniques are used. Firstly, Ashby’s approach as the Multi-Objective Decision Making (MODM) technique is used, and then the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) as the Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM) technique is used. Ashby’s approach provides effective material selection technique to select the best material based on their material and performance indices for better device performance. While TOPSIS approach is a decision making approach which is basically used to determine the best alternative which should have the shortest Euclidean distance (S*) from the ideal solution (A*) and the largest Euclidean distance (S-) from the negative ideal solution (A-). For MICs, the material indices considered and evaluated are surface roughness, relative dielectric constant, loss tangent, thermal conductivity, and dielectric strength. It is observed that Sapphire followed by high-purity Alumina (99.5 percent pure or better) are good candidates for substrate material in hybrid MICs. The surface roughness of Sapphire is better than that of Alumina, though the dielectric strength of both these materials is the same. A comparison between two different methods for material selection shows consistency between the two methods of material selection. Both methodologies show that Sapphire is the most suitable substrate material for hybrid MICs.

Microstructure, mechanical analysis and optimal selection of 7075 aluminum alloy based composite reinforced with alumina nanoparticles

Aluminum metal-matrix nanocomposites (AMMNCs) fabricated by conventional stir-casting process usually show high porosity and poor distribution of nanoparticles within the matrix. In the current study, for the improvement of nanoparticles distribution in the aluminum matrix and enhancement of the mechanical properties, a mixture of Al/nano-Al2O3 powders were injected by pure argon gas into the molten 7075 aluminum alloy and this mixture was extruded at high temperature. Mechanical behavior of the final product was investigated by tensile and compression tests, hardness measurements, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) and Optical Microscopy. This nanocomposite exhibited some superior properties such as a fine grain microstructure and a reasonable uniform distribution of nanoparticles in the matrix. Mechanical experiments results confirmed that the addition of Al2O3 nanoparticles and the extrusion process effectively improved ultimate tensile strength, compression strength and hardness. In next step, we used a Preference Selection Index (PSI) materials selection method to select best combination of strength and workability of Al7075Al2O3 nanocomposites. By this method, extruded Al7075/0.4 and 0.8 wt % Al2O3 has best combination of strength and workability.

(Invited) High-Throughput DFT Thermochemistry Applied to the Design of Cathode Coatings Forlithium-Ion Batteries

We present a high-throughput (HT) density functional theory (DFT) based framework to identify new functional coatings that can suppress cathode degradation in Li-ion batteries. This HT framework is based on reaction models that describe the thermodynamic and electrochemical stabilities and acid-scavenging capabilities of oxide materials. Using the framework, we search for coatings with different functionalities including physical barriers, hydrofluoric acid (HF) barriers and HF scavengers, by screening more than 130,000 candidate oxide materials. Employing two alternative material selection methods, namely, weighted-sum and rank aggregation multi-objective optimization, we predict new promising physical and HF-barrier coating materials such as WO3, LiAl5O8, ZrP2O7, Hf2P2O9, TaPO5, CaSn4(PO4)6, and new or under-explored HF-scavengers such as Sc2O3, Li2CaGeO4, Li3NbO4, TaBO4, LiBO2, Mg3(BO3)2, Ca5(BO3)3F, Ca2Ta2O7 and Li2MgSiO4. Using principal component analysis, we show that the the likelihood of discovery of effective HF-scavenger coatings is highest in silicates and borates among all oxides. We further present a new HT design strategy where thermodynamically optimal HF-scavenger coatings for a given cathode material can be found by (i) incorporating the cathode material itself in the chemical space, (ii) evaluating the cathode-coating reactivity, and (iii) monitoring cathode reactivity in electrochemical (charge and discharge) and HF-attack reactions. Examples of such optimal coatings we found include Li2SrSiO4, Li2CaSiO4 and CaIn2O4 coatings for the layered LiCoO2 and Li2GeO3, Li2TiSiO5, Li4NiTeO6, Ca2Mn3O8, and Li2MnO3 for the spinel LiMn2O4 cathodes. These candidate coating materials have the potential to prolong the cycle-life of lithium-ion batteries and surpass the performance of common coating technologies based on conventional materials such as Al2O3, ZnO, MgO or ZrO2. This work was performed in collaboration with Muratahan Aykol, Soo Kim, Vinay I. Hegde, David Snydacker, Zhi Lu, Shiqiang Hao, Scott Kirklin, and Dane Morgan.

New approaches to quality control for cultures of insects for rearing

An analytical review of existing methods of quality control for cultures of insects for rearing is presented. It is shown that there is a need to search for new approaches to solving this problem. The suggested methods for quality control for insect cultures are based on the rule of taxis intensity dependence on insect viability level. Testing of new methods of control and prediction of biological material viability was carried out on several breeds of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) and a laboratory culture of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.). It was established that the caterpillars of silkworm breeds with high viability show higher chemotaxis intensity. It was found that intensity of taxis manifestation can be considered as a criterion of population condition. Selection of the most promising breeds of silkworm can be carried out at the moment of hatching without expensive rearing. It was shown that testing of neonate caterpillars by chemotaxis intensity provides the control of viability in all stages of insect development. Evaluation of chemotaxis intensity of adult males on female sex pheromone gives the possibility to select the specimens with the highest physiological properties for hybridization as well as to predict viability for progeny. The method of biological material selection by chemotaxis intensity was improved due to decrease the time of selection from 30 to 15 minutes and preliminary starvation of these insects. Positive correlation was evaluated between general viability of silkworm culture and intensity of chemotaxis of neonate larvae to the smell of mulberry leaf during 15 minutes after 12 hours of starvation. A significant increase of viability for silkworm breeds and hybrids was registered using such selection method during the spring and summer rearing. This selection method can be used also for assessment of culture viability. A new express-method of biological material selection for insect cultures establishment has been approbated. It is based on the positive correlation between insect viability parameters and their trophotaxis intensity. It is shown that for establishment of a laboratory culture of gypsy moth it is necessary to obtain the material from populations with the highest chemotaxis intensity. It was experimentally proved that parameters of chemotaxis intensity and insect viability reflect a certain level of population heterozygosity. The higher is the intensity of chemotaxis, the higher is the relative level of population heterozygosity. This fact gives the possibility to determine the level of heterozygosity for artificial insect populations by testing larvae for chemotaxis intensity. This method may be suitable for monitoring of natural populations condition in zones with intensive anthropogenic loading.

A lightweight design approach for an EMU carbody using a material selection method and size optimization

This study proposes a weight reduction design approach for urban transit carbody using a material selection method and size optimization. First, the material selection method, which uses specific stiffness and strength indices to predict the weight reduction rate, is set up when the materials of the under-frame and roof structure are substituted. The CFRP was chosen as the best weight reduction material in terms of the material selection method but was not appropriate for application to an urban transit carbody as a thin panel because of out-of-plane deformation. Therefore, we applied CFRP-AL honeycomb sandwich composites to the under-frame and roof structures, and the size optimization method was subsequently applied to derive a lightweight composite hybrid carbody design. Finally, the proposed approach was applied to an urban transit carbody, i.e., a Korean electrical multiple units carbody made of aluminum extrusion profiles. The weight of the optimized composite hybrid carbody design was 29.0% lighter than that of the original K-EMU. The resulting composite hybrid carbody design satisfied the design guidelines of the Performance test standard for K-EMU according to the corresponding FE simulations.

Objectification of Subjectivity: International Experience in Selection of TV Stimuli in Mass Media Effect Research

The objective of the study was to classify the existing methods of the TV news content selection, and to assess the advantages and shortcomings of each approach. To achieve this goal, the following tasks have been performed: 1) considering the existing approaches to the selection of the TV news content, applied in the media effects studies; 2) summarizing and classifying the approaches used for the selection of the TV news stories for experiments in the media effects studies; 3) analysing the advantages and disadvantages of each technique of the experimental selection of the TV news content. The research was conducted through the use of scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, transition from the abstract to the concrete, and document review. Several criteria were applied to the selection of the studies to be included in the review of methods of the TV news materials selection: 1) only those experimental articles and thesis were selected, in which the TV news was the independent variable, and the reaction of surveyed people was the dependent variable; 2) the articles and theses should include a clear description of the methods of the TV news selection. Results and Conclusions. The TV news content was examined as a basic material for experiments in social communications. Based on the academic publications of the American and European scientists, we elaborated the classification of methods for the media content selection in the media effects studies. Different approaches to the selection of news material were proposed. According to the proposed classification, all methods of the media content selection were divided into the primary methods (pool method) and secondary methods (Self-Assessment Mannequin test; semantic differential method; R. Likert emotion assessment scale; J.B. Haskins scale for the good-bad news assessment). The validity and reliability of these techniques was proved by the studies in the TV news effects.

Material Selection Based on a Product and Production Engineering Integration Framework

Material selection is an essential aspect of engineering processes of both products and production systems, and often crucial for the success of the resulting products. In practical engineering, however, material selection is often executed in a hands-on manner and not based on an integrated optimization process taking all relevant product and production engineering aspects into account. This contribution presents a formalized approach to better support material selection decisions. The approach is part of an overall material-oriented development methodology and features a material selection method which takes product, production process and material information into account in an integrated way.

Application of case-based reasoning and multi-criteria decision-making methods for material selection in petrochemistry

This paper describes a decision support approach for selecting construction materials in the field of petrochemistry. The correct selection of construction materials is the basis for the provision of durability, long lifetime, and the safety of the designed and upgraded equipment. The proposed hybrid approach is based on the joint application of case-based reasoning and multi-criteria decision-making methods, particularly the aggregation and ranking alternatives nearby the multi-attribute ideal situation (ARAMIS) and aggregation of individual ranking/ complex of aggregation of individual ranking (AIR/CAIR) methods are used. In turn, ARAMIS enables the processing of individual preferences, which are represented in the form of numeric and verbal estimates, and AIR/CAIR is used for processing rankings (strictly or partially ordered sets of alternatives). The primary advantage of this approach is that it considers the experience of previous successful solutions of the materials selection problem, demonstrates the validity of the obtained results using the mathematical theory of multi-criteria decision making and explains the decision making process. The approach is implemented in the form of the expert system. The case model, algorithms, and an illustrative example of application of the proposed approach are also presented.

Design and Verification of 150-krpm PMSM Based on Experiment Results of Prototype

This paper proposes the design process of a 2.62-kW 150-krpm high-speed surface-mounted permanent-magnet synchronous motor. To meet the required specifications, the numbers of poles and slots were determined by considering the maximum speed and the rotary stability affected by the vibration of the rotor. In addition, this paper describes not only the appropriate material selection method but also the appropriate geometry design method based on analytic approaches. Furthermore, to precisely evaluate the bearing and windage losses at a high speed, a method that combines the finite-element method and the experiment results of the prototype was used. As a result, an improved motor was designed, which had higher maximum power and speed than the prototype and a lower mass moment of inertia. Finally, tests were conducted to verify the validity of the proposed design process and the effectiveness of the motor.

Two interval type 2 fuzzy TOPSIS material selection methods

Material selection is very important in engineering design. Material selection methods utilizing fuzzy set theory have gradually gained acceptance because of their capabilities in handling impreciseness inherent in measuring material properties. Past studies are all based on type 1 fuzzy sets. This paper presents two interval type 2 fuzzy multi-attribute decision making methods for material selection. Rather representing uncertainty in trapezoidal type 1 fuzzy sets, this paper represents uncertainty in measurement, preference, judgment, or prediction in terms of trapezoidal interval type 2 fuzzy sets instead. This representation allows higher degree of impreciseness by specifying membership value as an interval rather than as an exact value. The two new methods presented in this paper are extended from two existing TOPSIS methods based on type 1 fuzzy set. They differ mainly in the stage when defuzzification is carried out and other details. Note that the two existing type-1 fuzzy based TOPSIS methods assume no knowledge about desirable material property values. It is shown in this paper that such methods might lead to the selection of undesirable materials. An example is used to illustrate the working of the two new methods, followed by discussion about the effects of some relevant factors. Ideas for extending this study are given in the conclusions.

A predictive modelling-based material selection method for sustainable product design

Material selection significantly affects environmental impacts and other objectives of a product design. Life cycle assessment (LCA) methods are not efficient enough for use at the early design stages to prune a design space. Material properties consist of discrete data sets, which are further complicated when LCA data are included, thus posing a significant challenge in the construction of surrogate models for prediction of all relevant behaviours and numerical optimisation. In this work, we address the unique challenges of material selection in sustainable product design in some important ways. Salient features of the robust surrogate modelling approach include achieving manageable dimensionality of LCA with a minimal loss of the important information by the consolidation of significant factors into categorised groups, as well as subsequent efficiency enhancement by a streamlined process that avoids the construction of full LCA. This approach combines efficiency of use with a mathematically rigorous representation of any pertinent objectives across a design space. To this end, we adapt a two-stage sampling approach in surrogate model construction for sustainability considerations based on a feasible approximation of a Latin Hypercube design at the first stage. The development and implementation of the method are illustrated with the aid of an automotive disc brake design, and the results are discussed in the context of robust optimal material selection in early sustainable product design.

Porous Polymeric Composite Separators for Redox Flow Batteries

Currently, the most commonly used membranes in redox flow batteries (RFB) are ion-exchange membranes. In particular, in all vanadium flow battery systems (VRB), perfluorinated polymers such as Nafion® are widely used, owing to their high proton conductivity and chemical stability; however, the extremely high cost of currently available membranes has limited the commercialization of VRB technology. Recently, low-cost porous polymeric composite separators (e.g., polytetrafluoroethylene [PTFE]/silica), as an alternative to traditional ion-exchange membranes, have attracted a great deal of interest because of their significantly lower cost. Porous separators prepared from various polymer materials and inorganic fillers have demonstrated comparable electrochemical performances to that of Nafion® in flow battery tests with different redox chemistries. This paper provides a review of porous separators for flow battery applications. In addition to discussions of separator material selection and preparation methods, we also emphasize the electrochemical performance of various flow battery systems, especially the capacity fade mechanism that is closely related to ion-transport across porous separator.

Assessment of MR compatibility and machinability using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method for material selection of MR device

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo develop magnetic resonance (MR) robot used in the magnetic field environment, materials selected for manufacturing robot should have good MR compatibility and machinability. Therefore, it is becoming increasingly urgent to develop an evaluation method considering the above two factors at the same time.MethodsA series of experiments were done to study the interaction between the magnetic field of MR scanner and the material samples, and to determine the samples’ machinability. Four kinds of materials including metal and plastics with different geometric shape were used to test the artifacts, force and torque in magnetic resonance image (MRI) tube according to standard method. Three items including surface roughness, cutting force and chip shape were analyzed to evaluate the machinability of four samples. The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was adopted to process these experimental data for choosing the most suitable robot material in MR environment.ResultsThe quantized values of MR compatibility and machinability are achieved, and a new methodology for material selection are developed, which provides systematic guideline for engineer and researcher to choose suitable robot materials used in an MRI tube. Polyformaldehyde of four kinds of material is determined to be the most suitable one for MR robots or devices.ConclusionA thorough examination of four commonly used engineering materials has been discussed and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is suitable for choosing MR compatible robot materials. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 45B: 1–12, 2015

Methods of material selection in industry based on classic ranking and data envelopment analysis

Nowadays, one of the most important discussions in the industry, economy and management is selection and ranking of applied elements. In this regard, the correct selection of material is the greatest concern for production of a quality product at a reasonable price. In the past, the classic methods (Ashby, Edward, weighted properties method) were suggested as the most suitable methods of selection. Since planning earned an importance in industry, some methods have been suggested based on mathematical planning (DEA). In this research, the classic methods and data envelopment analysis for selection and ranking of suitable materials are presented; and a comparison between the same is drawn according to both advantages and disadvantages of them.