Mass Circulation Research Articles

Carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios in Arcturus and Aldebaran

We re-analysed the carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios in the atmospheres of the two bright K giants Arcturus and Aldebaran. Previous determinations of their 16O/18O ratios showed a rough agreement with FDU expectations; however, the estimated 16O/17O and 12C/13C ratios were lower than in the canonical predictions. These anomalies are interpreted as signs of the occurrence of non-convective mixing episodes. We re-investigated this issue in order to verify whether the observed data can be reproduced in this hypothesis and if the well determined properties of the two stars can help us in fixing the uncertain parameters characterizing non-convective mixing and its physical nature. We used high-resolution infrared spectra to derive the 12C/13C and 16O/17O/18O ratios from CO molecular lines near 5 mu. We also reconsidered the determination of the stellar parameters to build the proper atmospheric and evolutionary models. We found that both the C and the O isotopic ratios for the two stars considered actually disagree with pure FDU predictions. This reinforces the idea that non-convective transport episodes occurred in them. By reproducing the observed elemental and isotopic abundances with the help of parametric models of nucleosynthesis and mass circulation, we derived constraints on the properties of non convective mixing. We find that very slow mixing is incapable of explaining the observed data, which require a fast transport. Circulation mechanisms with speeds intermediate between those typical of diffusive and of convective mixing should be at play. We however conclude with a word of caution on the conclusions possible at this stage, as the parameters for the mass transport are rather sensitive to the stellar mass and initial composition.

Water resources in the Romanian Carpathians and their management

The Carpathians, covering of length of 1,000 km on Romanian`s territory and surface 66,303 kms, 27.9% respectively. The Carpathians, their positions towards the air mass circulation from the West especially, are in fact an orographical dam differentianting the specific runoff of the streams. Thus, the values of hydrological parameter are higher on the mountain sides to the West than the ones on the opposite mountain sides of the same altitude. On an average, the runoff gradient is estimated as 5-6 l/s.kms up to 100 m with variations imposed by hydrographic basin exposure towards the continental and oceanic air mass circulation.

Rethinking Reductionism, or, the Transformative Work of Making the Same

Plant-based drug discovery has long served as an iconic instance of both the power and the folly of scientific reductionism: this is a project, after all, that seeks to turn complex indigenous therapeutic practices into isolated molecules, to be scaled-up, and set into mass circulation. This arena has, for good reason, served as an example of the economic and epistemological violences enacted in forms of ‘recognition’ or ‘translation’ that treat scientific idioms and industrial value as the arbiters of truth and value. But here, I ask whether we are giving too much away, in analytic terms, when we take reductionism for granted. In this essay, I draw on my ethnographic research in Mexico, as well as broader philosophical debates, to suggest critical resources that might allow us to do something other than restage the familiar, infelicitous encounter between ‘embedded’, relational indigenous knowledges and isolating, abstracting, reductionist science. Here, I consider pharmaceutical research and development as a process that works less by reducing than by proliferating materials: in particular, by producing and recontextualising chemical compounds as simultaneously the same, and not the same. This formula has a strong place in pharmaceutical chemistry, and it resonates somewhat surprisingly in domains ranging from transnational drug regulation, to marketing strategies for generic drugs in Mexico, to debates within the philosophy of chemistry about the nature of chemical entities themselves. These conversations offer conceptual resources for rethinking reduction(ism), itself one of the key operators in charged projects of recognising and translating knowledge.

Stratospheric versus Tropospheric Control of the Strength and Structure of the Brewer–Dobson Circulation

Abstract The strength and structure of the Brewer–Dobson circulation (BDC) are explored in an idealized general circulation model. It is shown that diabatic forcing of the stratosphere and planetary wave forcing by the troposphere can have comparable effects on tracer transport through the stratosphere, as quantified by the mean age of air and age spectrum. Their impact, however, is mediated through different controls on the mass circulation. Planetary waves are modulated by changing surface topography. Increased wave forcing strengthens the circulation, particularly at lower levels. This is primarily a tropospheric control on the BDC, as the wave forcing is set by stationary waves at the base of the stratosphere. Stratospheric control of the circulation is effected indirectly through the strength of the stratospheric polar vortex. A colder vortex creates a waveguide higher into the stratosphere, raising the breaking level of Rossby waves and deepening the circulation. Ventilation of mass in the stratosphere depends critically on the depth of tropical upwelling, and so mass and tracer transport is comparably sensitive to both tropospheric and stratospheric controls. The two controls on the circulation can lead to separate influences on the lower and upper stratosphere, with implications for the seasonal cycle of tropical upwelling. They allow for independent changes in the “shallow” and “deep” branches of the BDC, which may be important for comparing modeled trends with observations. It is also shown that changes in the BDC have a significant impact on the tropical cold point (on the order of degrees) and the equator-to-pole gradient in the tropopause (on the order of a kilometer).

Wood Engravings, the "Marvellous Spread of Illustrated Publications," and the History of Art

Wood Engravings, the "Marvellous Spread of Illustrated Publications," and the History of Art Amy M. Von Lintel (bio) "Mechanical reproduction of a work of art," Walter Benjamin wrote in 1936, "represents something new."1 For Benjamin, art became mechanically reproducible with the invention of the woodcut in the fifteenth century, and "reached an essentially new stage" in the nineteenth century when traditional means of artistic replication, such as the woodcut, the line engraving, and the etching, were "surpassed" by technologies that kept pace with modernity: first lithography, which "virtually implied the illustrated newspaper" in its ability to "keep pace with printing" and the rapid changes of everyday life; then photography, which freed the hand of the artist and relied on the more swiftly perceiving eye; and, finally, film, which captured images at the speed of speech.2 Missing from this picture of art reproduction in its so-called "new stage" is the wood engraving. Notably, Benjamin does not connect the late-eighteenth-century resurgence of the wood engraving to its precursor, the woodcut, as a relief image that could keep pace with textual printing. Nor does he view the wood engraving as a technological contemporary of lithography, photography, and film, associated, as are these other media, with the rapidity, mobility, and mass culture of the modern age.3 By contrast, more recent scholars of media history have recognized the particular modernity of wood engravings. Brian Maidment, for instance, has identified "the interdependence of the emergence of mass circulation popular literature and the rise of the commercial wood engraving" as one of the "key historical narratives" of the nineteenth century.4 Unlike the earlier woodcut, with its rougher linearity and lack of detail, the wood [End Page 515] engraving produced finely detailed images that could be printed on the most advanced steam-powered presses simultaneously with relief type. Even more than the lithograph, wood engravings shaped the rise of the illustrated newspaper and the mass press. Benjamin was not interested in the circulation of all imagery, of course. His essay focused specifically on the replication of works of art and has had a profound influence on the way art historians think about this history, including their tendency to overlook the wood engraving.5 Borrowing insights from recent scholarship on media history, this essay argues that wood engravings—as the most common and affordable means of illustrating histories of art in the nineteenth century—played a unique and important role in the history of art history both as an academic discipline and as a subject of interest to general audiences. Even more than other printed and photographic media, wood engravings circulated images of visual art in the context of the written word. In so doing, they enabled the internationalization and popularization of art history. Publishers across a variety of national contexts exchanged wood-engraved illustrations for printing in art history books and art magazines, creating opportunities for cross-cultural audiences to learn art's history from identical imagery. The story of art history's emergence as an academic discipline during the nineteenth century will be familiar to many readers of Modernism/modernity.6 In this same period, mass-market publishers deployed the technology of wood-engraved illustrations to produce a popular version of art history accessible for the self-education of audiences beyond the context of the university, the art academy, or the museum, a development that has not yet been recognized broadly, even in the discipline of art history. An advertisement in the London trade journal Publishers' Circular in 1874 summarizes this popularization: "the marvellous spread of illustrated publications has helped to plant a love for Art in the public mind."7 This ad was written to promote one of the many affordable handbooks of art history illustrated with wood engravings that circulated internationally between 1860 and 1910: Nancy Bell's Elementary History of Art, a book that I will discuss in detail later in this essay.8 More than any other medium, wood engravings enabled this "marvellous spread" of illustrated art histories, thereby encouraging an interest in art and art history among audiences beyond the academy. To illuminate the importance of wood engravings for art history, I will focus on...

WHEN ‘POPULAR’ WAS ‘RADICAL’

The late nineteenth century American mass circulation press developed a style of ‘new journalism’ that gave rise to celebrity journalism. It is widely accepted that this new approach to reporting replaced news values with entertainment as a consequence of the need to cater to the tastes of a mass readership and this is seen to explain the incredible innovations that occurred in the press in the US at the time (Ponce de Leon; Roggenkamp; Tebbel; Turner; Schudson Discovering the News). This article questions this version of American press history by arguing that those papers also had to appeal to the politics of poor immigrants and the working class and that the conventions associated with celebrity overlapped and often coincided with a ‘radical’ populist campaigning style of reporting that was as important (and at times, more important) to building and sustaining mass readerships.

Water mass circulation on Demerara Rise during the Late Cretaceous based on Nd isotopes

Circulation in the North Atlantic during the Late Cretaceous has implications for poleward heat transport and nutrient distribution during an extreme greenhouse interval with episodes of ocean anoxia. Nd isotopes of fossil fish teeth and debris represent one of the few water mass tracers that can be used to reconstruct deep ocean circulation. We present Nd isotopic data interpreted as bottom water values for 290 samples from three Ocean Drilling Program sites on Demerara Rise (Sites 1258, 1260, and 1261) along with 102 analyses from four other North Atlantic sites (Cape Verde, Goban Spur, Bermuda Rise and Blake Nose) that provide additional geographic and bathymetric control. Our results confirm the presence of a water mass with low εNd values (−14 to −17) that are believed to be influenced by continental material during local water mass formation at low latitudes. This Demerara Bottom Water (DBW) is the primary water mass in the region from the Cenomanian to Coniacian and from the late Campanian through early Maastrichtian following a hiatus of ~10my. A positive 8 εNd unit excursion occurs during Ocean Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2) that cannot be explained by changes in weathering inputs, diagenesis or magmatic sources of Nd; instead, it appears to represent an influx of bottom waters sourced from the Tethys or North Atlantic. This replacement of DBW during OAE2 argues for decreased production of DBW or enhanced production of Tethys/North Atlantic waters during peak greenhouse conditions. From the late Campanian through early Maastrichtian, DBW becomes the only water mass recorded at Demerara Rise and it appears to expand to abyssal depths at Cape Verde in the Campanian. This water mass is ultimately replaced by waters that appear to be sourced from the North Atlantic starting in the late Maastrichtian. Observed variations in circulation in the tropical North Atlantic during the Late Cretaceous can account for extensive deposition of black shales in the region prior to the hiatus, as well as local warming during a global cooling event in the Maastrichtian.

New insights into C, N and P stoichiometry in the Mediterranean Sea: The Adriatic Sea case

Vertical distributions of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nitrogen (DON) and phosphorous (DOP) were studied in the Southern Adriatic basin in two contrasting periods: autumn (high stratification) and winter (high extent of mixing). These data provide the first observations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) stoichiometry in a key area of the Mediterranean Sea.DOC and DON values are similar to those reported for other areas of the Mediterranean Sea as well as for tropical and temperate regions of the oceans. Surface DOP values are about one order of magnitude lower than those reported for the oceanic waters, confirming the low availability of P in the Mediterranean Sea. Consequently, surface DOM (C:N:P=1189–1411:86–88:1) has higher proportions of C and N with respect to P than in the oceans. DOM stoichiometry in the deep waters of the Southern Adriatic ranged between 993:85:1 and 1693:108:1, indicating a depletion of DOC (or an elevation of DON and DOP) with respect to the old western Mediterranean deep waters. This finding can be explained by the young age of the water masses in the Southern Adriatic, which can mask the effect of mineralization. Our data clearly show that physical processes (water mass circulation, deep water formation and extent of stratification) affect both distribution and stoichiometry of DOM. Finally, we discuss the role of the Adriatic Sea in maintaining the high N:P ratio observed in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea.

Mapping the Mass Circulation of Early Cinema: Film Debuts Coast-To-Coast in Canada in 1896 and 1897

Si peu de travaux ont été consacrés à ce sujet, on sait aujourd’hui que dans les quelques mois qui ont suivi la première projection publique, à Montréal en juin 1896, les films ont voyagé d’un océan à l’autre partout au Canada. Chaque localité a sa propre histoire du cinéma et, mises en commun, ces histoires permettent de cartographier la nouveauté d’une pratique culturelle qui embrasse beaucoup plus que la simple collection de dispositifs technologiques et la chronique d’évènements touchant des publics disparates. Documenter la circulation des premiers films montre comment le nouveau médium permettait la relation de chaque localité à sa région et même davantage. Pour inclure cette réalité régionale, cet article prolonge la portée et la durée de ce que nous appelons les débuts du cinéma à l’échelle nationale et couvre toute la première année de projections. En se basant sur les comptes rendus des journaux et sur la publicité, l’article donne ainsi une vue complète de la circulation massive du cinéma des premiers temps au Canada et rend ainsi compte des variations régionales dans l’exploitation des films en relation avec les réseaux de communications commerciaux déjà existants.

Well-Read Lives: How Books Inspired A Generation of American Women by Barbara Sicherman (review)

Reviewed by: Well-Read Lives: How Books Inspired A Generation of American Women by Barbara Sicherman Frank Warren Well-Read Lives: How Books Inspired A Generation of American Women. By Barbara Sicherman. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 2010. Barbara Sicherman’s Well-Read Lives is an important study of the impact of reading on young women growing up in the Gilded Age who departed from the traditional path of domesticity to lead lives as journalists, physicians, educators, and social reformers. Sicherman discusses the response of young women to Alcott’s Little Women. Whereas some modern critics interpret the novel as disciplining young women due to Jo’s marriage, the vast majority of young women read the book as opening up horizons for personal fulfillment. Differences in how individuals of different class and ethnic backgrounds read Little Women lead into a discussion of the different ways young women read literature. Lonely and ashamed of having “no school experience” (58), Florence Kelley read her father’s large library with apparently “neither joy nor enlightenment” (59). In contrast, Alice Stone Blackwell read voraciously with passion. In the succeeding chapters, Sicherman explores the reading of specific women. She studies the Hamilton family, whose two most famous members were Edith Hamilton and her sister, Alice. What interests Sicherman here is reading as a family affair and how the family immersion in literature continued to connect them in their later [End Page 194] lives and led to a “reciprocal relation . . . between fiction and life” (97). In contrast to this communal reading, M. Carey Thomas’s reading started out as a more individualistic endeavor. Burned severely as a child, Thomas developed her reading during a lengthy period of recovery. She emerged as a “Romantic Victorian” (111). After graduating from Cornell, Thomas and four friends from wealthy Baltimore families formed “Friday Night” where they shared their literary readings (they championed rebels like Shelley, Godwin, and Swinburne), their gender politics, and their friendship. There were limits to their rebelliousness, but clearly the spirit of rebellion led to self-definitions that spurred later careers. Discussing Jane Addams, Sicherman explores the role of Addams’ early readings in solving her personal crisis and finding meaning in the establishment of Hull House. Ambiguous about “high culture,” Addams was afraid it divorced itself from the real life of social injustice. Her readings of Comte, Tolstoy, and George Eliot helped her see the possibilities of a meaningful life. Among Jewish immigrants, Mary Antin’s immersion in books served as an entrance into the American life she celebrated, while for Rose Cohen, books like David Copperfield helped her understand her social condition. Ida B. Wells, the subject of the final chapter, claimed that as a youth she had “never read a Negro book” (225). Her early readings included Alcott, Dickens, Bronte, Shakespeare, and the Bible. Sicherman says, however, that Wells had “no difficulty reading herself into the texts of white authors” (225). Certainly Shakespeare, whose passages Wells recited in Memphis lyceums in the early 1880s, contributed to her impressive oratorical style in her activist career as an anti-lynching crusader. Using archives, diaries, and autobiographies, Sicherman is persuasive on the role of reading in shaping women’s lives during the Gilded Age and Progressive period. At the same time she understands that class, race, and gender intertwined with reading. She also persuasively argues that the literary culture of the late nineteenth century was a woman’s culture with opportunities for women authors and with the majority of readers being women. However, it is important to remember that the editors of the leading mass circulation magazines that women wrote for and consumed were all men, men who shared certain visions of literature and helped define the women’s literary culture and helped serve as arbiters of taste. Frank Warren Queens College, City University of New York Copyright © 2012 Mid-America American Studies Association

The effects of continental margins and water mass circulation on the distribution of dissolved aluminum and manganese in Drake Passage

A total of 232 samples were analyzed for concentrations of dissolved aluminum ([Al]) and manganese ([Mn]) in Drake Passage. Both [Al] and [Mn] were extremely low (∼0.3 and 0.1 nM, respectively) in the surface layer of the middle Drake Passage, most likely due to limited input and biological uptake/scavenging. Elevated [Al] (>14 nM) and [Mn] (>2 nM) over the South American continental shelf are related to land run‐off, whereas elevated concentrations (>1 nM and >2 nM, respectively) near the Antarctic Peninsula are most likely related to sediment re‐suspension. Re‐suspension of sedimentary particles and pore waters influences the distribution of [Al] and [Mn] over the continental slopes on both sides of Drake Passage. The influence of the continental margins and accumulated dust input potentially explains the higher [Al] observed eastward in the Atlantic section of the Southern Ocean. In the northern Drake Passage, elevated [Al] (∼0.8 nM) and [Mn] (∼0.3 nM) near the seafloor are most likely the result of bottom sediment re‐suspension by the relatively strong currents. In the deep southern Drake Passage sediment re‐suspension associated with the inflow of Weddell Sea Deep Water appears to cause elevated [Al] (>1 nM) and [Mn] (∼0.4 nM). In the deep northern Drake Passage, North Atlantic Deep Water brings in elevated [Al] and Southeast Pacific Deep Slope Water brings in the signature of Pacific hydrothermal vents. Elevated [Mn] andδ3He were correlated in this water layer and are most likely originating from the volcanically active ridges in the Pacific Ocean.

A preliminary synoptic assessment of soil frost on Marion Island and the possible consequences of climate change in a maritime sub-Antarctic environment

Located in the sub-Antarctic, Marion Island (46˚ 54' S, 37˚ 45’ E) has a distinct periglacial environment that is sensitive to climate change. Diurnal soil frost is the most important geomorphic process occurring on the island and this paper aims to understand the synoptic weather circulation pattern associated with summer soil frost occurrence in a sub-Antarctic environment. Preliminary results from automated microclimate measurements in the interior of Marion Island show that summer soil frost is dependent on Antarctic air mass circulation. This occurs exclusively during post-cyclonic airflow after the passage of a cold front connected to a mid-latitudinal cyclone and subsequent ridging in of the South Atlantic Anticyclone behind the cold front, or when a series of low pressure systems passes over the island. The duration and intensity of soil frost cycles are dependent on the duration of post-cyclonic Antarctic air mass circulation. Summer soil frost on Marion Island is driven by a complex interaction between the latitudinal position of the passing cyclone, the latitudinal position of the ridging anticyclone as well as the trajectory of the air mass circulation. The data suggest that predicted trends in synoptic climate change in the sub-Antarctic may lead to non-linear responses in soil frost dynamics. Keywords: Marion Island; climate change; synoptic weather; soil frost; sub-Antarctic; air mass circulation (Published: 22 March 2012) Citation: Polar Research 2012, 31 , 17626, DOI: 10.3402/polar.v31i0.17626

Suspicious Images: Iconophobia and the Ethical Gaze

Suspicious Images: Iconophobia and the Ethical Gaze

Interannual variability of the zooplankton on the shelf of the northeastern Black Sea in the autumn period

The variability of the mesozooplankton stock in the shelf pelagic communities was studied in the late summer and autumn of 2006–2008. The plankton community’s structure and distribution were described for the shoreward transect (Gelendzhik city vicinity). The indirect and direct effect of the ctenophores Mnemiopsis leidyi and Beroe ovata on the mesozooplankton community was studied. The long-term changes in the meso- and macroplankton communities of the Black Sea were analyzed for the period of 2001–2008. The effects of the climatic factors, the water mass circulation, and the factors’ interplay on the mesozooplankton dynamics were assessed. Despite the wide range of the environmental conditions, the stock biomass of Mnemiopsis leidyi appeared to be quite stable within the studied period.

Southwest Mallorca Island: A cool-water carbonate margin dominated by drift deposition associated with giant mass wasting

By means of new high-resolution Parasound, multi-channel reflection seismic and multibeam swath bathymetry data, we provide new insight into the sedimentation processes at the margin of a cool-water carbonate ramp system off southwestern Mallorca Island, western Mediterranean Sea. Here, we mapped 7 depositional units which we tied to the Messinian unconformity. The oldest units (1–3) are deposited from late Messinian to late Pliocene during phases of extreme sea-level fluctuations. 2.4Ma ago with the global climate cooling, when the estuarine water mass circulation switched into an anti-estuarine pattern in the Mediterranean Sea and sea-level highstands reached the today level, bottom currents started to shape the distal deposits of the cool-water carbonate system off southwestern Mallorca, represented by depositional units 4–7. Although, sediment supply from the carbonate shelf to the slope is low due to the insignificant input of terrigenous clastics and slow reef growth, slope sediments reach thicknesses >140m. Our study displays that the accumulation of sediments at the southwestern insular margin was mainly controlled by long-lived bottom currents and giant submarine landslides. The bottom currents formed elongated mounded drifts that contemporaneously developed in alongslope and upslope direction. They are probably controlled by an isobath-parallel bottom current in a present water depth of 350–550m which we associate with the Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW); and an upslope current acting in 250–600m associated with the Algerian mesoscale gyres that enter the Balearic straits from SE. Several scarps at the present sea-floor indicate the predominance of slope failures in the study area. Additionally, mass transport deposits occur basinwards in almost all depositional units. Accordingly, giant mass wasting events took place from the Pliocene into recent times.Locally, above the alongslope drift a field of sediment waves occurs in a water depth of 170–310m. They are oriented slightly oblique to the contour lines with their steep flank facing upslope, showing wavelengths of 400–800m and heights of 10–15m. We suggest that the waves migrate in upslope direction perpendicular to the main isobath-parallel flow.Furthermore, the results of this study indicate that sea-level fluctuations have only a minor influence on drift deposition; instead submarine landslides caused the creation of new drift units. They significantly altered the relief of the sea-floor and thereby initiate the realignment of the prevailing current pattern. The fault scarps and detachment surfaces left behind were the nucleolus for the development of new drift units.

Pulitzer's World

Pulitzer's World Glenn C. Altschuler (bio) James McGrath Morris . Pulitzer: A Life In Politics, Print, and Power. New York: Harper/Collins, 2010. xiii + 558 pp. Notes, bibliography, and index. $29.99. "The World should be more powerful than the president," Joseph Pulitzer proclaimed. "He is fettered by partisanship and politicians and has only a four-year term. The paper goes on year after year and is absolutely free to tell the truth and perform every service that should be performed in the public interest" (p. 3). Pulitzer exaggerated, of course. But, as James McGrath Morris reveals in this richly detailed biography, Pulitzer (and his New York World) were pretty darned powerful. Although he's best known for the prize that bears his name, Morris reminds us, in a narrative light on historical context and interpretation, that Pulitzer was a founding father of the mass circulation newspaper. Ahead of his archrival, William Randolph Hearst, he introduced a new kind of journalism—entertaining, independent, and crusading. Pulitzer's rapid rise to fame and fortune fit the classic American pattern. Born in 1847, he came to New York City at age seventeen, following the bankruptcy of his father, a leading merchant in Hungary, and speaking barely a word of English. He enlisted in the Union Army, served about eight months in the cavalry, returned to Manhattan, moved to New Bedford to try his hand at whaling, and then, flat broke, made his way west to St. Louis. Pulitzer worked here and there as a laborer and a waiter; and he spent countless hours in the Mercantile Library polishing his English and making contact with lawyers, journalists, and politicians. He soon parlayed his fluency in German into a job as a reporter for the Westliche Post, which was owned by Carl Schurz and Emil Preetorius, two staunch Republicans, and joined the party. The rest, as they say, is history. In 1869, at age twenty-two, Pulitzer was nominated by the Republicans in a special election to fill a seat in the Missouri General Assembly. With the Democrats in disarray, he won, and took his seat in the legislature, despite a statute setting the minimum age to serve at twenty-four. In 1872 Pulitzer purchased the St. Louis Post; seven years later he bought the St. Louis Dispatch, whose value, he recognized, was enhanced by its membership in the Associated Press; then he merged the two papers. Within [End Page 464] about a year, the paper was producing a profit of more than $85,000. In 1883 Pulitzer moved to the nation's center stage, buying The New York World from Jay Gould for $346,000. As a media mogul, Pulitzer recognized that the vast majority of Americans weren't all that interested in politics. But as a young man, Morris points out, politics to him "was a siren" (p. 186). Although opponents mocked his too-short buff-colored pants, soiled jacket, and big nose—and even called him "Joey the Jew"—few denied that Pulitzer was a force to be reckoned with on the stump, especially with German-speaking voters and in the rough and tumble of behind-the-scenes electioneering. And, Morris demonstrates, he was a perennial candidate. Defeated for re-election to the Missouri legislature in 1870, he lost a race for the United States Congress in 1880 and won a House seat four years later. Unlike many of his contemporaries, however, Pulitzer did not stick with one political party. In 1872, he joined the Liberal Republicans, taking to the stump "almost full-time" (p. 92) to support the quixotic presidential campaign of fellow editor Horace Greeley. When Greeley lost and the Liberal Party imploded, Pulitzer switched to the Democratic Party, where he remained for the rest of his life. Morris struggles, not always successfully, to understand Pulitzer's political odyssey. Relatively free of Civil War-related partisanship, he argues, Pulitzer never shared the hostility of his fellow Republicans to the Democrats. Taking Pulitzer's rhetoric at face value, Morris portrays him as an idealist: "The concept of politics with principle might seem oxymoronic, given the nature of politics at the time, but Pulitzer was sincere" (p. 105). Having seen "laws...

Observational evidence of the delayed response of stratospheric polar vortex variability to ENSO SST anomalies

The temporal and spatial relationship between ENSO and the extratropical stratospheric variability in the Northern Hemisphere is examined. In general, there exists a negative correlation between ENSO and the strength of the polar vortex, but the maximum correlation is found in the next winter season after the mature phase of ENSO event, rather than in the concurrent winter. Specifically, the stratospheric polar vortex tends to be anomalously warmer and weaker in both the concurrent and the next winter season following a warm ENSO event, and vice versa. However, the polar anomalies in the next winter are much stronger and with a deeper vertical structure than that in the concurrent winter. Our analysis also shows that, the delayed stratospheric response to ENSO is characterized with poleward and downward propagation of temperature anomalies, suggesting an ENSO-induced interannual variability of the global mass circulation in the stratosphere. Particularly, in response to the growing of a warm ENSO event, there exist warm temperature and positive isentropic mass anomalies in the midlatitude stratosphere since the preceding summer. The presence of an anomalous wavenumber-1 in the concurrent winter, associated with an anomalous Aleutian high, results in a poleward extension of warm anomalies into the polar region, and thus a weaker stratospheric polar vortex. However, the midlatitude warm temperature and positive isentropic mass anomalies persist throughout the concurrent winter till the end of the next summer. In comparison with the concurrent winter, the strengthening of poleward heat transport by an anomalous wavenumber-2 in the next winter results in a much warmer and weaker polar vortex accompanied with a colder midlatitude stratosphere.

Marine diatoms in polar and sub-polar environments and their application to Late Pleistocene paleoclimate reconstruction

Diatoms are one of the major phytoplankton groups in polar and sub-polar marine environments along with green algae and chrysophytes. Diatoms are composed of two components, a two-valve test made of amorphous silica and an organic cell encapsulated into the test. Mucilage covering the test and proteins embedded in the silica lattice of the test completes the organic pool of the diatoms. The preservation of these two components into deep-sea sediments allows for a large set of diatom-based proxies to infer past oceanographic and climatic changes in polar and sub-polar marine environments.Most diatom species in polar and sub-polar marine environments exhibit a narrow range of ecological preferences, especially in terms of sea-surface temperature and sea ice conditions. Preserved diatom assemblages in deep-sea sediments mirror the diatom assemblages in the phytoplankton. It is subsequently possible to extrapolate the relationships between diatom assemblages in surface sediments and modern parameters to down-core fossil assemblages to document past changes in sea-surface temperatures and sea ice conditions. Congruent analysis of biogenic silica and organic carbon and stable isotope ratios (O, Si in the silica matrix and C, N in the diatom-intrinsic organic matter) provides information on siliceous productivity, nutrient cycling and water mass circulation. Measurements of diatom biomarkers give complementary information on sea ice conditions and siliceous productivity.

Pink ribbon blues: how breast cancer culture undermines women's health

Prologue Chapter 1: What Is Ribbon Culture? Chapter 2: The Development of Ribbon Culture I. The Breast Cancer Movement a. Medical Consumerism b. Aesthetics and Normalization c. Investment in a Women's Health Epidemic d. Solidarity, Fundraising, and Publicity II. Unintended Consequences Chapter 3: Mixed Metaphors: War, Gender, and the Mass Circulation of Cancer Culture I. The Masculine and Feminine Ethos of American Cancer Culture a. LIVESTRONG and the Masculine Ethos b. Gilda's Club and the Feminine Ethos II. Femininity a. Femininity in the PRC b. The She-ro Chapter 4: Consuming Pink: Mass Media and the Conscientious Consumer I. The Special Role of Women's Magazines II. The Breast Cancer Audience III. Branding and the Niche Market of the Socially Aware IV. Warriors in V. The Breast Cancer Brand a. Fear and the Menace b. Hope and Faith in Breast Cancer Awareness c. Goodness, Fundraising, and the Lifestyle VI. Komen's New Logo Chapter 5: Consuming Medicine, Selling Survivorship I. The Breast Cancer Industry II. Disease Classification III. Medical Technology a. The Benefits of Mammography b. The Risks of Mammography c. Cost/Benefit Analysis d. Screening Programs and the Makers of the Machines IV. Big Pharma V. Industry Ties to Advocacy Chapter 6: Optimism, Selfishness, and Guilt I. Ruby's Story II. Becoming a Breast Cancer Survivor: Learning the Rules III. Feeling Rule 1: Optimism a. Incorporation of the She-ro b. Rejecting the She-ro IV. Feeling Rule 2: Selfishness a. She-roic Selfishnes (i.e., Rational Coping Strategy) b. Selfishness as Confessional V. Feeling Rule 3: Guilt a. The Inadequate She-ro b. Embodied Social Stigma c. Family Disruption Chapter 7: The Balancing Act I. Taking Care of Myself II. The Balancing Act a. Setting Boundaries b. Accepting Help c. Asking for Help III. Balancing the Sisterhood IV. Final Thoughts Chapter 8: Shades of I. The Limiting Nature of Words II. Narrating One's Illness a. Realism and Transcendent Subversion b. The Picture Outside the Frame c. The Terrible Stories Chapter 9: Re-Thinking Ribbon Culture I. Not Just Ribbons II. Think Before You Pink

Four Decades Of African American Portrayals In Magazine Advertising

This paper examines the frequency of black portrayals as well as the occupations and racial compositions employed in ads depicting blacks in four mass circulation consumer magazines over four decades The portrayal of African Americans in advertising has been of interest to marketers for more than half a century. However, few studies have spanned multiple decades and very few have been extended into the 21st century. This study extends a previous paper (Stevenson 1999) addressing the portrayal of blacks in the consumer print media. Through the use of content analysis, more than 1500 ads were analyzed in these magazines for the years 1975, 1985, 1995, and 2005. Findings indicate that there were significant increases in the numbers of blacks portrayed in the magazines analyzed in this study. It was also determined that where blacks were portrayed in occupational roles, most depictions were “above skilled labor” and that most portrayals utilized mixed peer rather than non-mixed peer depictions. Findings are compared to previous studies, managerial implications are considered, and suggestions for future research are offered.