Mass Attenuation Coefficients Research Articles

Radiation attenuation properties of spark plasma sintered boron carbide-zirconium diboride composites against diagnostic x-rays

Abstract This study focused on the X-ray radiation attenuation properties of spark plasma sintered boron carbide-zirconium diboride (B4C-ZrB2) composites against diagnostic X-rays. The ZrB2 amount ranged from 0 to 15 vol%. Diagnostic X-rays were applied using the tube voltages ranging from 50 to 110 kV in 10 kV increments. The radiation attenuation ratios (RARs), the linear and mass attenuation coefficients of the samples were calculated for all tube voltages. Lead equivalent thickness (PbE) values were obtained for all samples. The results indicate that addition of ZrB2 to B4C enhanced the X-ray radiation attenuation capability across all applied tube voltages. Furthermore, increasing the amount of ZrB2 in the samples resulted in higher radiation attenuation coefficients. While one cm thick monolithic B4C had an average PbE of 0.019 mm, one cm thick B4C- %15 ZrB2 had an average PbE of 0.404 mm, which indicates that BZ15 demonstrated approximately 25 times better radiation attenuation performance than monolithic B4C. In addition, a 1 cm thick BZ15 composite provides at least 0.35 mm PbE radiation shielding performance for the studied diagnostic X-rays, which is equivalent to approximately 17.5% of the 2 mm Pb sheets typically used in X-ray protection applications. This result could help to reduce the usage of Pb in such applications which helps the environmentally friendly purposes. In conclusion, ZrB2-added B4C materials exhibit superior radiation attenuation properties compared to monolithic B4C.

Gamma-ray and fast neutron shielding characteristics of inconel super alloys, stainless steel-304, and Pb using MCNPX, WinXCom, XMuDat, and Auto-Zeff software

Fast neutron and gamma-ray attenuation characteristics of Inconel-600, -601, -625, and − 718 superalloys, stainless steel-304, and lead were studied using MCNPX Monte Carlo code, WinXCom, XMuDat, and Auto-Zeff computer programs. The µm, HVL, MFP, σa, σe, Zeff and Neff, and ΣT were calculated for 192Ir, 18F, 137Cs, and 60Co gamma sources and 1 MeV fast neutrons. The difference between the MCNPX and calculated results was less than ± 2%. Above and below 511 keV photon energy, respectively, Inconel-600 and Inconel-625 have the highest mass attenuation coefficient among Inconel alloys. The thickest HVL and MFP values were achieved for the Inconel-601 superalloy. The σa and σe values decreased as photon energy increased. The Zeff values were approximately constant with photon energy increase. The Zeff of the Inconel-601 was the lowest, while that of Inconel-625 was the highest. In the studied gamma-ray energies, the Neff value variations were insignificant. The stainless steel-304 material was found to have the highest ΣT, while Inconel-600 had the highest value between Inconel superalloys. Calculated data indicates that Inconel-600 is the superior candidate for shielding gamma rays among Inconel superalloys.

Theoretical Investigation of Photon Interaction and X-Ray Imaging Performance of PEEK-Based Composites for Medical Implants.

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a high-performance, biocompatible polymer with remarkable mechanical properties, making it a promising candidate for medical implants. However, its intrinsic radiolucency poses a challenge for post-operative imaging. This study investigates the photon shielding capabilities and X-ray imaging qualities of pure PEEK and its composites with barium sulfate (BaSO4), tantalum (Ta), bismuth oxide (Bi2O3), and hydroxyapatite (HA). The Monte Carlo-based Geant4 toolkit and the EpiXS application were used to evaluate key photon interaction parameters, including mass attenuation coefficients, effective atomic number (Zeff), and effective electron density (Neff), as well as the imaging performance metrics such as energy deposition and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Results indicate that high atomic number composites significantly enhance PEEK's photon attenuation and imaging contrast. PEEK-Bi2O3 exhibited the highest attenuation coefficients and energy deposition, making it the most effective X-ray shielding material. PEEK-Ta provided a balanced performance with enhanced shielding and lower secondary radiation effects, making it suitable for applications requiring both radiopacity and imaging stability. PEEK-BaSO4 moderately improved attenuation while maintaining a lower density, offering a trade-off between radiopacity and mechanical properties. Conversely, PEEK-HA demonstrated minimal enhancement in photon attenuation, limiting its effectiveness for radiographic applications. The findings suggest that incorporating high atomic number elements into PEEK significantly enhances its suitability for radiopaque medical implants, allowing for improved post-operative monitoring.

Tailoring structural and compositional influence on γ‐ray shielding efficiency of Zeolite frameworks

AbstractZeolites, a class of micro‐porous aluminosilicate minerals, exhibit unique structural and compositional characteristics that make them promising candidates for γ‐ray radiation shielding applications. This study investigates the suitability of selected Zeolite frameworks—Natrolite (NAT), Edingtonite (EDI), and Thomsonite (THO)—and their representative crystals, including Gonnardite, NAT, EDI, Kalborsite, and THO‐Sr. The shielding properties were assessed through their mass attenuation coefficients (MACs), linear attenuation coefficients (LACs), and effective atomic numbers (Zeff​s) over photon energy ranges of 0.015‒15.0 MeV. Kalborsite demonstrated superior low‐energy attenuation with a MAC of 10.84 cm2/g and a corresponding Zeff​ of 15.78 at E = 0.015, outperforming other crystals such as EDI (Zeff = 20.56, MAC = 6.692 cm2/g) and Gonnardite (Zeff = 13.77, MAC = 7.622 cm2/g). At high photon energies, Kalborsite retained its advantage with the highest LAC (0.056 cm−1) among all samples. These findings highlight the critical influence of Zeolite density, Zeff​, and SiO2​ composition on their radiation shielding efficiency and demonstrate the potential of optimizing Zeolite frameworks for lightweight, effective shielding materials suitable for medical imaging, nuclear energy, and space exploration applications.

Dielectric, and Radiation Shielding Investigations of Poly (Vinyl Alcohol)/Poly (Ethylene Glycol)/Zn0.75-xMnxCd0.25S Nanocomposites Polymeric Blend

Our research described in this paper focused on the development of blended polymers composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) doped with nano Zn0.75-xMnxCd0.25S, which can be used in radiation shielding and energy storage applications. The structure, dielectric and radiation shielding features of PVA/PEG/Zn0.75-xMnxCd0.25S composites were examined. The results revealed that the nano fillers were dispersed in the polymeric matrix with uniform distribution throughout the host blended polymer. The doped blend containing 10% Mn presented the maximum dielectric values. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) and mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) of each sample decreased with the increase of photon energy. As the concentration of Mn in the nanofiller was increased, the LAC and MAC values exhibited a small rise. The values of half value layer (HVL), tenth value layer (TVL) and mean free path (MFP) rose with the elevation of photon energy. At 15 MeV, the half-value layer (HVL) of the PVA/PEG blended polymer diminished from 32.05193 cm to 28.44283 cm, the tenth-value layer (TVL) declined from 106.47421 cm to 94.48504 cm and the mean free path (MFP) reduced from 46.24116 cm to 41.03433 cm when the filler included 20% manganese. The effective atomic number (Z eff) of the PVA/PEG blended polymer at 15 keV rose from 6.08397 to 6.59374 upon the incorporation of Zn0.65Mn0.2Cd0.25S in PVA/PEG blended polymer. The fast neutron removal cross-section (FNRCS) value was increased from 0.1141 cm−1 (undoped blended polymer) to 0.12793 cm−1 as the doped blended polymer with x = 0.2. The highest values of the exposure buildup factor (EBF) and energy absorption buildup factor (EABF) in the host blended polymer diminished with the incorporation of Zn0.75-xMnxCd0.25S fillers at any given MFP value.

Composition dependent studies of structural, thermal, mechanical and radiation attenuation features of phospho-tellurite glasses

Abstract The phosphotellurite glasses of chemical constitution, (P2O5)0.25+(TeO2)0.5-x+(CoO)0.1+(ZnO)0.15+(Na2O)x; 0.15<x<0.35 were synthesized. Functional groups present were obtained from FTIR spectra. From DTA traces, thermal stability of the glasses is found to be in the range 65K–177K. TGA studies revealed that these glasses are stable up to 773 K. Using Makishima-Mackenzie's theory, elastic moduli, Poisson's ratio, micro hardness and fractal bond connectivity of the glasses were determined. These results reveal high rigidity and mechanical strength of the glasses. Radiation shielding parameters were determined using Phy-X/PSD software for the energy range 0.015MeV–15MeV. At the least energy of radiation, maximum mass attenuation coefficient of 30.932cm2/g, minimum half value layer of 0.00502 cm and the least mean free path of 0.00724 cm were found for the glass having lowest concentration of Na2O. For the same glass, high values of effective atomic number and the electron density are found. The equivalent atomic number of the glasses is found to lie in the range 20.86 - 25.77. The exposure and energy absorption build up factors found increased with Na2O content and were determined to be highest at lowest energies for penetration depth of 40 mfp for all the glasses. The fast neutron removal cross section values are found decreasing with Na2O concentration from 0.1146 cm-1 to 0.1114 cm-1. Structural, thermal, mechanical and gamma radiation shielding characteristics were determined for a set of durable multi oxides doped phospho-tellurite glasses. These glasses are found to be durable, thermally stable, mechanically strong and having high gamma radiation shielding ability.

Shielding Efficacy of Tungsten Oxide-Reinforced Polyisoprene in Attenuating Technetium-99m Gamma Radiation: An Alternative Shielding Solution for Occupational Safety in Nuclear Medicine

Tungsten oxide (WO3) is a high-density material with exceptional radiation attenuation properties, making it a strong candidate for advanced shielding applications. This study explores the structural, mechanical, and shielding performance of WO3-reinforced polyisoprene composites. Morphological analysis reveals a plate-like structure, indicating robust interfacial interactions that enhance mechanical integrity and thermal stability. X-ray diffraction confirms the crystalline nature of WO3, while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy detects distinct W–O bond absorption bands, validating uniform dispersion. Computational analysis using XCOM demonstrates remarkable improvements in attenuation properties, particularly at intermediate- and high-photon energies. While PbO2 outperforms at lower energies due to the photoelectric effect, Phy-X/PSD analysis confirms that composites with ≥75% WO3 offer strong shielding capabilities. Variations in effective atomic number, linear attenuation coefficient, and mass attenuation coefficient establish WO3-reinforced NR as a compelling lead-free alternative, especially for Tc-99m applications. Experimental findings further reveal that increasing WO3 content significantly reduces Tc-99m gamma radiation dose equivalents Hp(0.07), Hp(3), and Hp(10), emphasizing the potential of WO3-reinforced composites for next-generation radiation shielding solutions.

Effect of BaO on some radiation shielding parameters of recycling waste soda lime silica glasses system

Effect of BaO on some radiation shielding parameters of recycling waste soda lime silica glasses system

The Effect of Nano Doped Non-Stoichiometric Cadmium Sulfide on the Dielectric and Radiation Shielding Features in PVA/CMC/PVP Blended Polymers

This work seeks to prepare the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)/ nano CdS0.9M0.1, M=Cu, Co, Mn, Zn to utilize in low-cost dielectric and radiation shielding applications PVA/CMC/PVP blended polymers with the fillers. Precise phase recognition was conducted for the filler samples CdS0.9M0.1 employing the X-ray diffraction equipment. The effect of fillers on the structure and morphology of PVA/CMC/PVP blended polymer was explored. Doped blended polymers with CdS0.9Cu0.1 or CdS0.9Zn0.1 have the highest dielectric constants across the frequency ranges tested. At 1 kHz, the dielectric values for undoped and doped PVA/CMC/PVP blended polymers with CdS0.9M0.1 (M=Cu, Co, Mn, Zn) are 8.7088, 12.38172, 11.30789, 10.4688 and 12.48031, respectively. The incorporation of CdS0.9M0.1 into the host blended polymer enhanced the ac conductivity of an undoped blend. The kind of filler affected the capacitance properties of the host blended polymer. Throughout all energy ranges, the doped blended polymers exhibited higher linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) and mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) values than the undoped blended polymer, irrespective of the type of fillers used. At 15 keV, the LAC and MAC values for undoped and doped PVA/CMC/PVP blended polymers with CdS0.9M0.1 (M=Cu, Co, Mn, Zn) are (1.49677 cm−1, 1.15581 cm2 g−1), (1.6894 cm−1, 1.20646 cm2 g−1), (1.67345 cm−1, 1.19945 cm2 g−1), (1.67059 cm−1, 1.19351 cm2 g−1) and (1.69687 cm−1, 1.21047 cm2 g−1), respectively. The half-value layer (HVL) and tenth-value layer (TVL) values of the filled blends decreased as the host blend was infused with nanofillers. The FNRCS value of the host blend increased following loading with CdS0.9M0.1. The influence of dopants on the exposure building factor (EBF) and energy absorption building factor (EABF) has been considered.

Investigation on radiation interactions with some quenched alloys used in nuclear reactors.

Investigation on radiation interactions with some quenched alloys used in nuclear reactors.

Prediction of mass attenuation coefficients in mixed alkali and borosilicate glasses using machine learning approaches

Prediction of mass attenuation coefficients in mixed alkali and borosilicate glasses using machine learning approaches

The Role of Rare Earth Oxides in Enhancing Radiation Shielding of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Composites: A Combined WinXCom and MCNP6 Study

As the use of radiation expands in fields, such as nuclear power, aerospace exploration, medicine, and particle accelerators, protecting the human body from hazardous radiation has become increasingly urgent. This study investigates the shielding performance against ionizing radiation of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites containing rare earth oxides (REOs) (R2O3, with R= Er, Sm, La) at varying weight percentages of 10% and 30%. Mass attenuation coefficients of TPU and TPU/REOs composites were calculated using the Windows version of photon cross sections on a personal computer (WinXCom) software for photon energies ranging from 1 keV to 100 GeV. These findings were validated through Monte Carlo N-Particle 6 (MCNP6) simulations. Radiation attenuation coefficients, such as the effective atomic number and half-value layer, were also determined based on the mass attenuation coefficients obtained. The WinXCom and MCNP6 simulations showed strong consistency across different additive rates and gamma radiation energies, with relative deviations ranging from 0-12.06 %. Notably, increasing the concentration of rare earth oxides in the TPU matrix improved the shielding properties of the composites, with a 30% by-weight addition of Er2O3 providing the best radiation shielding performance.

Experimental determination of X-ray absorption and K-edge behavior in metal foils

This study investigates the absorption behavior of X-rays in various metallic foils, focusing on the dependence of transmitted intensity and mass attenuation coefficients on material thickness and radiation wavelength. The objective was to experimentally validate theoretical models of X-ray attenuation and to determine the position of K absorption edges for selected elements. Using a goniometer-based X-ray setup equipped with a Geiger-Müller counter, a series of measurements were conducted on aluminum, zinc, tin, copper, and nickel foils under controlled conditions. The first part of the experiment demonstrated an exponential decrease in transmitted intensity with increasing absorber thickness. The second part established a cubic dependence of the mass attenuation coefficient on the wavelength of the incident X-rays, consistent with theoretical expectations for photoelectric absorption. In the third part, distinct K absorption edges were successfully identified for copper and nickel, with experimentally determined edge energies closely matching known values. The results confirmed that materials with higher atomic numbers exhibit greater absorption and sharper K-edges. Minor deviations observed near absorption thresholds were attributed to spectral interference and detector resolution limitations. Overall, the study validated key theoretical relationships and demonstrated the effectiveness of the experimental setup for accurately characterizing X-ray absorption behavior in metals.

Impact of ZnS/V Doping Amount in PVA/CMC/PEG Blended Polymer: Tuning Dielectric Properties and Radiation Shielding Performance

Abstract In order to use PVA/CMC/PEG/x wt% ZnS/V blended polymers in a variety of electrical, electronic, and radiation shielding applications, this research attempts to examine their AC electrical and radiation shielding capabilities. The structure and crystallite size of powder filler (ZnS/V) were inspected utilizing the X-ray diffraction equipment. The structure and morphology of undoped and doped PVA/CMC/PEG/ x wt% ZnS/V. The impact of ZnS/V loading ratio on the dielectric constant, a c conductivity and electric modulus of PVA/CMC/PEG blended polymer was explored. The optimal energy density value can be achieved with a blend doped with 3 wt % ZnS/V. ZnS/V resulted in an enhancement of both mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) and linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) throughout the whole energy spectrum. Analogous to half-value layer (HVL), the augmentation of ZnS/V concentration in the host blended polymer resulted in a decline of tenth value layer (TVL) and mean free path (MFP) values. The influence of ZnS/V doping ratio on the effective conductivity (Ceff), effective atomic number (Zeff), effective electron density (Neff), material's atomic and electronic cross sections (ACS and ECS) and energy buildup factors of the host blended polymer was explored.

Electromagnetic Radiation Shielding and Fluorescence Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone Blended Polymer Loaded with Nano Vanadium/Cadmium Zinc Sulfide

Our research described here aimed to develop the luminance and electromagnetic radiation shielding features of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) blended polymer by doping it with nano Zn0.75-xVxCd0.25S (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2). The films of PVA/PVP/Zn0.75-xVxCd0.25S were fabricated via a casting approach. The structure of the nano fillers (Zn0.75-xCd0.25VxS) and blended polymers were investigated using an X-ray diffraction technique. The intensities of the fluorescence spectra of the blended polymers were reduced irregularly as the amount of vanadium increased in the nano fillers. According to the CIE chromaticity diagram, all blended polymers emitted a blue color, with the intensity varying contingent upon the vanadium dopant concentration in the nanofillers. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) for the doped blended polymers demonstrated a considerable raise as compared with the undoped PVA/PVP blended polymer. The mass-attenuation coefficient (MAC) values of the doped blended polymers were significantly elevated at the lowest energy as compared with the undoped blended polymer. At 1.5 MeV the half-value layer (HVL) values for the undoped and doped blended polymers with nanofillers containing 0, 10 and 20% of vanadium were 10.26096, 8.60484, 8.62376 and 8.60262 cm, respectively. The mean free path (MFP) values of the same samples were increasing to 14.80343, 12.41415, 12.44146 and 12.41096 cm, respectively. Greater fast neutron removal cross-section (FNRCS) values were seen in the doped blends relative to the undoped blended polymer. The Exposure Buildup Factor (EBF) and the Energy Absorption Buildup Factor (EABF) values of the doped polymers changed slightly with changing the amount of vanadium in the nanofillers.

Polycarbonate Nanocomposites for Application in X-Ray Shielding: Reducing X-Ray Hazards from Dental Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Imaging in Dental Patients

Despite its several benefits, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has a significant drawback in terms of the exposure dose required for its diagnostic assessment. The theoretical calculations showed that the risks associated with using CBCT can be evaded by designing effective shielding. Polycarbonate/copper oxide nanocomposites (PC/CuO NCs) that contain carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) or polyethylene oxide (PEO) polymers, or polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) polymer can be effective alternatives to the X-ray shielding materials which are based on toxic lead. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) and linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) were calculated for the PC/PMMA/CuO, PC/CMC/CuO, PC/PBT/CuO and PC/PEO/Cuo polymer NCs using the Phy-X/PSD program. The half value layer (HVL) and tenth value layer (TVL) were then calculated using the attenuation coefficients. Additionally, the mean free path (MFP) of the examined samples was calculated. To cover a wide range of energy that interacts with the investigated substances, all of these shielding characteristics were computed for the X-ray incidence energy range between 0.015 and 15 MeV. When compared to PC/PMMA/CuO, PC/PBT/CuO, and PC/PEO/CuO polymer NCs, the results showed that the PC/CMC/CuO polymer NCs had the superior X-ray shielding qualities. As a result, we came to the conclusion that the PC/CMC/CuO polymer NC would be a suitable candidate for X-ray shielding.

Polymeric Nanocomposites of Polyvinyl Alcohol Embedded with ZnO/CuO/Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Optical and Radiation Shielding Investigations

The optical and radiation shielding of PVA have been enhanced through embedding with ZnO/CuO/SWCNT (ZCS) nanocomposites. ZCS polymeric nanocomposites (PNCs) were prepared with the solution casting method. Scanning electron, optical microscopy and FT-IR procedures were performed to examine the surfaces’ morphology and structures’ modifications. UV–visible measurements were carried out to investigate the linear/nonlinear optical properties. The optical investigations show significant alterations in the optical parameters of PVA due to ZCS embedding. The UV–visible analysis shows that the optical parameters, including the transmittance, energy bandgap, refractive index, dielectric constants and optical conductivity of PVA, are tuned through ZCS embedding. The direct and indirect bandgap of PVA shrank from 5.42 eV and 4.99 eV (neat PVA) to 3.20 eV and 2.26 eV (10 wt.% ZCS PNCs). The nonlinear optical (NLO) constants (first order susceptibility (χ(1)), third susceptibility (χ(3)) and refractive index (n2)) of PVA were improved. Phy-X/PSD software was used to investigate the radiation shielding parameters of all samples. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), mean free path (MFP), half value layer (HVL), tenth value layer (TVL) and effective atomic number (Zeff) of PVA were enhanced through ZCS embedding. It is found that the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) of the neat PVA increased from 1.14 cm2/g to 7.96 cm2/g at 0.015 MeV. The HVL of PVA decreased from 30.2 cm to 20.6 cm, the TVL decreased from 100.3 cm to 68.5 cm and the MFP decreased from 43.6 cm to 29.8 cm upon embedding 10 wt.% of ZCS NCs at 15 MeV. The samples’ exposure buildup factor (EBF) and energy absorption buildup factor (EABF) in the photon energy range from 0.015 MeV to 15 MeV at 0.5 to 40 MFP values. This study proves that ZCS PNCs are advantageous for applications in optical and radiation shielding fields.

Analysis of material composition and attenuation characteristics of anthropomorphic torso phantoms for dosimetry using dual energy CT technology.

Anthropomorphic phantoms are often used to estimate organ absorbed doses. However, the material composition of these phantoms is not identical to that of the human body, which may cause errors in the measurement results. The purpose of this study was to analyze the material composition of several anthropomorphic torso phantoms using dual energy computed tomography (DECT), and to clarify the differences in attenuation characteristics among the phantoms. Anthropomorphic torso phantoms (ATOM, RANDO, and PBU-60) from different manufacturers were scanned with DECT. The target organs were lung, soft tissue, liver, bone, and bone surface, and a spectral Hounsfield unit curve (HU curve) was created from the relationship between energy and CT values. Ideal CT values were estimated from the mass attenuation coefficient and density proposed by the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements report 44 (ideal value) and compared with the values of each phantom. There were large differences in attenuation characteristics among the phantoms for soft tissue, liver, and bone. The respective ideal, ATOM, RANDO, and PBU-60 CT values of soft tissue were 59.82, 14.17, 34.22, and -70.11 at 45keV; and 53.13, 24.41, 3.97, and -5.75 at 70keV. The phantom closest to the ideal value may differ depending on the energy. Differences in HU curve and CT values indicate that some organs in the phantom have different material composition and attenuation characteristics to human tissues. When the phantoms available for dosimetry are limited, it is important to understand the attenuation characteristics of each phantom used.

Investigation of some attenuation and interaction ionizing radiation parameters of selected human tissues

This study aims to calculate and analyze different radiation interactions and attenuation parameters through 22 types of human tissues. Mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), half value layer (HVL), total cross section (δT), and effective atomic number (Zeff) for photon energy across the spectrum band 0.0595–1.33 MeV were observed. These parameters were obtained through the EPICS 2017 software. Fast neutron removal cross section (FNRCS) at 4.5 MeV and macroscopic removal cross section (MRCS) were calculated by Phy-X/PSD and MRCScal software, respectively. In addition, electronic, nuclear linear energy transfer (dE/dx) and ranges (R) of H+, He++, and Au+ energetic ions were evaluated with SRIM Monte Carlo software across a wide energy range of 0.0011–20 MeV. Moreover, the CSDA range and total stopping power (TSP) of energetic electron 0.01–1000 MeV interaction through the selected human tissues were calculated by the ESTAR NIST program. The cortical bone has the highest Zeff values, while the adipose tissue has the lowest values across all energies over the interesting photon energy (0.0595–1.33 MeV). The descending order of ion ranges is RH+ > RHe++ > RAu+ through the investigated tissues. Gamma-ray dose rate (Dr) values through bone (men), bone (women), and cortical bone three tissues are higher than other selected tissues. The attenuation parameters are essential input values in estimating not only the dose and exposure in radiotherapy and medical diagnostic imaging but also in the proper design of photon shield material.

The impact of BaTiO3 additive on gamma radiation shielding properties of B2O3-SrO-Na2O-CaO glass systems

The impact of BaTiO3 additive on gamma radiation shielding properties of B2O3-SrO-Na2O-CaO glass systems