The integration of digital media into project-based learning has become increasingly important in supporting creative skill development in secondary education. However, the availability of structured and validated digital learning resources for craft subjects remains limited. This study aimed to develop and validate an e-flipbook learning medium for tote bag painting within project-based craft classes. The research employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach using the ADDIE model, limited to the analysis, design, and development stages. The feasibility of the developed product was evaluated through expert validation using the Content Validity Index (CVI). The validators consisted of three media experts and three subject-matter experts. The results indicated that the media component achieved an S-CVI/Ave value of 0.95 and an S-CVI/UA value of 0.85, both categorized as highly feasible. Meanwhile, the material component obtained an S-CVI/Ave value of 0.90 (very feasible category) and an S-CVI/UA value of 0.69 (feasible category). These findings demonstrate that the developed e-flipbook meets the required content validity standards in both media and material aspects. Therefore, the e-flipbook can serve as a validated digital learning alternative to support project-based craft instruction in secondary education.

Learning elements in the Basic Fashion Skills Phase E requires contextual and visual digital media. This study aims to test the feasibility of flipbook media as an alternative to interactive learning in the Industrial World and Fashion Development of SMK Negeri 6 Semarang through a quantitative descriptive method. Validation is carried out by material experts and media experts using instruments that have been tested for validity which include aspects of material, language, graphics, and the presentation of material in the media. The results of the analysis with the percentage descriptive analysis technique showed that the feasibility score of material experts was 88.75% and media experts 91.22%, both of which met the criteria of being very feasible This Flipbook has the potential to be optimal as a supporting medium for vocational learning in fashion after revision, although its effectiveness on student motivation and learning outcomes requires further field trials.

This article examines how experiences of safety are shaped in the Finnish countryside. The study adopts a new materialist approach to the geography of fear and draws on free-form writings by rural residents. Rural space is conceptualized as a relational setting that actively influences perceptions of safety, emerging through the interplay of human and non-human factors. The formation of safety is explored in two lived spaces of everyday life: the home and the home village. The findings indicate that domestic safety is constructed through family and affective relations, as well as through material aspects of self-sufficiency and resilience. In the home village, key elements of safety include social networks, sense of community, trust, the presence of public institutions, and nature. However, experiences of safety are neither permanent nor immutable; changes in constituent elements can disrupt them. In rural areas, safety is undermined by the retreat of the welfare state, global threats mediated through the media, cultural divides, deficiencies in the built environment, declining physical capacity, and internal distrust within local communities. The study demonstrates that rural safety challenges differ from those in urban settings and that the themes of rural geography of fear diverge from the urban-centered geography of fear, which is primarily focused on fear of crime.

Abstract This study adopts an interdisciplinary approach encompassing historical geography, religious sociology, and digital humanities, concentrating on the Great Tea Road (GTR) and Guan Yu Cult Sites (GYCS) within a 400 km radius of Hankou. It investigates their interaction mechanisms through three dimensions: the agglomeration of GYCS, the influence of GYCS within the GTR network, and the significance of nodes in the dissemination of belief. The integrated analysis of GIS and Gephi indicates that the spatial distribution of GYCS is closely linked to dynamic GTR, exhibiting considerable regional variation, while its cross-regional dissemination mostly relies on social network-mediated practical flexibility. This study establishes a quantitative framework for studying belief dissemination through cultural route dynamics, addresses deficiencies in the interaction between material and intangible aspects within global cultural route theory, and facilitates the application of world heritage and integrated protection.

The ability to read poetry is an essential competency in literary literacy in elementary schools, but students' mastery of intonation, articulation, and interpretation of meaning is often hampered by the limitations of interactive and contextual learning media. Although previous literature has partially explored the use of digital media and cooperative learning models, the integration of poetry based on local wisdom, audio models, and collaborative interactions in a single platform is still very limited. This study aims to develop the Goa Terawang Poetry Flipbook based on the Cooperative Script Model and to test its validity and effectiveness in improving the poetry reading skills of fourth-grade students at SDN Kediren, Blora. This research is a Research and Development (R&D) study adapted from Sugiyono's model through eight stages: (1) potential and problems, (2) data collection, (3) product design, (4) design validation, (5) design revision, (6) product testing, (7) product revision, and (8) field testing. The developed media integrates poetry texts containing local songs, visual illustrations, and expressive audio models accessed through QR codes, combined with a cooperative script model that includes paired activities so that children can practice more confidently with their peers. Expert validation results showed a very high level of feasibility, namely 92.8% for the material aspect and 94.6% for the media aspect. Effectiveness tests showed a significant increase in students' poetry reading skills, as evidenced by the results of the Paired Sample t-test (P < 0.05) in the product test and the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test (P < 0.05) in the usage test. The improvement in learning outcomes was categorized as moderate, with N-Gain scores of 61.3% and 60.16%, respectively. In conclusion, the Goa Terawang Poetry Flipbook is declared valid and effective as an alternative learning medium to improve elementary school students' poetry reading skills.

This research is motivated by obstacles in the implementation of character education at SMP Negeri 1 Loceret, particularly in the aspect of learning media that is less innovative in the era of digital transformation. The focus of this research is to develop Normapedia interactive media integrated with the SATRIA BAIK (One Day Three Goodness) program to strengthen students' moral actions in a real way. Using the Research and Development method with the ADDIE development model, this research goes through the stages of analysis, design, development, implementation, and comprehensive evaluation. The results of the validity test show a very high level of product feasibility reaching 91.87%, covering aspects of material, character, and media design. In the effectiveness test stage on 32 students, a significant increase in moral actions was found with an average score that jumped from 65.12 in the pretest to 84.56 in the posttest. This increase of 19.44 points is supported by an N-gain value of 0.71 which is in the high category and a significance of 0.000. Qualitatively, this program succeeded in increasing discipline consistency by 87% and social empathy by 81%. The main conclusion confirms that the synergy between interactive normative content and digital daily reflection features effectively builds a measurable and sustainable moral habitus. This innovation bridges the gap between students' understanding of ethical theory and their daily behavioral practices in a junior high school environment through the systematic use of technology. This medium supports the creation of a generation of intelligent and high-integrity learners.

This study aims to determine the obstacles experienced by fifth-grade students in performing forward roll floor gymnastics at SD 104241, Kampung Syahmad Village, with a total of 49 students as subjects. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method. Data collection techniques were carried out through questionnaires, interviews, and observations, then analyzed through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Data validity was obtained through source and method triangulation techniques to ensure the validity of the research findings. Based on field findings, learning obstacles include physical, psychological, material, teacher, facilities and infrastructure, as well as environmental and time aspects. The results of the analysis show that the most dominant obstacles are in the facilities and infrastructure aspect, especially limited facilities such as inadequate mattresses, thus hampering the implementation of optimal and safe learning for students. In addition, environmental and time aspects are also classified as having quite high obstacles, such as the condition of the learning place that is less supportive and limited allocation of learning time. Physical, psychological, material, and teacher aspects have relatively lower levels of obstacles. Thus, it can be concluded that the main obstacles in learning forward roll floor gymnastics are more influenced by external factors. Therefore, efforts are needed from schools and teachers to improve learning facilities and create more effective, innovative, and enjoyable learning conditions so that learning objectives can be achieved optimally.

Abstract This study introduces a novel five-unknown hyperbolic Higher-Order Shear Deformation Theory (HSDT) for analyzing the mechanical stability and vibration behavior of functionally graded (FG) plates under dynamic loading across various boundary conditions. By incorporating the transverse shear effects without correction factors, the proposed theory employs the virtual work principle and Hamilton model to derive the equilibrium and motion equations, along with analytical solutions for the buckling and vibration responses. A new shape function is proposed to enhance the modeling accuracy, complemented by a Quasi-3D theory with five unknown terms using integral equations. This study validated the efficiency and accuracy of this approach by comparing it with existing literature, demonstrating its robustness. Comprehensive parametric studies revealed the intricate effects of the material index, homogeneity ratio, aspect ratio, and thickness ratio on the critical buckling loads, natural frequencies, and dynamic responses for diverse loading scenarios. The findings highlight the significant influence of boundary conditions and material gradation on structural performance, offering valuable insights for optimizing FG plate designs in engineering applications in which stability and vibration control are critical. This study advances the understanding of FG plate mechanics using a refined theoretical framework and detailed analytical investigation.

Global business organizations face increasing pressures to address sustainability challenges related to climate change, environmental degradation, and depletion of resources. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has evolved from a voluntary/philanthropic practice to a governance-based practice that is integral to business decisions and financial reporting. During this journey, environmental responsibility has become an integral and financially material aspect of corporate social responsibility. This paper proposes a conceptual framework on how environmental responsibility becomes an integral part of corporate social responsibility and is related to ESG reporting, sustainable finance, and global financial governance. Using stakeholder theory, legitimacy theory, institutional theory, and sustainable finance theories, this paper proposes a conceptual framework on how environmental responsibility is not only an ethical requirement but also a risk management tool for business organizations and a determinant of corporate legitimacy. ESG reporting is conceptualized as a corporate governance tool for implementing environmental responsibility, while sustainable finance instruments such as green bonds and ESG-based lending rates become financial rewards for business organizations practicing environmental responsibility. Situating environmental responsibility in global financial governance is also an important aspect of this study, which seeks to highlight the normative and strategic role of environmental responsibility in sustainable business practices. This paper contributes to the literature on corporate social responsibility and sustainability by developing an integrated theoretical framework on how environmental responsibility is related to corporate financial and ethical responsibilities and how it becomes an integral part of corporate governance and global financial governance.

This study aims to develop a learning instrument, the "TeachABK" Big Book, designed to stimulate the verbal competence of children with speech delays at MI Al-Hidayah, Malang Regency. This study adopts a Research and Development (R&D) approach using the ADDIE instructional design model. The resulting product is an A4-sized learning medium that integrates adaptive visual design, simplified text, and audio-based QR code features to support students’ articulation. Data were collected through observations, interviews, documentation, and questionnaires. The effectiveness of the media was evaluated using both qualitative and quantitative data analyses, including the N-Gain test. Based on expert validation of both material and media aspects, the "TeachABK" Big Book achieved a "very good" rating, with scores exceeding the 85% threshold. Field implementation results indicate significant improvements in students’ speaking abilities, particularly in vocabulary development, pronunciation clarity, and the ability to produce simple sentence structures. Both theoretically and practically, these findings highlight that personalized and interactive media innovations serve as essential tools in strengthening the implementation of inclusive education at the elementary school level.

Objective: To address the homogenization of visual expression and the marginalization of deep-seated cultural genes in Xianju County, this study explores a systematic translation path for cultural genes into visual symbols. Methods: Based on cultural gene theory, a "screening-decoding-translation-evaluation" method chain was constructed. Core genes were screened using a dual-dimensional index of material and non-material aspects and a three-dimensional model of "recognition-exclusivity-activity." Semiotic theory was applied for visual transformation, and a questionnaire was used for empirical testing. Results: The constructed county-level visual identity system received positive feedback in terms of cultural recognizability, regional relevance, and application willingness, effectively enhancing public cultural identification. Conclusion: This research provides a replicable path for the revitalization of county-level cultural resources and the construction of a visual image, and has practical significance for promoting the transformation of cultural resources into brand assets.

Object of the study. The focus of this study is on the processes of managing logistics services as a strategic factor that enhances enterprise competitiveness and creates customer value within the context of e-commerce. Aim of the study. The aim of this study is to explore the role of logistics services as a strategic component of enterprise competitiveness in the e-commerce sector and to develop a methodology for its evaluation through the integral Logistics Service Index (LSI). Research methods. This research employs a range of general scientific and specialized methods, including analysis, synthesis, categorization, description, comparison, theoretical generalization, and abstract-logical reasoning. Results of work. The article explores logistics services as a strategic factor in enhancing the competitiveness of enterprises within the e-commerce sector. It systematizes theoretical approaches to defining the essence of logistics services and substantiates their role in creating customer value in the context of the digital economy. The economic feasibility of logistics service has been revealed, which consists in creating added value by ensuring the required level of product availability for the consumer at the right time, in the right place, and with minimal total costs. It has been established that in the digital environment, logistics service acts as a materialized manifestation of the enterprise's value proposition. An integrative method for assessing the level of logistics service based on key performance indicators (KPIs) is proposed, along with the development of a comprehensive Logistics Service Index (LSI). The strategic prospects of integrating unmanned technologies and bio-inspired algorithms into transport networks have been identified as a factor in the evolution of intelligent logistics systems. Additionally, a structural-logical model is constructed to illustrate the connections between enterprise resource potential, logistics service parameters, customer satisfaction and loyalty, and overall competitiveness. The integration of material and information aspects has been proven to define the comprehensive nature of logistics service. An empirical calculation of the LSI confirms the direct influence of logistics service quality on customer behavioral characteristics. The strategic role of logistics service as a key asset in ensuring market stability and long-term competitiveness of business entities has been substantiated and defined. The findings can be applied in managerial decision-making processes related to digital logistics and the strategic development of e-commerce enterprises.

Inclusive education in higher education is often addressed through institutional strategies and policy frameworks, while less attention is paid to how inclusion is experienced by students in everyday academic life. This study adopts a student-centered perspective to examine perceptions of inclusion among first-year university students enrolled in programs oriented toward education and related helping professions. Focusing on students at the beginning of their studies enables the capture of early encounters with institutional culture, accessibility, and support structures, while establishing a baseline for planned longitudinal follow-up research. Using an online survey design, data were collected from 117 first-year students and analysed using descriptive statistical methods. The questionnaire examined key domains of inclusion, including institutional climate, diversity and equality, gender sensitivity, digital accessibility, participation, support for individual educational needs, and physical accessibility. The findings indicate a clear pattern in which inclusive values and interpersonal climate are evaluated positively, whereas structural and material aspects of inclusion, particularly physical accessibility and systematic support for individual needs, receive lower ratings. The results point to a persistent tension between inclusive culture and institutional conditions in higher education, with implications for the preparation of future professionals for inclusive practice.

ABSTRACT Social movement scholars have long focused on what makes social movements successful in terms of their structural impact or in attracting resources and support. What has gained less attention is how collective action is sustained over time, along with the generative and redistributive potential of care in sustaining action. This article aims to analyse how collective action is sustained among organized tenants, examining their care work, with particular attention to spatial and temporal dimensions. Based on semi-structured and focus-group interviews with organized tenants in different Swedish cities, the goal is to investigate experiences and practices for sustaining action. The theoretical framework used distinguishes different temporal and spatial practices in the care work carried out by collective actors. It is argued that tenants manage time and space by aligning and differentiating across temporalities and by using the material and immaterial aspects of their embeddedness in space to create caring identities and solidarities.

Millenarianism originated from apocalyptic literature in Judaism, emphasizing that the “Messiah” would establish a “millennial kingdom” on earth ruled by the Jews. This ideology became a theoretical weapon for Jews to resist imperial tyranny during classical antiquity and was later embraced by early Christian theology. By the early modern period, with the intense unfolding of the Reformation and social upheavals, the theory of the “millennial kingdom” re-emerged as a mainstream topic in Christian theology. Regarding the nature of the “millennial kingdom” and how it would be realized, early modern Christian factions split into two interpretive camps. One emphasized the spiritual attributes of the “millennial kingdom”, while the other stressed its material aspects, advocating the violent establishment of a political entity on earth ruled by Christians. These two distinct interpretive models ultimately converged on the issue of colonial expansion, transforming millenarianism into a theoretical tool to justify overseas expansion.

The exposition collects materials and reflections from ‘A poem is a small machine … made out of words’, an exhibition and series of writing sessions that were held at the Oslo National Academy of the Arts in the spring of 2025. This five-part exposition presents different material from the writing sessions and the exhibition, including reflections from the participating writers, a vocabulary list, images, and new texts, or poems, that were written throughout the period. ‘A poem is a small machine … made out of words’ took place during the first year of the project Ways of Writing. Ways of Writing is a PhD project affiliated with the Department of Graphic Design at the National Academy of the Arts in Oslo. The title of the exposition is borrowed from poet and physician William Carlos Williams. It is taken from the introduction to his 1944 volume of poems The Wedge. The phrase points to a lot of the questions I address in my PhD project. Being a graphic designer means being particularly sensitive to the material and visual aspects of language. As a graphic designer I am interested in how our bodies shape our language. The main ambition of this exhibition was to bring questions from my PhD research into a physical space. I wanted to look into ways of using the body to write new stretches of computational poetry. keywords: typography, graphic design, writing as practice, Writing as artistic research, language-based artistic research

Metal packaging materials remain fundamental across food, beverage, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and technical sectors owing to their combination of mechanical robustness, total light and gas barrier performance, thermal resistance, and established recyclability. Aluminum alloys, tinplate, tin-free steel (TFS/ECCS), stainless steels, metal-matrix composites (MMCs), and metal-polymer or metal-paper laminates define distinct metal-based packaging architectures whose metallurgical and interfacial design governs forming behaviour, corrosion and migration pathways, coating integrity, and mechanical reliability. In this review, these architectures are examined from a materials- and systems-oriented perspective, linking composition, microstructure, processing routes, and surface engineering to functional performance across rigid, semi-rigid, and flexible formats. The analysis also considers the ongoing transition from bisphenol A (BPA)-based epoxy linings to BPA-free and hybrid coating chemistries, the use of nano-structured metallic and metal-oxide surfaces, and the role of composite laminates in which thin metallic foils are combined with polymeric or paper-based structural layers. These material and architectural aspects are discussed together with safety, regulatory, and circularity considerations that increasingly influence the design and selection of metal-based packaging. Ion migration, coating degradation, and corrosion under realistic storage environments are considered in relation to EU, FDA, ISO, and sector-specific requirements, while attention is also paid to the contrast between well-established closed-loop recycling infrastructures for aluminum and steel and the more complex end-of-life management of coated metals and multilayer laminates. The review provides a unified framework connecting materials selection, metallurgical design, processing, performance, regulatory compliance, and sustainability in metal-based packaging systems. Applications spanning consumer goods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and advanced electronics are integrated to support an overall understanding of how metallic and hybrid metal-based architectures underpin functional reliability and life-cycle sustainability.

In this study, we examined how early childhood education and care (ECEC) teachers working in segregated urban areas discuss the sociospatial aspects of their work and agency. Our research questions are as follows: (a) How do ECEC teachers in urban areas talk about sociospatial features in their work with children and their families? and (b) how do these sociospatial features relate to the contextual conditions framing the professional agency achievement of teachers as expressed in their interview speech? Our research was based on semi-structured interviews with formally qualified ECEC teachers ( N = 24) working in seven Finnish cities with populations exceeding 100,000. This study is based on the ecological approach to teacher agency, exploring how the varying social, cultural and material aspects of specific ECEC workplace contexts shape teachers’ agency achievement in their everyday work. Our results suggest that sociospatial segregation manifests in teachers’ work discourses through two primary relationally constructed categories: relatively homogeneous and relatively diverse compositions of ECEC. These categories refer to the described scope and relevance of cultural-linguistic and socioeconomic heterogeneity among the children and families with whom the teachers work. In the interviews, these relational aspects of work were often spatially framed by discursively connecting them to the cities’ residential segregation. These sociospatial features intertwined with how teachers discussed the contextual conditions framing their range of options for professional action, thus shaping their agency achievement in urban ECEC.

Idealism has made a significant contribution to the development of modern education, particularly in shaping curricula, learning orientations, and the reinforcement of moral values that foster students’ character formation. The shift in educational paradigms that increasingly emphasizes intellectual and ethical dimensions demonstrates the relevance of idealist thought as a philosophical foundation that views reality as grounded in ideas, concepts, and rational consciousness. This study addresses the question of how the essence of idealism is philosophically understood and how its implications extend to religion, economics, politics, and education as spheres of human praxis. The research employs a literature review method through critical analysis of various scholarly articles discussing idealism as a philosophical school of thought and its contemporary relevance. The findings indicate that idealism posits ideas as the fundamental reality, while matter is understood as the outward manifestation of deeper inner dimensions such as mind, soul, and values. This perspective affirms that education should not merely focus on material and pragmatic aspects, but rather on the formation of character, morality, and spiritual awareness. The novelty of this study lies in its comprehensive synthesis between the metaphysical concepts of idealism and their multidimensional application in religion, economics, politics, and education, thereby offering an integrative perspective that underscores the urgency of ideal values in building a civilization grounded in thought and ethics.

General Background: Literacy development in elementary education requires innovative instructional media that support students in developing language skills, particularly descriptive writing. Specific Background: In many elementary classrooms, descriptive writing instruction remains dominated by conventional teaching methods with limited use of engaging learning media, which results in low student motivation and difficulty in generating ideas and organizing descriptive texts. Knowledge Gap: Existing studies have utilized puzzle or magic box media separately, yet limited research integrates both approaches into a single manipulative learning medium designed to guide the stages of descriptive writing. Aims: This study aims to develop and examine the prototype, validity, practicality, and effectiveness of puzzle-based Magic Box media for improving descriptive writing skills of fifth-grade elementary school students at SD Inpres Bonto-Bonto, Indonesia. Results: Using a Research and Development approach with the Four-D model (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate), the developed media achieved high validity scores from media experts (93% and 81%) and material experts (96% and 80%). Practicality results showed learning implementation of 97%, teacher responses of 100%, and student responses averaging 99%. Effectiveness results indicated improved descriptive writing performance with an average score of 87 in limited trials and 88.44 in extensive trials, with all students achieving learning completion. Novelty: The innovation lies in integrating layered puzzles and QR Codes within a single manipulative medium that guides students from observation and vocabulary selection to sentence and paragraph construction. Implications: The puzzle-based Magic Box provides an interactive, structured, and hybrid learning medium that supports descriptive writing development, student engagement, and integrated digital literacy in elementary education. Highlights• Integrates layered puzzle activities with QR-based digital resources in a single manipulative learning medium.• Demonstrates high feasibility with expert validation scores above eighty percent across design and material aspects.• Produces strong student performance outcomes with complete learning mastery in classroom trials. KeywordsPuzzle-Based Magic Box; Descriptive Writing Skills; Elementary School Students; Instructional Media Development; Four-D Model