Mass Hysteria Research Articles

TO IDENTIFY THE FACTORS OF MALAY STUDENTS INVOLVED IN HYSTERIA BY USING DASS21, DRAWING TEST AND IN-DEPTH INTERVIEW

The prevalence of mental illness is significant and increasing in Malaysia. 37% of all impairments in Malaysia are mental health-related. Hysteria is considered to be a symptom of emotional distress and a mental illness that frequently affects teenage girls. In colleges, it frequently takes place in class. Hysteria frequently begins with one student and quickly expands to up to 20–50 additional students. Spontaneous shouting, writhing, uncontrollable weeping, babbling, and bodily immobility are some of its peculiar symptoms. They became hysterical for a number of reasons. Psychological factors, family background, culture, and religion all had an influence on the mass hysteria incidents that happened in Kelantan schoolchildren because the respondents came from typical, underdeveloped traditional states. A qualitative approach, psychological tests like dass 21, drawing test and triangulation method were used for this study. The hysteria students were selected from secondary school age 13 until 17. The findings of the study may guide health workers in Kelantan to manage victims of mass hysteria appropriately and to diagnose the episodes timely. Mass hysteria in the Kelantan context is better understood, teachers can be empowered through health education to enable them to identify mass hysteria outbreaks in schools early, manage victims and observers more effectively and refer victims to health workers for treatment.

Hermann Broch and Mass Hysteria. Theory and Representation in the Age of Extremes by Brett E. Sterling

Reviewed by: Hermann Broch and Mass Hysteria. Theory and Representation in the Age of Extremes by Brett E. Sterling Paul Michael Lützeler Brett E. Sterling, Hermann Broch and Mass Hysteria. Theory and Representation in the Age of Extremes. Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2022. 256 S. Das ist eine der besten und klarsten Untersuchungen, die in den letzten Jahren über Hermann Brochs Werk erschienen sind. Brett Sterling beginnt sein Buch zum Thema Massenwahn mit einem Hinweis auf Hannah Arendt. Nach ihr bestand Brochs intellektuelle Lebensleistung darin, beim "Dichten" die Forderung nach "Erkennen" in den Vordergrund zu rücken und dabei das "Handeln," die Praxis, nicht aus den Augen zu verlieren. Diese These wird durch Sterlings Studie erneut bestätigt. Es ist die erste Monografie, die sich der Darstellung bzw. Analyse der modernen Masse sowohl im erzählerischen wie essayistischen Werk Brochs widmet. [End Page 120] Am Anfang des Buches erwähnt Sterling grundlegende massenpsychologische Studien aus dem 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, die Broch kannte. Von Gustave Le Bon hat Broch etwas über die Beziehung von Masse und Führer gelernt, jedoch dessen Konstrukt einer "Massenseele" abgelehnt. Wie Sigmund Freud wählte er stattdessen den individualpsychologischen Ansatz. Theodor Geiger betonte die destruktive Seite beim Aufstand der Massen, die er auf ökonomische Verelendung zurückführte. Bei Broch spielten wirtschaftliche Präkariatsverhältnisse zur Erklärung von Gewaltexzessen ebenfalls eine Rolle, doch rückte er eine fundamentale kulturelle Verunsicherung als Ergebnis von Wertzerfall und Religionskrise in den Vordergrund. Anders als Geiger blieb Broch skeptisch gegenüber der revolutionären Leistung der Masse. Ortegas anti–intellektueller und gewaltbereiter "Massenmensch," der repräsentativ ist für die rechtsradikaldiktatorischen Regime in Europa, ist auch in Brochs Schriften der Hauptgegner. Sterling erwähnt ferner "Masse und Macht" von Elias Canetti, doch blieb diese anthropologisch beschreibende Studie Broch unbekannt, da sie erst nach seinem Tod erschien. Zwischen Brochs und Canettis Ansatz gibt es kaum Überschneidungen. Im November 1918 musste in Wien die Monarchie der Demokratie weichen. Sterling zeigt, wie Broch in "Die Straße," einem offenen Brief an Franz Blei, seine kritische Grundposition gegenüber den Massenaufläufen an der Ringstraße zu Papier brachte. Er erinnerte an die chauvinistsichen Massenszenen zu Beginn des Weltkriegs, die ihm Ausdruck einer "billigen Ekstase" waren. Die sei auch jetzt im Spiel und könne nicht als Ausdruck einer Wende gewertet werden, die auf eine neue politische Ethik abziele. Broch hatte in der zweiten Hälfte der 1920er Jahre bei Vertretern des Wiener Kreises Philosophie studiert, u.a. bei Moritz Schlick und Rudolf Carnap. Sie waren der Meinung, dass vom neo-positivistischen Standpunkt aus Bereiche wie Ethik oder Werttheorie nicht mehr in ihren Seminaren behandelt werden könnten. Dafür war offenbar die Literatur zuständig. Da Broch Fragen der Ethik in den Bereichen zwischenmenschlicher Beziehungen, des sozialen Lebens und der Politik umtrieben, war es nur logisch, dass er seinen ohnehin gegebenen dichterischen Neigungen nachgab. Sterling schiebt eine erhellende Analyse von Brochs Konzept des "Erweiterten Naturalismus" ein. Es ist eine Romanästhetik, die Broch in der Auseinandersetzung mit Goethes "Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahren" und dem "Ulysses" von James Joyce entwickelte, eine Poetik, die durch ein Simultaneitätsverfahren Rationales [End Page 121] und Irrationales, Sinnliches und Übersinnliches, Wissenschaftliches und Mystisches zur Sprache zu bringen versucht. Danach folgen Analysen von Massenszenen in Brochs Werken: etwa im "Esch"-Teil der "Schlafwandler," wo es um Streiks und Proteste geht; in dem Industriedrama "Die Entsühnung," wo in der militanten Konfrontation zwischen entlassenen Arbeitern und Unternehmervertretern Menschen ums Leben kommen; im Roman "Die Unbekannte Größe," wo ein Fußballspiel mit ekstatischen Zuschauern geschildert wird; vor allem aber im "Tod des Vergil," wo das "Massentier," sich "selbstanbetend in der Person des Einen" (KW4, 21), des Cäsar Augustus, zujubelt. Ein Ergebnis des Exils in Amerika ist Brochs "Massenwahntheorie," die den Untertitel "Beiträge zu einer Psychologie der Politik" trägt. Sterling lässt sich in seiner gründlichen Untersuchung auf die Entdeckungen Brochs ein, zu denen auch der erkenntnistheoretische Begriff des "Dämmerzustandes" gehört. "Irrationalbereicherung," "Ekstase" und "Heilsbringer" sind Termini, die eingeführt werden, um positive Gemeinschaftserlebnisse abgrenzen zu können von wahnartigen "Superbefriedigungen," die mit Begriffen wie "Rationalverarmung," "Pani" und "Demagogie" charakterisiert werden. Brochs Studie...

What distinguishes patients with mass social media-induced illness presenting with Tourette-like behavior from those with Tourette syndrome? Results of a prospective cohort study

Since 2019, a global increase in patients presenting with functional Tourette-like behaviors (FTB) has been observed. This has been related to the exposure of tic-related content in social media, although other factors seem to further fuel this phenomenon. Recently, we, therefore, proposed the term mass social media-induced illness (MSMI) as, in our opinion, this phenomenon constitutes a new type of mass sociogenic illness (MSI) that is in contrast to all recent outbreaks spread solely via social media. In accordance with this hypothesis, we were able to identify the host of the German YouTube channel "Gewitter im Kopf" (“Thunderstorm in the brain”) as the initial virtual index case. The purpose of this paper is to present clinical characteristics of a sample of 32 patients diagnosed with MSMI-FTB compared to a large sample of patients with Tourette syndrome (TS) and other chronic tic disorders (CTD) (n = 1032) from the same center in Germany indicating clinical factors helpful to distinguish between tics in TS/CTD and MSMI-FTB. Our main findings were: in patients with MSMI-FTB compared to those with TS/CTD we found (i) a significantly higher age at onset, (ii) a significantly higher rate of females, (iii) a significantly higher rate of obscene and socially inappropriate symptoms, (iv) a significantly lower rate of comorbid ADHD, and (v) a significantly lower rate of OCD/OCB. In contrast, rates of comorbid anxiety and depression as well as reported frequencies of premonitory urges/sensations and suppressibility of symptoms did not differ between groups.

The Future Is Furby

The Future Is Furby

Lessons from the stigma of COVID-19 survivors: A Marxist criticism appraisal.

Stigma refers to devalued stereotypes that create barriers for stigmatized individuals. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the stigmatization of survivors worsened existing inequalities and triggered mass hysteria. The paper delves into the stigmatization experienced by COVID-19 survivors and the role of Marxist criticism in analyzing this issue. The main findings from the empiricist tradition approach suggest that the perception of COVID-19 stigma is higher among those who are older, belong to ethnic minorities, lack social support, have manual occupations, and possess lower levels of education. The proposed destigmatization pathways include psychological counseling services, social support, and health education. Employing a Marxist perspective can aid in illuminating how economic practices and material conditions influence prevalent ideologies related to stigma. The stigmatization of COVID-19 survivors may be perceived as a consequence of social power inequality, although the current emphasis on individual characteristics as triggers for stigma may neglect the wider systemic forces in operation. Thus, it's crucial to establish improved social care policies to combat exploitation and oppression due to power imbalances. The ultimate objective of such an examination is to identify effective approaches to tackle and eradicate stigma regarding health-related concerns. An interdisciplinary approach integrating a pluralistic perspective would benefit investigating how social systems and individual attributes contribute to the exacerbation of social inequality and stigmatization.

A Systematic Review of Research Developments in Mass Psychogenic Illness

This study explores the development of research on mass psychogenic illness (MPI) over recent decades. The literature review was used as the research methodology for this study, and dozens of published case reports and studies are reviewed in this paper. First, the paper reviews past researchers' general recognition of mass psychogenic illness. The paper includes the two subtypes of mass psychogenic disorders, 'mass anxiety hysteria' and 'mass motor hysteria', as well as the characteristics and common symptoms of the outbreak of mass psychogenic illness and the suspicion of the existence of mass psychogenic illness by some scholars. Secondly, historical cases of mass psychogenic illness outbreaks are reviewed in chronological order, from the Middle Ages through to the 21st century. Thirdly, new trends in the development of mass psychogenic illness and a new type of mass psychogenic illness, MSMI, proposed by researchers are reviewed. Finally, two important studies from the past decade are reviewed. The findings of two studies, the inducibility of mass psychogenic illness and hypnotizability, an important predictor to the emergence of cases of mass psychogenic illness, are also presented. Besides, some implications for future research into mass psychogenic illness are given through the review.

The Crucible

The Crucible

The ‘kampung formula’: Infrastructural adventurism and public art in Semarang, Indonesia

Describing the artistic and curatorial work of the Indonesian art collective Hysteria over the last 15 years, this paper considers public art as a practice of devising relations with various urban sites and actors. I focus on Hysteria’s core strategy of organising art festivals and exhibitions in kampungs– working-class urban neighbourhoods – with the aim of creating novel spaces for artistic expression, showing that the kampung serves both as inspiration for artistic experimentation and improvised public space in the absence of proper art infrastructure. Further, kampung space allows economically precarious artists to engage the city, that is, explore its social make-up and uncover economic opportunities. A long-term perspective on Hysteria’s work reveals that activities provide members as well as involved artists with valuable urban knowledge and connections. Turning the kampung into a subject of public art and infrastructure of encounter through what I call the ‘ kampung formula’, Hysteria managed to establish itself as a representative of the poor and key interlocutor of urban development agencies, becoming eligible for a number of pro-poor project grants. Describing the relational network of art, kampung and the wider city, I therefore propose to see public art as a kind of ‘infrastructural adventurism’ that provides glimpses into various aspects of both formal and informal economies in the Indonesian city and extracts knowledge and value from marginal urban places.

Improving Sentiment Prediction of Textual Tweets Using Feature Fusion and Deep Machine Ensemble Model

Widespread fear and panic has emerged about COVID-19 on social media platforms which are often supported by falsified and altered content. This mass hysteria creates public anxiety due to misinformation, misunderstandings, and ignorance of the impact of COVID-19. To assist health professionals in addressing this epidemic more appropriately at the onset, sentiment analysis can potentially help the authorities for devising appropriate strategies. This study analyzes tweets related to COVID-19 using a machine learning approach and offers a high-accuracy solution. Experiments are performed involving different machine and deep learning models along with various features such as Word2vec, term-frequency, term-frequency document frequency, and feature fusion of both feature-generating approaches. The proposed approach combines the extra tree classifier and convolutional neural network and uses feature fusion to achieve the highest accuracy score of 99%. The proposed approach obtains far better results than existing sentiment analysis approaches.

Stuck: How Vaccine Rumors Start—and Why They Won’t Go Away

Stuck: How Vaccine Rumors Start—and Why They Won’t Go Away

Hermann Broch und die Menschenrechte. Anti-Versklavung als Ethos der Welt by Paul Michael Lützeler

Reviewed by: Hermann Broch und die Menschenrechte. Anti-Versklavung als Ethos der Welt by Paul Michael Lützeler Graham Bartram Hermann Broch und die Menschenrechte. Anti-Versklavung als Ethos der Welt. By Paul Michael Lützeler. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2021. Pp. xii + 288. Cloth £36.50. ISBN 978-3110738995. Hermann Broch's remarkable contribution to European modernism is primarily defined by his novels—above all the débutant Schlafwandler trilogy (1930–1932) and, fifteen years later, Der Tod des Vergil (1945). But the sprawling corpus of his non-fictional writings, accounting for a sizeable portion of the Kommentierte Werkausgabe, is more than just an interpretative context for the fiction. With a center of gravity that moves from Broch's early cultural-historical grappling with modernity's "disintegration of values" and loss of a theologically grounded "Absolute," through aesthetic theorizing driven by work on the début novel, to mass-psychological studies of the threats to the self and to democracy in a totalitarian age, Broch's non-fictional writings constitute a substantial but hitherto inadequately recognized intervention in the cultural and political discourse of their time. In the present book, Paul Michael Lützeler, editor of the Suhrkamp Werkausgabe and author of the standard biography as well as of countless other works on Broch, focuses on the crisis-driven psychological, ethical, and political writings produced in the fifteen years leading up to the Austrian-Jewish writer's death from a heart attack in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1951. Grounding [End Page 161] his defense of human rights in the notion of a universal "Weltethos," Broch, while still in Austria, took the failing League of Nations to task with his "Völkerbund-Resolution" of 1936–1937. During the following years of exile in the United States, he worked on a multidisciplinary theory of mass hysteria, elaborated an oxymoronic sounding but eminently defensible concept of "total democracy," and campaigned for the development of a postwar global order, including institutions of international justice and an international university. These core texts, along with political-economic articles from the crisis years of 1919 (Austria) and 1940 (USA), are closely analyzed in the second of the book's four main sections, "Essayistisches Werk." In the likewise genre-based sections 3 and 4, "Dichterisches Werk" and "Briefwechsel im Exil (1938–1951)," Lützeler pursues a key theme of his study, the genre-porosity of Broch's humanitarian concerns. Despite his disillusionment with literature from the mid-1930s onwards, Broch continued to dichten, as well as to engage in a prolific correspondence with fellow intellectuals, and the resulting texts add dimensions of imagined reality and epistolary dialog to his theoretical discourse: the slave voice, and Virgil's freeing of his slaves, in Der Tod des Vergil; the references to the psyche's Dämmerzustand in Die Schlafwandler and Die Verzauberung, interestingly antedating Broch's discussion of this phenomenon in the Massenpsychologie; the debate with Hannah Arendt on a post-religious foundation of universal human rights. An additional intertextual dimension to Lützeler's study is brought into play in its substantial two-part Einleitung. Here and in later sections Lützeler's account deploys a range of historical and cultural narratives, some belonging to Broch's mental world, others external to it or indeed postdating it, that together form a richly multifaceted context for his evolving thought—among them the centuries-old Judaeo-Christian tradition, whose fundamental tenet of Ebenbildhaftigkeit (human beings as fashioned in the image of God) undergirds the emerging principles of human dignity (Menschenwürde) and human rights; the nineteenth-century antislavery movement in the United Kingdom and the United States, sustained in part by the same religious belief; the various secular continuations of this ethos living on in our post-religious age, in the institutions of international justice, global and European, set up in the decades following the founding of the United Nations, and in the discourse of what became known in the twenty-first century as "human rights culture." Projecting Broch's thinking forward in time, Lützeler imagines his posthumous contribution to later debates and initiatives, pitting Broch's universalist concept of a "Weltethos" against twenty-first-century accusations of "Eurocentrism" (Makau...

Long COVID as a functional somatic symptom disorder caused by abnormally precise prior expectations during Bayesian perceptual processing: A new hypothesis and implications for pandemic response.

This review proposes a model of Long-COVID where the constellation of symptoms are in fact genuinely experienced persistent physical symptoms that are usually functional in nature and therefore potentially reversible, that is, Long-COVID is a somatic symptom disorder. First, we describe what is currently known about Long-COVID in children and adults. Second, we examine reported "Long-Pandemic" effects that create a risk for similar somatic symptoms to develop in non-COVID-19 patients. Third, we describe what was known about somatization and somatic symptom disorder before the COVID-19 pandemic, and suggest that by analogy, Long-COVID may best be conceptualized as one of these disorders, with similar symptoms and predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors. Fourth, we review the phenomenon of mass sociogenic (functional) illness, and the concept of nocebo effects, and suggest that by analogy, Long-COVID is compatible with these descriptions. Fifth, we describe the current theoretical model of the mechanism underlying functional disorders, the Bayesian predictive coding model for perception. This model accounts for moderators that can make symptom inferences functionally inaccurate and therefore can explain how to understand common predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors. Finally, we discuss the implications of this framework for improved public health messaging during a pandemic, with recommendations for the management of Long-COVID symptoms in healthcare systems. We argue that the current public health approach has induced fear of Long-COVID in the population, including from constant messaging about disabling symptoms of Long-COVID and theorizing irreversible tissue damage as the cause of Long-COVID. This has created a self-fulfilling prophecy by inducing the very predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors for the syndrome. Finally, we introduce the term "Pandemic-Response Syndrome" to describe what previously was labeled Long-COVID. This alternative perspective aims to stimulate research and serve as a lesson learned to avoid a repeat performance in the future.

Individual psychological security in the post-isolation period as a scientific research subject

The psychological security of a person is an indicator of a person who is psychologically healthy and able to cope with social, pandemic, informational, psychological, and other threats. The sudden spread of a new type of coronavirus infection, COVID-19, since December 2019 has significantly destabilized society. This study aims to investigate and analyze individual psychological security as a scientific research subject in the post-isolation period. To fulfill that aim, a range of scientifical methods are employed, including analysis and synthesis of scientific content on the issues under study, sociometry method, summary, and grouping of statistical observation materials. Given the results, it can be concluded that the swift spreading of mass hysteria and panic resulting from COVID-19 has been characterized by constant psychological issues in public, consisting of a decline in the level of psychological safety. That factor seems to be associated with the coping strategies adopted, the level of conscious awareness, socio-demographic variables, people’s habits, and how an individual utilizes media and interprets information.

Living a Memorable Consumer Experience: The Epic of the Beatles Concerts (1963-1966)

The Beatles are still a major reference in popular music today. The band wrote more than 200 songs and 12 original albums between 1962 and 1970, of which about thirty are hits. At the origin of a mass hysteria phenomenon, especially among teen girls, the Beatles were the first to organize tours in stadiums, in front of an audience of tens of thousands of fans shouting, loudly and continuously. Many archival images allow to measure the intensity of what is called Beatlemania, including the famous August 1965 concert at Shea Stadium in New York. The paper indicates that the participation in the concerts can be analyzed in reference to a memorable experience lived by the fans, independently of the quality of the musical performance of the Beatles, almost inaudible considering the screams whose volume is superior to that of a jumbo jet at takeoff.

EPIDEMIC HYSTERIA: MASS CONVERSION DISORDER

People think hysteria is a mental illness and the Mass Hysteria indicates the emotionally imbalanced behavior of a large population at a time. It is emotionally charged behavior that shows Emotional behavior in physical symptoms. There are two main types of hysteria. primary hysteria, secondary hysteria. In primary hysteria the person will be emotionally unstable and difcult to treat and in secondary hysteria emotional reactions will be due to anxiety and depression, Person in the state of Hysteria cannot totally facilitate their emotions. Headache, giddiness, shaking, partial immobility, and persistent crying and laughing are common in such kind of personality. The third edition of the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM- III),” published in 1980, removed hysteria as a diagnosis, and authorities no longer use this term

Twitter sentiment analysis: An Arabic text mining approach based on COVID-19.

The 21st century has seen a lot of innovations, among which included the advancement of social media platforms. These platforms brought about interactions between people and changed how news is transmitted, with people now able to voice their opinion as opposed to before where only the reporters were speaking. Social media has become the most influential source of speech freedom and emotions on their platforms. Anyone can express emotions using social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube. The raw data is increasing daily for every culture and field of life, so there is a need to process this raw data to get meaningful information. If any nation or country wants to know their people's needs, there should be mined data showing the actual meaning of the people's emotions. The COVID-19 pandemic came with many problems going beyond the virus itself, as there was mass hysteria and the spread of wrong information on social media. This problem put the whole world into turmoil and research was done to find a way to mitigate the spread of incorrect news. In this research study, we have proposed a model of detecting genuine news related to the COVID-19 pandemic in Arabic Text using sentiment-based data from Twitter for Gulf countries. The proposed sentiment analysis model uses Machine Learning and SMOTE for imbalanced dataset handling. The result showed the people in Gulf countries had a negative sentiment during COVID-19 pandemic. This work was done so government authorities can easily learn directly from people all across the world about the spread of COVID-19 and take appropriate actions in efforts to control it.

77.1 Contagium of Somatic Psychiatric Symptoms Across History Before Social Media

The objectives are to: 1) define mass hysteria or mass psychogenic illness and functional neurological disorder including presenting the characteristics and factors that lead to this phenomenon throughout history; 2) understand how mental health symptoms spread before social media; 3) discuss prominent historical examples of mass hysteria and their spread; and 4) gain a better understanding of the precipitants that lead to mass hysteria events and their outcomes for individuals and for public health.

Discovering the Mental Health of Malay Students Involved in Hysteria by Using Drawing A Person Test

Malaysians frequently use the term hysteria to describe an illness caused by a subtle disturbance or ghost disturbance. The DSM-5 classifies Conversion disorder or hysteria under ‘somatic symptom and related disorders’ with conversion disorder being bracketed as ‘functional neurological symptom disorder’. This trust derives from Malays' belief that the anger is unsettling delicate and otherworldly beings. The main purpose of this study is to establish a hysteria profiling among Malay students using clinical psychology approach. A qualitative approach, psychological tests and triangulation method were used for this study, in which 10 specific hysteria students was selected for in Drawing A person test. The psychological test was Drawing Test. Snow ball sampling was used to select young girls in high schools who experienced mass hysteria. The findings show that secondary school girls in Kelantan experience both physical and psychological symptoms during mass hysteria episodes and that it has a contagious effect. The profile of hysteria students can be concluded as they were influenced by different types personality, higher level of depression, stress and anxiety. The mass hysteria in the Kelantan context is better understood, teachers can be empowered through health education to enable them to identify mass hysteria outbreaks in schools early, manage victims and observers more effectively and refer victims to health workers for treatment.

Factors associated with the perception of inadequate sanitary control in 12 Latin American countries during the COVID-19 pandemic.

IntroductionSanitary control mechanisms differ greatly from country to country. Therefore, it is important to know citizens' perception of different realities. We aimed to determine the factors associated with the perception of inadequate sanitary control in 12 Latin American countries during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsThis is an analytical cross-sectional study. We asked about six perceptions in regard to different situations experienced by inhabitants of 12 Latin American countries during the pandemic. Frequencies according to country were described and associations vs. other important variables were obtained.ResultsOut of 8,489 participants, 68% stated that there were moments of collective hysteria. Honduras was the country that most perceived inadequate control mechanisms established by the government. Multivariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences among many of the countries according to the six evaluated items. The higher the level of education, the greater the perception of poor control in five of the aspects. Additionally, men had a lower perception of inadequate control. The older the age, the lower the perception of inadequate control regarding whether there was collective hysteria and shortages of basic essentials. Those with COVID-19 had a lower perception of medicine shortages.ConclusionThe population of multiple realities in Latin America have perceived a bad management of the pandemic. Citizens' perception is an important indicator of the performance of each government during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study may provide valuable information on the relationship between the effectiveness of government sanitary control and people's mental health, which ultimately helps to create objective prevention programs against post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, fear of contagion, and collective hysteria. In addition, governments could use this information to design effective mitigation plans for future unavoidable pandemic events based on the six criteria discussed here.

János Pelle. Vérvád, hisztéria, népítélet: “Zsidókérdés” Magyarországon 1945-ben és 1946-ban

János Pelle. <i>Vérvád, hisztéria, népítélet: “Zsidókérdés” Magyarországon 1945-ben és 1946-ban</i>