Mass Fraction Of Ash Research Articles

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ СТАБИЛЬНОСТИ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННОГО СРЕДСТВА «СВ» ДЛЯ СУХИХ КОПЫТНЫХ ВАНН

This article presents the results of studying the stability of the drug «SV», developed at the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution FCTRB-VNIVI, for the group prevention and treatment of diseases of the fingers and hooves of cattle by the method of dry hoof baths. He stability study of «SV» was carried out at certain time intervals (3, 6, 9 and 12 months of storage). During the experiment, we studied such quality indicators as bacterial contamination, harmlessness, determination of pH, solubility in water, tightness of packaging, mass fraction of moisture, mass fraction of ash, determination of adsorption activity by methylene blue, determination of adsorption activity by iodine and determination of adsorption activity by gelatin. Based on the studies conducted on the stability of the drug «SV» during storage for 12 months, the indicators did not exceed the acceptance criteria, which indicates that this sample is stable. Thus, the drug «SV» for dry hoof baths can be used in veterinary medicine, after further comprehensive study.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ТРИТИКАЛЕВОЙ МУКИ И ОТРУБЕЙ НА ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ КАЧЕСТВА ХЛЕБНЫХ ПАЛОЧЕК

The purpose of research is to study the influence of triticale grain processing products (flour and bran) on the quality indicators of breadsticks. Objectives: to determine the physicochemical parameters of wheat and triticale flour of the Bashkirskaya 3 variety; to study the quality indicators of triticale bran; to develop a recipe for bread sticks with partial replacement of wheat flour with triticale flour and triticale bran; to conduct a tasting assessment and examine the physical and chemical characteristics of the developed products; to study the content of protein, dietary fiber and vitamin B1 in the developed products. Research was carried out at the Department of Technology of Public Nutrition and Processing of Plant Raw Materials of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Bashkir State Agrarian University" and in the analytical laboratory of the Bashkir Research Institute of Agriculture UFITs RAS. The objects of the study were samples of premium wheat baking flour, triticale flour and triticale bran obtained from the Bashkirskaya 3 variety, added with different percentage replacements for wheat flour. The main research methods used: determination of the quantity and quality of raw gluten – according to GOST 27839-88; mass fraction of flour moisture according to GOST 9404-88; falling numbers – according to GOST 27676-88; mass fraction of ash – according to GOST 27494; vitamin B1 (thiamine) content – according to GOST 29138-91; mass fraction of protein – according to the Kjeldahl method, GOST 10846-91; soluble and insoluble dietary fiber by enzymatic-gravimetric method – GOST R 54014-2010 method. During research, breadsticks containing 60% triticale flour + 15 % triticale bran were identified as the most optimal in terms of organoleptic and physicochemical indicators (protein mass fraction 7.30 ± 0.05 % and vitamin B1 content 0.17 ± 0 .05) compared to the control from wheat flour (protein mass fraction 6.03 ± 0.84 % and thiamine content less than 0.1 %).

Results of pilot comparisons in the field of measuring the nutritional value of milk powder COOMET 880/RU-a/23

A necessary condition for obtaining high-quality food products that satisfy human physiological needs for essential nutrients and energy is continuous monitoring of the macronutrient content. The correctness of measurements in the process of such monitoring is verified by analyzing, in parallel with working samples reference materials of the composition of food products and food raw materials. The certified values of these reference materials shall be traceable to measurement standards and/or measurement results of national metrology institutes. For mutual recognition of the calibration and measurement capabilities of national metrology institutes, they must obtain equivalent results in key comparisons. The possibility of organizing key comparisons is assessed during pilot comparisons. The article presents the results of pilot comparisons in the field of measuring the nutritional value of milk powder COOMET 880/RU-а/23 with the participation of national metrology institutes of the Russian Federation, Republic of Belarus, Kyrgyz Republic and China. Samples of skim and whole milk powder were selected as the objects of comparison. The measured characteristics are mass fraction of moisture, nitrogen, protein, fat, ash, carbohydrates (lactose). Each participant in the comparison used measurement procedures, measurement instruments and equipment that ensure the highest accuracy. When assessing the uncertainty of the values of the specified measured characteristics, the participants took into account the standard deviation of the results of parallel determinations, uncertainties from the quantities included in the measurement equations, and methodological factors. The comparisons demonstrated the consistency of most of the measurement results presented by the participants. Some deviating measurement results of operationally determined quantities (mass fraction of ash, mass fraction of moisture) are due to the empirical nature of the methods used, i.e. the dependence of the measurement results on the applied drying or ashing conditions. For rational values (mass fraction of nitrogen), the discrepancies are probably due to incomplete extraction of the component from the test sample, as well as the lack of established traceability of the sample used to standardize the titrant. The results of the comparisons will be used in preparing proposals for conducting key comparisons for the purpose of mutual recognition of national standards and calibration and measurement certificates in the field of measuring the nutritional value of milk powder.

Investigating Synoptic Influences on Tropospheric Volcanic Ash Dispersion from the 2015 Calbuco Eruption Using WRF-Chem Simulations and Satellite Data

We used WRF-Chem to simulate ash transport from eruptions of Chile’s Calbuco volcano on 22–23 April 2015. Massive ash and SO2 ejections reached the upper troposphere, and particulates transported over South America were observed over Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil via satellite and surface data. Numerical simulations with the coupled Weather Research and Forecasting–Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model from 22 to 27 April covered eruptions and particle propagation. Chemical and aerosol parameters utilized the GOCART (Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport) model, while the meteorological conditions came from NCEP-FNL reanalysis. In WRF-Chem, we implemented a more efficient methodology to determine the Eruption Source Parameters (ESP). This permitted each simulation to consider a sequence of eruptions and a time varying ESP, such as the eruption height and mass and the SO2 eruption rate. We used two simulations (GCTS1 and GCTS2) differing in the ash mass fraction in the finest bins (0–15.6 µm) by 2.4% and 16.5%, respectively, to assess model efficiency in representing plume intensity and propagation. Analysis of the active synoptic components revealed their impact on particle transport and the Andes’ role as a natural barrier. We evaluated and compared the simulated Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) with VIIRS Deep Blue Level 3 data and SO2 data from Ozone Mapper and Profiler Suite (OMPS) Limb Profiler (LP), both of which are sensors onboard the Suomi National Polar Partnership (NPP) spacecraft. The model successfully reproduced ash and SO2 transport, effectively representing influencing synoptic systems. Both simulations showed similar propagation patterns, with GCTS1 yielding better results when compared with AOD retrievals. These results indicate the necessity of specifying lower mass fraction in the finest bins. Comparison with VIIRS Brightness Temperature Difference data confirmed the model’s efficiency in representing particle transport. Overestimation of SO2 may stem from emission inputs. This study demonstrates the feasibility of our implementation of the WRF-Chem model to reproduce ash and SO2 patterns after a multi-eruption event. This enables further studies into aerosol–radiation and aerosol–cloud interactions and atmospheric behavior following volcanic eruptions.

The rheological characteristics of the dough for semi-finished biscuits with the addition of crickets flour

The article proposes to study the influence of new protein-containing raw materials, namely cricket flour (CF) Acheta domesticus on the quality of whipped flour semi-finished product (WFP) research methods. The study used generally accepted methods for determining the rheological properties of the dough: the dependence of viscosity on shear stress, temperature, and rate of deformation of the dough, as well as the elasticity of finished products and physicochemical properties of the finished semi-finished product. The mass fraction of moisture was determined by drying to constant weight. The mass fraction of ash not dissolved in 10% hydrochloric acid in absolute dry matter was determined using the dry method in a muffle furnace. The mass fraction of protein was determined by the Kjeldahl method. Alkalinity was determined by the titrometric method. The mass fraction of total sugar was determined by the iodometric method. During the manufacture of WFP, cricket flour was added to 5.0-15.0%. The results of rheological parameters showed that adding CF to the dough in an amount of 15.0% significantly affected the viscosity and plasticity of the dough, which led to a decrease in volume and porosity in the finished semi-finished product. According to physicochemical parameters, it was found that with increased BC concentration, the mass fraction of protein increases (from 4.4% in conventional WFP to 62.06% with the addition of CF in the amount of 10.0%). At the same time, the mass fraction of total sugar decreases. The mass fraction of moisture in the finished semi-finished product also changes. The resiliency and elasticity of the finished products were determined by the laboratory method using the "Labor" penetrometer. According to the results of studies of resiliency and elasticity of the finished product, it was determined that the semi-finished product with the addition of 15.0% cricket flour had the lowest indicators compared to the products with the addition of 5.0% and 10.0% cricket.

Influencing factors and mechanism of CO2 adsorption capacity of FA-based carbon sequestration materials.

Carbon dioxide mineral carbonisation is a means to achieve permanent carbon dioxide storage, this paper to solid waste materials as the main raw material to prepare fly ash-based carbon dioxide storage materials. Through the design of carbon dioxide adsorption experimental setup to study the main factors affecting the adsorption capacity of the fly ash-based storage materials, the experimental results show that, the fly ash mass fraction decreased from 90 to 10%, the water-cement ratio increased from 0.4 to 0.8 when the CO2 adsorption of fly ash-based materials increased by 82% and 30%, respectively. The effect of strong alkali on CO2 adsorption capacity was also investigated in this paper, and the results showed that the CO2 adsorption of the fly ash-based material sample with 10 ml NaOH added increased by 197% compared with that of the sample with 5 ml NaOH added, whereas the adsorption amount was reduced by 85% when 25 ml NaOH was added instead, which was attributed to the accelerated hydration process of the material due to the excessive alkalinity that consumed the calcium and magnesium ions in the material, and at the same time the production of hydration products hindered the transport of CO2 within the material, which led to a decrease in CO2 adsorption.

Effects of alkaline‐acid treatment on the physiochemical attributes of natural cellulosic fiber of Arundo donaxL

AbstractIn the present investigation, the cellulose fibers were extracted from Arundo donax through a three‐step treatment. The effects of the alkaline pre‐treatment, acid hydrolysis, and soxhlet‐based extraction on the qualitative and quantitative attributes of the resultant cellulose fibers were investigated. The results of the present study signify a positive correlation between chemical treatment and cellulose content. The overall yield conversion of cellulose was recorded as 156.67%, after Soxhlet‐based purification. It was also observed that the moisture content, percentage of water absorption, rate of water absorption, and ash mass fraction gradually declined after each treatment step. The correlation between the chemical treatment with quantitative and qualitative attributes revealed a gradual increment in cellulose content, crystallinity index, and purity of cellulose fiber extracted from A. donax. The FTIR spectra emphasized that the obtained cellulose was free from impurities after Soxhlet‐based extraction. Simultaneously the DTG curve of A. donax fiber revealed a low rate of derivatization in the fibers extracted after Soxhlet treatment. The SEM and EDX analysis illustrate that the cellulose fibers were devoid of impurities as well as contamination of heavy metal ions.

Использование бактериальной инокуляции для улучшения вегетативного роста и нутрицевтических качеств китайской капусты в условиях регулируемой агроэкосистемы

Abstract. In recent years, plant inoculation with beneficial plant growth-promoting microorganisms PGPR bacteria in agriculture has been steadily increasing, and they are expected to partially replace chemical fertilizers, pesticides and other growth regulators in the future, providing an environmentally friendly solution for sustainable farming practices. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to investigate the bacterial inoculation of Bacillus cereus to improve the vegetative growth and nutraceutical qualities of Chinese cabbage pak-choi plants grown by hydroponics under regulated agroecosystem conditions. Objects of the study are the plants of Chinese cabbage pak-choy (Brassica campestris ssp. cheninsis L.). Methods. When conducting research, we measured biometric indicators, determined the indicators of crude, dry matter, dietary fiber and mass fraction of ash of pak-choy plants according to GOST. The contents of vitamins, cations, anions and amino acids in plant products were estimated by capillary electrophoresis using “Kapel’-205” device (Russia). The obtained results were processed statistically by means of analysis of variance. Scientific novelty. The efficiency of root inoculation of Bacillus cereus bacteria in the cultivation of pak-choy plants by hydroponics in closed agro-ecosystems has been determined. The dependence of the improvement of quality indicators in the biomass of bacterial inoculation of pak-choi plants has been established. Results. As a result of studies, it was found that the inoculation of B. cereus had a positive effect on the development of the assimilating apparatus of pak-choi plants. The formation of the main morpho-biometric parameters (crude, dry weight, shoot length and number of leaves) of plants was not significantly affected by bacterial inoculation. All obtained values were at the control level. Pak-choi plants inoculated with bacteria showed a significant increase in concentration of mineral elements (K, S and P), amino acids (proline, phenylalanine, valine, histidine and lysine) and vitamins (ascorbic acid and choline).

Waffle cone technology for soft ice cream using chickpea flour and psyllium

Relevance. The purpose of the research is to develop the recipe and technology of flour confectionery waffle cone used for packaging soft ice cream.Methods. The production technology of the waffle cone included the following processes: acceptance of raw materials, preparation of ingredients (sifting of dry components, weighing of dry components), kneading dough, mixing, baking products. The composition of the flour confectionery included ingredients: wheat flour, chickpea flour, crushed psyllium husk, chickpea broth or liquid from canned peas, water, vanillin, salt, vegetable oil, stevoside. Psyllium is a type of soluble fiber that has a huge amount of valuable qualities for a person. Chickpea flour does not contain gluten, which is present in cereals such as barley, wheat or rye. Therefore, the product is valuable for people with intolerance to this substance (celiac disease). Stevia is a vegetable sweetener that can be used instead of sugar. The technology of waffle production consisted of the main processes: preparation of ingredients, kneading dough, baking waffles in the machine, forming a horn, cooling, storage.Results. The study of nutritional value showed that the waffle cone contains: a mass fraction of protein — 7.2%, a mass fraction of fat — 22.6%, a mass fraction of carbohydrates — 34.2%, a mass fraction of ash — 0.83%, the energy value of the product — 361.9 kcal. The finished product isrecommended to be used for the production ofsoft ice cream.

Inorganic compounds of sunflower stems

This paper presents the results of studying the inorganic components of sunflower stems. The test objects are the extracts obtained at different pH values of the medium and ash samples before and after treatment of stems with water, acid, and alkali. The results show that the nature of the extractant has a negligible effect on the yield of extractive substances from the crushed stems. According to atomic absorption analysis, the main ions in extracts obtained in different media are potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sodium ions. The mass fraction of ash after treatment of stems with solutions at different pH values varies from 0.5 to 5.2%. The lowest ash yield is characterized by a sample of stems after acid extraction. According to energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, all ash samples contain mainly K, Ca, Mg, and P compounds. The ash components of the core and outer part of the stem were also studied in comparison with the original sample. The ash content of the stem core (9.3%) is higher than that of the outer shell (7.4%). The IR spectroscopy shows that the nature of band splitting in the IR spectra of the ash samples practically does not depend on the stem part and the pretreatment of raw materials at different pH values. Absorption bands characteristic of carbonates and silicates are observed in the IR spectra of the stem ash. According to X-ray diffraction analysis, the studied ash samples are in a crystalline state.

Phytochemical analysis of raw materials Calligonum leucocladum Bunge

This article presents the results of a study on the morphological structure, which are indicators of the quality of raw materials of C. leucocladum B., the proportion of moisture in the raw materials is 5.91 ± 0.03%, the mass fraction of ash is 7.23 ± 0.01%. An ethanol extract was obtained from the roots and stems of C.leucocladum B. The amino acid composition was studied by Thin-layer chromatography, the highest percentage of threonine, valine, tyrosine and glutamic acid was found. The lowest concentrations were the amino acids isoleucine, cysteine and lysine. The atomic emission method established the mineral composition (32 elements). Flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarins, tannins were detected by qualitative color reactions.

ДИНАМИКА ПРИРОСТА ЖИВОЙ МАССЫ И ФИЗИКО‑ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ МЯСА ЦЕСАРОК РАЗНЫХ ПОРОД В ПРОЦЕССЕ ВЫРАЩИВАНИЯ

The results of determination of moisture, fat, protein and ash content in guinea fowl meat aged 42 and 62 days, 3 and 4 months are presented. The red and white muscles of guinea fowl carcasses of the Zagorsk white-breasted, Volga white, gray-speckled and blue breeds were studied. The study showed that the physico-chemical parameters of meat differ significantly depending on the breed and age of guinea fowls. The mass fraction of moisture in the pectoral muscles ranged from 73.7±7.4% (Zagorskaya white-breasted) to 77.8±7.8% (blue), and in the femoral – from 75.0±7.5% (blue) to 78.1±7.8% (Zagorskaya white-breasted); the mass fraction of fat in the pectoral muscles from 0.7±0.1% (Volga white) up to 6.4±1.0% (blue), in the femoral muscles – from 1.1±0.2% (Volga white) to 3.3±0.5% (Zagorsk white-breasted); the mass fraction of protein in the pectoral muscles from 15.10±2.27% (blue) to 23.90±1.91% (Volga white), and in femoral muscles – from 19.10±2.87% (blue) to 23.20±1.86% (blue). The content of the mass fraction of ash did not differ significantly. Guinea fowl meat, in comparison with chicken meat, contains a lower percentage of fat. The live weight increased with age, but this indicator was different for each breed.

ҚҰС САҢҒЫРЫҒЫНАН ЖАСАЛҒАН ОРГАНИКАЛЫҚ ТЫҢАЙТҚЫШТЫҢ ӘРТҮРЛІ ДОЗАЛАРЫНЫҢ МАЙЛЫ ЗЫҒЫР МЕН АРПА ТҰҚЫМЫНЫҢ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯЛЫҚ САПАСЫНА ӘСЕРІ

This article studied the effect of different doses of organic fertilizers from poultry manure on the technological quality of barley and oilseed flax seeds. The technological properties of the seeds were determined in accordance with generally accepted methods. All the obtained results were subjected to one-factor variance statistical processing. Under the influence of various doses of organic fertilizers, the protein content in flax seeds increased by 10-12% relative to the control and showed a statistically significant positive result (F: 51.082; p<0.05). The fat content of flax increased by 0.41-0.605% compared to the control. The effect of organic fertilizer on the iodine number and the amount of polyunsaturated linolenic and linoleic acids of flaxseed was not observed. 5 t/ha of bird droppings was selected as the dose that best affected the technological quality of flax seeds. The content of raw protein in dry matter in barley seeds increased by 0.37% compared to the control variant, the fat content - up to 1%. The mass fraction of ash showed an increase relative to the control by 8.1-18.8%. The increase in the quality of barley seeds was most optimally influenced by a dose of bird droppings of 15 t/ha. The effect of various doses of organic fertilizers from poultry manure on the mass fraction of crude fiber, on the indicators of nitrogen-free extractives was determined within the control variant.

Uncertainty-bounded estimates of ash cloud properties using the ORAC algorithm: application to the 2019 Raikoke eruption

Abstract. Uncertainty-bounded satellite retrievals of volcanic ash cloud properties such as ash cloud-top height, effective radius, optical depth and mass loading are needed for the robust quantitative assessment required to warn aviation of potential hazards. Moreover, there is an imperative to improve quantitative ash cloud estimation due to the planned move towards quantitative ash concentration forecasts by the Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers. Here we apply the Optimal Retrieval of Aerosol and Cloud (ORAC) algorithm to Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) measurements of the ash clouds produced by the June 2019 Raikoke (Russia) eruption. The ORAC algorithm uses an optimal estimation technique to consolidate a priori information, satellite measurements and associated uncertainties into uncertainty-bounded estimates of the desired state variables. Using ORAC, we demonstrate several improvements in thermal infrared volcanic ash retrievals applied to broadband imagers. These include an improved treatment of measurement noise, accounting for multi-layer cloud scenarios, distinguishing between heights in the troposphere and stratosphere, and the retrieval of a wider range of effective radii sizes than existing techniques by exploiting information from the 10.4 µm channel. Our results indicate that 0.73 ± 0.40 Tg of very fine ash (radius ≤ 15 µm) was injected into the atmosphere during the main eruptive period from 21 June 18:00 UTC to 22 June 10:00 UTC. The total mass of very fine ash decreased from 0.73 to 0.10 Tg over ∼ 48 h, with an e-folding time of 20 h. We estimate a distal fine ash mass fraction of 0.73 % ± 0.62 % based on the total mass of very fine ash retrieved and the ORAC-derived height–time series. Several distinct ash layers were revealed by the ORAC height retrievals. Generally, ash in the troposphere was composed of larger particles than ash present in the stratosphere. We also find that median ash cloud concentrations fall below peak ash concentration safety limits (< 4 mg m−3) 11–16 h after the eruption begins, if typical ash cloud geometric thicknesses are assumed. The ORAC height retrievals for the near-source plume showed good agreement with GOES-17 side-view height data (R=0.84; bias = −0.75 km); however, a larger negative bias was found when comparing ORAC height retrievals for distal ash clouds against Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarisation (CALIOP) measurements (R=0.67; bias = −2.67 km). The dataset generated here provides uncertainties at the pixel level for all retrieved variables and could potentially be used for dispersion model validation or be implemented in data assimilation schemes. Future work should focus on improving ash detection, improving height estimation in the stratosphere and exploring the added benefit of visible channels for retrieving effective radius and optical depth in opaque regions of nascent ash plumes.

Use of a complex probiotic supplement in turkey feeding

Relevance. Over the past decades, we have witnessed really big changes in the global livestock and poultry industry. Poultry feeding and breeding systems have reached high peaks of development with a significant improvement in genetic capacity. Currently, ration balancing is possible with the latest systems capable of automating feed production, as well as schemes to increase the efficiency of servings. With this approach, a balance of all nutrients is achieved, which in turn leads to a reduction in production costs. The nutritional value of compound feed is increased by adding additives of various origins. In our study, the improvement of metabolic processes in the body of a bird is achieved by introducing a feed additive based on probiotics into the diet. The article presents the results of studying and comparing indicators of meat productivity of turkeys.Methods. The object of research was the turkey cross Hybrid Converter. An additive, Prolaxim-B, was introduced into the main diet. The subjects of research were the composition and nutritional value of the diet, the dynamics of live weight, the increase in live weight, the morphological composition of the carcass, the chemical composition, morphological blood parameters, and sanitary and hygienic indicators. The biochemical composition of meat samples was studied in the laboratories of the testing center “Argus” of theFBGNU KNTsZV. The mass fraction of moisture was determined by drying the sample according to the standard method. The mass fraction of protein — by the Kjeldahl photometric method, the mass fraction of fat — using the Soxhlet extraction apparatus; mass fraction of ash — by the ashing method; the energy value was found by the Alexandrov method.Results. The experiment showed that the inclusion of a preparation containing the Prolaxim-B probiotic in the diet of a turkey helps increasing the safety of the livestock, live weight, and the intensity of their growth; there is a tendency to reduce the level of conditionally pathogenic microflora and increase that ofbeneficial microflora. It was found that the weight of the edibleoffal was significantly higher in the experimental group. In general, the productivity of the turkey, the competitiveness of the finished product and the profitability of industrial enterprises are growing, thereby attracting new sources of funding to this area of agriculture.

THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF BLACKBERRIES GROWING IN THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN AND THEIR DEPENDENCE ON THE SPECIES AND REGION OF GROWTH

The work shows the biological and nutritional value of Rubus, which grows in Azerbaijan. It was found that the highest content of sugars is the wild blackberry of the Rubus sanguineus Friv species (8.75±0.19%), while it contains little sucrose, glucose (from 3.10±0.12 to 4.87±0.16%) and fructose (from 3.08±0.28 to 3.40±0.09%) predominate. The content of the mass fraction of organic acids is greater in the species Rubus caucasicus forche (1.94±0.10%) than in the species Rubus caesius and Rubus sanguineus Friv (1.85±0.15 and 1.62±0.12%, respectively). The content of pectin substances in blackberries ranges from 0.26±0.01 to 0.30±0.04%, and the mass fraction of ash from 0.42±0.08 to 0.58±0.11%. In terms of vitamin C content, the species Rubus sanguineus Friv is superior (32.1±1.20 mg/100 g) to the species Rubus caesius and Rubus caucasicus forche (23.76±0.58 mg/100 g and 29.35±0.47 mg/100 g, respectively). In the polyphenol complex of blackberries of the species Rubus sanguineus Friv, Rubus caucasicus forche and Rubus caesius, catechins and anthocyanins are present with a clear predominance of the latter. The results of the studies show that the main indicators of the chemical composition of blackberries depend on the type of raw materials and on the soil-climatic and ecological-geographical conditions of the growing region. The biological and nutritional value of blackberries of various types allows us to consider them as an additional source of physiologically active substances and raw materials for the production of various soft drinks based on them, including tonic energy drinks.

Effects of hybrid polyethylene terephthalate fibre and fly ash on mechanical properties of concrete

Cracked concrete is a problem due to several factors such as poor maintenance, insufficient reinforcement or steel corrosion leading to crack propagation. There is a need to increase the load-bearing capacity of concrete and increase its life span. The use of waste polyethylene terephthalate fibres and fly ash in a hybrid concrete composite dramatically alleviates the problem of crack propagation and failure sustainably. This study aimed to optimize a waste polyethylene terephthalate fibre/fly ash hybrid cement composite. The concrete test specimens were fabricated using polyethylene terephthalate fibres and fly ash following a full factorial experimental design. The developed specimens were then tested to ascertain their workability and material strength properties. The combined effect of fibre addition and fly ash showed a general decreasing slump value for all quantities of fly ash content. The combined optimum compressive strength for fibre and fly ash was at 0.5% and 15%, respectively, with a strength of 15.54 N mm−2. The optimum split tensile strength of 2.79 N mm−2 was realised at 0.5% fibre and 20% fly ash mass fractions. The optimum flexural strength for fibre and fly ash mass fractions was obtained at 0.5% and 30%, respectively. The trend observed by the rebound number followed that of the compressive strength. However, the non-destructive rebound hammer method gave significantly lower strength values than the destructive test method.

Novel Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc Soluble Dietary Fibre-Starch Nanocomposite: Functional and Antioxidant Characteristics.

Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) is a great source of soluble dietary fibre and starch. Bambara groundnut soluble dietary fibre is rich in bioactive compounds, namely, uronic acids (11.8%) and hydrolysable polyphenols (expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE) 20 mg/g), with crucial physiological and functional benefits. The industrial use of native starch is limited because of the inherent undesirable attributes that render it unstable. The aim of this study is to characterise the antioxidant, functional and physicochemical properties of Bambara groundnut starch-soluble dietary fibre nanocomposite (hereafter groundnut nanocomposite). The pasting properties by rapid visco analysis, chemical composition, hydration properties, oil-binding capacity, emulsifying activity index (EAI), emulsion stability index (ESI) and antioxidant properties of Bambara groundnut starch, soluble fibre and nanocomposite were studied. The Bambara groundnut soluble dietary fibre and nanocomposite did not exhibit typical pasting properties. The nanocomposite had high mass fraction of carbohydrates (78.7%) and proteins (7.0%), low mass fraction of fat (0.8%) and had a considerable mass fraction of ash (4.9%). The Bambara groundnut starch, soluble dietary fibre and nanocomposite showed significant (p<0.001) differences in solubility. Their EAI values were 23.2, 85.7 and 90.6%, respectively, and the ESI values were 23.3, 87.1 and 87.5%, respectively. The three biopolymers differed significantly (p<0.001) in all colour characteristics: lightness (L*), redness/greenness (a*), yellowness/blueness (b*), chroma and hue angles. Their polyphenolic mass fraction, expressed as GAE, was 0.10, 6.6 and 0.46 mg/g, respectively, and their ferric reducing antioxidant power values, expressed as ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE), were 1.2, 4.8 and 1.4 μmol/g, respectively. The phenolic compounds (in mg/g): chlorogenic acid 18, monocrotaline 20, luteolin 7-O-(6''-malonylglucoside) 4 and casuarine 6-α-d-glucoside 27 were present in the dietary fibre but absent from the starch and nanocomposite. The Bambara groundnut nanocomposite possesses desirable physicochemical and antioxidant properties, making it suitable as an ingredient in various food systems. Nanocomposites have the potential to revolutionise the food industry but their study as food ingredients is very limited. Furthermore, nothing is known about the physicochemical, functional and antioxidant characteristics of Bambara groundnut nanocomposite, thus investigating these properties will address this knowledge gap.

EXPERTISE OF THE QUALITY OF MILK CHOCOLATE WITHOUT ADDITIONS

The enterprises of the confectionery industry of the Republic of Belarus offer a varied assortment of chocolate and products based on it. Confectionery products from other countries are widely represented in the consumer market of our country. As a result, there is a situation where some sellers may supply chocolate to the market that does not fully meet the established requirements and demands of consumers. Therefore, the issues of researching the quality of chocolate are designed to prevent the sale of low quality products and to protect the domestic consumer. The article presents the results of the examination of ten samples of milk chocolate without additives sold in the retail trade network of Minsk, according to a set of indicators: labeling, organoleptic (taste and smell, appearance, shape, consistency, structure), physicochemical (mass fraction of moisture and the mass fraction of ash), safety (heavy metals - lead, cadmium, zinc, copper - by the method of stripping voltammetry).

Composition of inorganic components in &lt;i&gt;Helianthus tuberosus&lt;/i&gt; stems

This article studies inorganic components in Heliánthus tuberósus stems. Ash samples and extracts obtained at different pH values were examined. It is established that the extractant's nature has a significant effect on the yield of extractive substances from the ground stems: the greatest (45%) and the minimum (31%) yield was achieved by sodium hydroxide and distilled water, respectively. According to atomic absorption spectrometry, the main ions in the extracts obtained in different media are those of potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium and iron. Following treatment of stems with solutions having different pH values, the mass fraction of ash varied from 0.4 to 2.3%. The smallest ash yield was observed for a stem sample after acid extraction. According to energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, all ash samples contained predominantly K, Ca, Si and P compounds. Acid hydrolysis produced the highest level of Si in samples, which allows this ash to be used as a silicon-containing material. The ash components of the core and outer part of the stem were compared with the initial sample. According to the nature of thermal decomposition, the initial sample and the outer shell were similar between themselves, though differing from the core. The ash content of the initial sample was 4.3%, with the ash content of the stem core being ~2 times higher than that of the outer shell (7 and 3.8%, respectively). The results of IR spectroscopy showed that splitting of bands in the IR spectra of ash samples depend on the part of the stem and the pre-treatment of raw materials at different pH values. The ash of the initial sample, core and outer shell, as well as the ash of the residues after the aqueous and alkaline hydrolysis of the stem, showed the absorption bands of carbonate groups. The IR spectra of the stem ash after acid extraction contained absorption bands characteristic of amorphous silicon dioxide. According to the conducted X-ray analysis, the studied ash samples were in an amorphous-crystal and crystalline state. The identification of phases was carried out.