Stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) using diamond dust has been proposed as a solar radiation management (SRM) technique to mitigate global warming by scattering incoming solar radiation, offering advantages over sulfur-based aerosols such as reduced ozone depletion and acid rain risks. However, detonation synthesis—the most economical method for large-scale nanodiamond production—inevitably introduces sp 2 -hybridized carbonaceous impurities, often forming shells around diamond cores, which may enhance shortwave absorption and undermine SRM efficacy. This study employs density functional theory and ab-initio molecular dynamics to model these impurities across hydrogen-to-carbon (H/C) ratios from 0.0 to 1.0, revealing a continuum of optical properties in which decreasing sp 2 content reduces the imaginary refractive index ( k ). Particle-scale core-shell Mie scattering simulations at 550 nm for diamond cores of 300 nm diameter with carbonaceous impurity shells (1.95 + k i refractive index, shell thickness of ∼0.1–10 nm corresponding to 0.1–10% impurity mass fraction) show that these impurities elevate the effective mass absorption coefficient to up to ∼1 m 2 /g—nearly 15% that of black carbon (∼7.5 m 2 /g)—and decrease single-scattering albedo by up to 25% relative to pure diamond. These absorption enhancements, driven by the impurity shell’s k and mass fraction, could shift diamond dust's radiative forcing toward warming. Our findings highlight the critical need to revisit diamond’s efficacy as an SAI candidate material. • Strongly scattering diamond dust is proposed for Solar Radiation Management. • Economical detonation synthesis introduces > 5% sp 2 hybridized carbon impurities. • Density Functional Theory revealed a range of highly light-absorbing impurities. • Trace impurities on diamond particles introduce shortwave absorption. • Impurities decrease diamond’s scattering by up to 25%, questioning its efficacy.

Wood Adhesion with high-viscosity methylcelluloses: Influence of degree of polymerization, mass fraction, viscosity, pressure, pressing time and drying time on bonding quality compared to gelatin and PVAc dispersion (Mowilith D50)

Research on two-phase flow characteristics of single/dual-cell 18650 lithium-ion batteries under thermal runaway

This study presents a multi-objective optimization framework for sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) production, integrating artificial neural networks (ANNs) within a mixed-integer quadratically constrained programming (MIQCP) formulation. By embedding data-driven surrogate models into the mathematical optimization structure, the proposed methodology addresses key limitations of conventional superstructure-based approaches, enabling simultaneous optimization of discrete process choices and continuous operating parameters. The framework captures variable input and output stream compositions, facilitating the joint optimization of target product composition and system design. Application to Fischer–Tropsch (FT) kerosene production demonstrates that cost-minimizing configurations under unconstrained CO 2 emissions are dominated by the fossil-based autothermal reforming (ATR) route. Imposing carbon emission constraints necessitates the integration of biomass gasification and direct air capture coupled with carbon sequestration (DAC-CS), resulting in substantially reduced net emissions but higher production costs. At the zero-emission limit, hybrid configurations combining ATR and biomass gasification achieve the lowest costs ( ∼ 2.38 $/kg kerosene ), followed closely by biomass gasification-only ( ∼ 2.43 $/kg), both of which outperform the ATR-only pathway with DAC-CS ( ∼ 2.65 $/kg). In contrast, DAC-only systems relying exclusively on atmospheric CO 2 and water electrolysis are prohibitively expensive ( ∼ 10.8 $/kg). The results highlight the critical role of the embedded ANNs: optimal process conditions, such as FT reactor pressure and gasification temperature, adapt to changing circumstances, consistently outperforming fixed setups and achieving up to 20 % cost savings. • Mixed-integer quadratic formulation optimizing mass fractions of process streams. • Neural networks represent operating conditions & nonlinear behavior of subprocesses. • Comparing fossil-, bio-, and CO 2 -based routes for sustainable aviation fuel synthesis. • With 2.43 $/kg kerosene , biomass routes offer a trade-off of cost vs. emissions. • Surrogate models allow subprocesses to adapt and thereby reduce cost up to 20%.

Condensation heat transfer of steam-air mixture on vertical flat plate under mixed and natural convection conditions

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) were embedded into poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) electrospun fibers with varying mass fractions (0–4 wt%). In addition, the hybrid combinations at 1.5 wt.% GNP/MWCNT/PVDF were fabricated to evaluate potential synergistic effects. The electrospun fiber mats were thermally post-treated at 145°C for 3 and 6 h to assess the influence of annealing on the microstructure, crystalline phase composition, and functional performance. The morphological, structural, mechanical, and piezoelectric properties were examined in relation to both the distinct geometries of the fillers and the thermal annealing. The combination of annealing and nanofiller-induced nucleation significantly improved the crystallinity of the fibers. The tensile strength increased up to 11.1 MPa for 0.5 wt.% MWCNT/PVDF and 15.7 MPa for 1.5 wt.% GNP/PVDF after 6 h of annealing. Structural analysis revealed a pronounced α→β phase transition in the 1.5 wt. % hybrid compositions, reaching a β/α ratio up to 7.8 substantially greater than the transitions observed for mono-filler systems: 4.7 for 1.5 wt.% GNP/PVDF and 3.0 for 1.5 wt.% MWCNT/PVDF. The effect of the high β-phase content was further confirmed at the nanoscale by piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM), which showed a consistent piezoelectric response through the fibers: a coercive voltage of approximately ± 40 V, which decreased to ± 20 V, ascribed to the dispersed nanofillers within the fiber. These results demonstrate that combining hybrid carbon fillers with controlled annealing enables tunable crystalline structures and enhanced electromechanical performance in electrospun PVDF nanofibers. • hybrid GNP/MWCNT fillers drive synergetically β-phase nucleation mechanisms. • The interfacial interaction between PVDF and carbon fillers was quantified using Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (PFM) measurements. • PFM confirmed a consistent piezoelectric response with coercive voltage decreasing from ± 40 V to ± 20 V due to dispersed nanofillers • Hybrid fillers and annealing tailor PVDF crystallinity and functional performance.

Abstract The s-process nucleosynthisis is qualitatively well understood; however, significant quantitative uncertainties remain. Rotation strongly affects stellar structure and mixing,but its impact on the s-process remains unstudied. To study the impact of rotation on the s-process,
we implemented an extended and flexible reaction network within the Geneva Stellar Evolution Code (GENEC). Rotation exerts a dual influence: first, it modifies the stellar structure equations to include centrifugal forces, which provide structural support and consequently lower central temperatures but high densities. Second, rotation increases he lium core size and central temperature, enhancing 
s-process efficiency. The emergence of shear instabilities represents a significant rotational effect impacting s-process nucleosyn-thesis. Rotationally driven mixing transports 12C beyond the core into proton-rich radia tive zones. These regions enable efficient 12C(p, γ)13N(β+)13C reactions. Subsequent betadecay 13N(β+)13Cyields gradual 13C accumulation reaching mass fractions of ∼ 0.1 percent. Rotationally induced mixing returns portions of this 13C to the core, while outward core expansion slowly ingests additional 13C. Upon entering the convective region, 13C advects inward to higher-temperature zones, where rapid burning occurs via 13C(α, n)16O with abundant helium, producing neutrons. Therefore, rotationally induced mixing boosts s-process nucleosynthesis.

Phosphogypsum, a massive byproduct of the wet-process phosphoric acid industry, poses severe ecological risks due to the continuous leaching of soluble phosphorus and fluorine during open-air stockpiling. To mitigate these risks, this study developed an in-situ leaching simulation system to replicate stockpile conditions and systematically evaluate the remediation efficiency of Ca-based solidifying agents (Ca(OH)2 and CaCO3). The experiments investigated the impacts of agent dosage and curing time on impurity removal. Results demonstrated that removal efficiencies correlated positively with dosage. Under optimal conditions, removal rates reached 97% for soluble phosphorus and 78% for soluble fluorine. Consequently, mass fractions of soluble phosphorus and fluorine in phosphogypsum decreased to 0.03 and 0.19%, respectively, meeting requirements for gypsum-based building materials. The leaching simulation further indicated that the agents neutralized leachate pH (pH ≥ 6 for surface water and pH ≥ 6.5 for groundwater), effectively suppressing initial contaminant release peaks. Final concentrations in the leachate were significantly reduced to 0.29 and 1.28mg/L for simulated surface water, and 0.05 and 0.03mg/L for groundwater, fully complying with wastewater discharge and groundwater quality standards. Notably, soluble phosphorus and fluorine in the upper phosphogypsum layer dropped to 0.03 and 0.08%, achieving the first-grade standard. This work provides a cost-effective, scalable technical pathway for the simultaneous harmless treatment and resource utilization of phosphogypsum stockpiles.

Galaxy mergers are known to trigger bursts of central star formation, which should therefore lead to stellar mass growth in their inner regions. However, observational measurements of this `burst mass fraction’ are scant. Here, we assemble a large (~ 14,000) sample of post-coalescence galaxies that have recently completed their merger-induced star formation, and compare various measurements of central stellar mass with a matched control sample. Specifically, we quantify (at fixed redshift, star formation rate and total stellar mass) the stellar mass enhancement within a fixed angular aperture (Delta M ,fibre) and in the galactic bulge (Delta M_ ,bulge), finding burst mass fractions of 10 – 20 %. 61 galaxies in our sample are at z<0.05 and have integral field unit data from the Mapping Galaxies at Apache Point (MaNGA) survey, allowing further kpc-scale assessment of excess stellar mass and radial gradients. When assessed within apertures defined in units of kpc we again find a ~ 15 – 20 % excess of stellar mass in the central regions of the post-mergers compared with matched controls. However, within apertures defined in units of effective radius this stellar mass enhancement increases to 40 %, suggesting that the relative structure/size of the galaxy is important for regulating the location of the merger induced star formation. Moreover, we find that these stellar mass enhancements are spatially extended, out to ~ 7 kpc or around 1 R/Re, although the small sample size of the MUMMI-MaNGA overlap limits our radial sampling. Our work represents the first direct measurement of merger-induced stellar mass that is independent of stellar population modelling, or fitting light profiles, demonstrating significant and extended mass build-up in late stage post-mergers.

Abstract The observed census of resonant extrasolar planets spans a tantalizing display of orbital architectures, ranging from familiar 2:1 and 3:2 mean-motion commensurabilities to nearly coorbital configurations characterized by period ratios close to unity. While mean-motion resonances are widely recognized as signposts of convergent disk-driven migration, the process through which the most compact systems are established remains puzzling, since resonance capture must repeatedly fail at a series of first-order commensurabilities before finally succeeding at a high resonant index. Motivated by this discrepancy, here, we develop an analytic theory that fuses the stability-based resonance capture criterion with the conventional paradigm of active accretion disks and the standard model of type-I migration. Within this framework, we derive an expression for the stellocentric radius of resonance capture, r c , and show that it depends only on the product of the disk viscosity parameter, α , and the opacity-contributing small-grain mass fraction, f μ . Applying this formalism to Kepler-36—the most compact known resonant system with a 7:6 period ratio—we find that resonance locking could not have been established near the disk’s inner edge. Instead, capture must have occurred at r c ≈ 1−4 au, implying orbital decay of the planetary pair by approximately an order of magnitude. Viewed in this light, compact resonant architectures provide the clearest evidence for long-range migration among sub-Jovian planets. Moreover, the emerging picture is fully consistent with formation models in which super-Earths accrete within localized rings of planetesimals at orbital distances comparable to those that gave rise to the terrestrial planets of the solar system.

Abstract We present results from CROCODILE-DWARF, a new suite of cosmological zoom-in hydrodynamic simulations of isolated field dwarf galaxies with halo masses of ∼10 10 M ⊙ at z = 0, performed with the gadget 4 -osaka code. The simulations include detailed modeling of star formation, chemical enrichment, and supernova feedback using the CELib and grackle libraries, achieving baryonic resolutions of ∼2 × 10 3 M ⊙ . Our study focuses on how assembly history governs the structural and kinematic diversity of dwarf galaxies within the ΛCDM framework. The simulated galaxies reproduce the observed stellar-to-halo mass, mass–metallicity, and size–mass relations for nearby dwarf galaxies, including those of the Local Group, yielding stellar masses of ∼10 7 M ⊙ . The galaxies display a broad range of rotational support, where gas is generally more rotationally supported than stars. Differences in morphology and kinematics primarily reflect variations in halo assembly timescales and merger activity. Early-assembling, high-concentration halos form stars efficiently and become gas-poor by z = 0, while late-assembling, low-concentration halos remain gas-rich due to delayed star formation and rejuvenated gas accretion. We find a trend between rotational support and the cumulative merger mass fraction, providing tentative evidence that dynamical heating induced by mergers plays a role in shaping the kinematic diversity. In some cases, late-time mergers induce the formation of extended gas disks by delivering fresh gas and angular momentum. These results demonstrate that it is assembly history, rather than halo mass alone, that shapes the present-day kinematic and morphological diversity of dwarf galaxies.

Relevance . Pumpkin ( Cucurbita pepo ) is a widespread and cultivated food and forage plant. The vegetable is used as food for the prevention and treatment of many diseases. Pumpkin is valuable for the body due to its balanced and rich composition. Pumpkin pulp contains proteins, fiber, antioxidants, vitamins B, PP, C, E, D, K , folic acid, minerals – calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, phosphorus, potassium, fluorine, etc. A range of food products that include pumpkin fruits are limited to certain homogeneous groups: fresh fruits and vegetables, confectionery products, juice products, some types of food concentrates. In this connection, scientific research aimed at studying the composition of local pumpkin varieties is gaining relevance and practical significance from the point of view of processing agricultural products and producing food products of a given composition. The purpose of the research was to study the mass fraction of organic acids, sugars, protein, dietary fiber, vitamin C , calcium, iron and phosphorus in the pulp of the pumpkin variety Rossiyanka, growing in the Kemerovo region. Methods . The study used standard analytical methods. The content of organic acids, vitamin C , calcium, phosphorus, protein, sugars, and dietary fiber in pumpkin pulp was determined. Results . New data on the content of organic acids, dietary fiber, sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose), calcium and phosphorus were obtained. In the pulp of pumpkin fruits it was found that the largest amount contains citric (726.0 mg/dm 3 ) and malic (489.0 mg/dm 3 ) organic acids, the smallest amount is lactic (134.0 mg/dm 3 ) and formic (120.0 mg/dm 3 ). Less than 1 mg/dm 3 of oxalic and wine. The content of ascorbic acid is 3.18%, calcium accounts for 35 mg/100g, phosphorus — 36.7 mg/100g. The practical significance of the results obtained is realized in supplementing the database of the chemical composition of domestic pumpkin varieties and seems promising for the technological use of pumpkin pulp in the production of food products of a given composition. Results. The maximum yield of vitamin В 12 (up to 897 μg/mL) was achieved at a temperature of 35 °C and a cultivation time of 16 h. Optimization of cultivation conditions increased cobalamin production by more than 40%. The obtained results can be applied in the development and scale-up of biotechnological processes.

Rolling bearings operate under complex contact conditions, and their tribological and dynamic behaviors are highly sensitive to their lubrication performance. Based on previous studies on surface texturing, three types of representative textures (wholly distributed dimples, locally distributed dimples, and grooves) with optimized parameters were fabricated on the shaft washers using the laser marking method. This was done to investigate the synergistic effect of surface textures and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) nano-additives on the tribological and friction-induced vibration performance of cylindrical roller thrust bearings under starved lubrication. Lubricating oils containing various mass fractions (0.5 wt%, 1.0 wt%, and 3.0 wt%) of PTFE nano-additives were prepared and employed. The coefficients of friction (COFs), wear losses, worn morphologies, and time/frequency-domain vibration responses were analyzed. The results show that the appropriate integration of surface textures and solid lubricant additives can establish a highly effective synergy for rolling bearings under starved lubrication. PTFE nano-additives significantly improved the tribological performance of the smooth bearings and those with dimples (both wholly distributed and locally distributed), with the optimal performance observed at a mass fraction of 3.0 wt%. In contrast, the tribological performance of the groove-textured bearings noticeably deteriorated with the addition of PTFE nano-particles, especially at higher mass fractions. The bearing with wholly distributed dimples exhibited the best overall tribological performance at a mass fraction of 3.0 wt%, achieving a 61.8% reduction in the average COF, a 99.6% reduction in wear loss, and significantly suppressed vibration amplitudes.

Thousands of tons of honey are produced annually for sale in the Russian Federation. This product is used both for food and as a raw material for food and cosmetics. Therefore, careful monitoring of honey sold and produced is necessary to ensure the health of the country’s population. This article describes studies of the quality and naturalness of flower honey produced in various regions of Krasnoyarsk Krai. The mass fractions of diastase and sucrose in honey are described depending on the region of origin. The amount of low-quality and natural honey produced in the Krasnoyarsk Territory was analyzed. Based on the obtained research results, honey samples from the following districts have a diastase number of less than 8 Gothe units, by 4.43; 5.25; 4.30; 2.21 Gothe units, respectively, compared to the listed honey samples. The listed samples do not comply with the diastase indicator of the regulatory documentation for sale as natural flower honey. Based on the conducted research, an overestimated sucrose content of 0.12-3.86% is observed in samples from the following districts: Bolshemurtinsky, Novoselovsky, Sosnovoborsk, Zelenogorsk, Minusinsky. Based on the conducted research of natural flower honey of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, one year of collection, the amount of falsified honey samples was 28%. The highest adulteration rate for the diastase number was 16%, while adulteration for the sucrose mass fraction was 12%. The possibility of using the sucrose-to-diastase ratio in honey as a product quality criterion was examined. The obtained values characterize this criterion ambiguously, and further calculations are required. However, based on this study, it can be assumed that a sucrose ratio in honey greater than 0.307 units is a criterion for low-quality honey.

Understanding the physiological strategies underlying high milk productivity requires a detailed analysis not only of group averages but also of the variability within genetically homogeneous animals. It is especially important to study the relationship between the amount of synthesized milk components and the level of productivity depending on the genotype of key milk protein genes. The purpose of this work was to identify the genotype-specific features of the relationship between milk fat yield and the synthesis of other milk components in Holstein first-calf heifers with different kappa-casein ( CSN3 ) genotypes using the percentile stratification method. The scientific and production trial was conducted from 2023 to 2025 at the agricultural enterprise in the Voronezh region. The study subjects were Holstein first-calf heifers (n=166) genotyped for the CSN3 locus. Within each genotype ( AA, AB, BB ), three strata (low, medium, high) were formed using the percentile stratification method based on the indicator "milk fat yield per 305-day lactation". Integral indicators for the complete lactation were analyzed: milk yield, yield and mass fraction of fat and protein, and lactation length. The obtained data are important for a differentiated approach to selection and feeding management depending on the genetic potential of animals. Genotype-specific features of the implementation of high milk productivity have been established. It has been shown that an increase in milk fat yield is mainly ensured by an increase in milk yield and is accompanied by a decrease in the mass fraction of protein, which indicates the presence of a metabolic compromise between the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of milk. The obtained results have practical significance for the development of differentiated selection and technological approaches to managing the productivity of cows with different genetic potential.

Fluorine release and distribution characteristics of backsheets in thermal treatment recycling of end-of-life photovoltaic modules.

This article presents a comprehensive research and development effort focused on the design of a vortex burner device intended to enable stable oxy fuel combustion of natural gas in a supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) environment, as used in the Allam cycle for zero emission power generation. The prototype burner, featuring a conical bluff body, was systematically analyzed using advanced numerical simulations incorporating detailed chemical kinetics. Optimization studies identified the most suitable combustion parameters, namely an oxidizer excess coefficient α = 1.05. This parameter choice is justified by the fact that it yields acceptable emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) while maintaining a reasonable level of auxiliary power consumption by the air separation unit (ASU). In the numerical investigation employing the prototype configuration, the maximum stable mass fraction of CO2 in the oxidizer diluent mixture (γ) was found to be 0.82, beyond which flame detachment occurred. Through iterative design enhancements—specifically, replacing the conical bluff body with a hemispherical perforated bluff body and incorporating a diffuser-shaped outlet section—the burner configuration was substantially improved. These modifications enhanced flame stability and enabled a significant increase in γ to 0.867. As a result, the peak process temperature was reduced by more than 400 K, while CO emissions decreased by over a factor of 17 compared to the prototype, with unburned hydrocarbon levels remaining low.

specialists when developing formulations of protein-containing foods (meat, confectionery, etc.). In this study, optimal/rational parameters of biosynthesis of new pea, sunflower and wheat concentrates, with tyrosinase and microbial transglutaminase enzymes, belonging, respectively, to the class of oxidoreductases and transferases, have been developed in order to modify the functional properties of commercial protein preparations. At the same time, patterns of the effect of enzyme concentration, reaction duration, and the hydromodule on the mass fraction of amino nitrogen and soluble protein in the medium as effective indicators for monitoring the course of the reaction in the medium have been established. Compared to the control sample, the new protein concentrate obtained from dry wheat gluten, synthesized with the sequential addition of both types of enzymes has a 44% higher water-binding capacity and almost 2 times higher fat-binding capacity. The pea and sunflower concentrates prepared with separate addition of enzymes have a 24–56% higher water-binding capacity, 2.3–2.4 times higher foaming capacity and 1.6–5.7 times higher foam stability. The sunflower concentrate has increased fat-binding and fat-emulsifying capacity compared to the original concentrate. The results of the effect of tyrosinase and microbial transglutaminase on the functional properties of protein concentrates, despite their different principle of action, were practically the same. Therefore, to modify the properties, it is advisable to use also the enzyme tyrosinase instead of transglutaminase for the production of food products, taking into account the identified parameters of transglutaminase action on pea, sunflower proteins and wheat gluten.

5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is an endogenous amino acid and a precursor of chlorophyll synthesis. Studies have shown that it can promote fruit development and improve quality characteristics such as sweetness, acidity, and flavor. Therefore, in this study, 'Meizao' sweet cherry trees were used as test materials, and different concentrations of 5-ALA (50, 100, 150mg/L) were sprayed during the fruit expansion period to determine their effects on fruit quality. Based on principal component analysis, the fruit quality under 5-ALA treatment was comprehensively evaluated, and the best concentration for improving the fruit quality of 'Meizao' sweet cherry was selected to explore its effect on fruit volatile metabolites. The results showed that exogenous spraying of 100mg/L 5-ALA had the best effect on improving cherry fruit quality. The contents of sucrose, fructose, glucose, and soluble sugar in cherry fruit were significantly increased by 203.33%, 174.12%, 109.32%, and 54.20% compared with the control, while the contents of malic acid and ascorbic acid were decreased by 56.10% and 40.61%. At the same time, the anthocyanin content decreased significantly by 64.47% compared with the control, whereas the contents of flavonoids, total phenols, and tannins increased by 114.62%, 7.80%, and 1.67%, respectively. The application of 5-ALA significantly increased the mass fraction of volatile metabolites in 'Meizao' cherry fruits, mainly elevating the levels of aliphatic hydrocarbons and ketones. This enrichment enhanced related aroma attributes such as wood, fruit, vanilla, and sweet flavors. The highest enrichment was found in the plant secondary metabolite pathway. Key compounds annotated in this pathway included: N-heptylidene-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane; 2,8-dimethyl-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane; 6-methyl-7-oxa-8-azabicyclo[4.2.1]non-8-ene; 1-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)ethanone; octanal; N-heptylidene-methanamine; and 7-methyl-4-indancarboxylic acid. Consequently, The 'Meizao' sweet cherries developed a special aroma with woody, fruity, herbal, citrus, sweet, oily, plant-like, and floral characteristics.

Abstract The effective miscibility of CO2 in the oil phase is a critical scientific concern for achieving the synergistic utilization of high-efficiency CO2 enhanced oil recovery and carbon sequestration. In this study, the solubility behaviors of TXIB, C12EmPn, and their composite system TC in CO2 were first investigated by combining cloud point pressure(CPP) experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The experimental results showed that at a mass fraction of 0.5%, TXIB exhibited the highest solubility with a CPP of 36.5 MPa. Furthermore, the MD simulation results further confirmed this solubility trend: TXIB displayed the strongest interaction with CO2, characterized by the lowest diffusion coefficient, the highest radial distribution function (RDF) peak value, and the largest coordination number. Due to its molecular structure, C12EmPn showed the fastest diffusion rate. The composite system TC exerted a synergistic effect, possessing both moderate diffusivity and strong structural stability. On this basis, an in-depth analysis of the mechanism of surfactants in the CO2–oil system via MD simulations revealed that the mixing degree (Dmix) of TC reached as high as 55.92%, which was significantly higher than those of TXIB and C12EmPn, thereby substantially enhancing the miscibility between CO2 and the oil phase. Combined with interaction energy analysis, it was found that TC could construct a more stable solvation structure, which not only improved the compatibility of CO2 but also achieved a significant reduction in MMP.