Market Economy Reforms Research Articles

Северо-Кавказская железная дорога во второй пол. 1980-х – начале 1990-х гг.: к вопросу о принятии управленческих решений

The North Caucasian Railway (NCR) represents a vital transport artery in the Southern region of Russia, established in the latter half of the 19th century during a period marked by intensive economic development. Throughout the 20th century, the railway rapidly evolved, enhancing the prospects for the growth of the Soviet economy. It served as a key transport conduit for the nation, linking the Southern region with the center and other territories, and fulfilled critical functions in the organization of freight and passenger transportation. The objective of the present article is to investigate the operational activities of the North Caucasian Railway during the late 1980s and early 1990s, a particularly tumultuous period in its history, characterized by the twilight of the Soviet economic system and the dawn of market economy reforms. This study aims to identify the range of challenges confronted by the railway and the Ministry of Railway Transport as a whole during this period, as well as to explore potential solutions to these issues. Additionally, the role of the NCR’s leadership in formulating a comprehensive development strategy for the railway will be examined. The findings presented herein are based on research conducted using both published and archival sources. Utilizing retrospective, ideographic, and comparative methodologies, the analysis focuses on the decision-making processes of the NCR’s leadership and the efficacy of their implementation. This examination contributes to a deeper understanding of railway management during a critical transitional phase in Russian history and highlights the complexities inherent in navigating systemic economic changes.

On the Contribution of China's Market-oriented Reforms to Economic Growth

This paper will analyze the reasons and environment of China's market-oriented reform, and argue the fundamental motivation and necessity of China's market-oriented reform. After that, this paper will cite relevant data and researches to analyze the internal logic of socialist marketization, explain the operation mode of China's market-oriented reform, and prove the effect of market-oriented reform. Finally, according to the reform process, this paper will divide the socialist marketization reform into three parts for analysis: the initial grass-roots social market economy experiment, the subsequent gradual deepening of the marketization reform of township and village enterprises, and the comprehensive socialist marketization reform and comprehensive deepening. This paper will follow the above steps to argue the reasons for the success of China's socialist market economy reform. Combined with the above argumentation process, this paper will come to the view that China's market-oriented reform has made an important contribution to China's economy.

基于全面预算管理的企业成本管控不足与改进研究

With the accelerated pace of national market economy reform, in the process of carrying out enterprise cost control work, it is necessary to comprehensively strengthen the profound grasp of the concept of comprehensive budget management, combine with the development requirements of enterprises under the new situation, and strengthen targeted analysis and research of cost control and budget indicators. Only in this way can we provide important reference for scientific decision-making of enterprises and promote the maximum development and utilization of enterprise resources. This study discusses the significance and specific measures of comprehensive budget management in cost control for enterprises. Firstly, it explains the concept of comprehensive budget management and its significance in cost control work. Then, based on the current problems in implementing comprehensive budget management in enterprises, relevant management improvement suggestions are proposed based on the current shortcomings.

The role of social networks for combating COVID-19 pandemic: a study with reference to the Chinese new immigrants in Germany

Social network theories are used extensively to analyze the international migration of Chinese to overseas regions in the era of Market Economy Reform since 1978. Attention is paid especially on the role of social networks among overseas Chinese on disaster relief in China. Focusing on the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, this paper investigates how social networks work as a crucial mechanism through which Chinese immigrants in Germany initiated and delivered monetary and material donations to China in early 2020 and then organized self-help in their everyday lives in Germany in late 2020. Different from previous studies, this paper scrutinizes social networks for disaster relief on the macro, meso, and micro levels. Multi-site ethnographic fieldwork in China and Germany combined with online and offline data collected from focus group sessions, interviews with individuals, participant observations, surveys, analysis of news reports on the pandemic, and analysis on relevant policies are utilized comprehensively to collect data on the three levels. This research discovers that internet tools – represented by WeChat – have integrated tightly into the traditional social networks of Chinese immigrants and consolidated the cultural cohesion from overseas Chinese to their connections in China. This paper aims at contributing to present studies on Chinese new immigrants, social network, and disaster management theories with an updated ethnographic case on the COVID-19 pandemic from Germany.

Kazakhstan’s Agricultural Economy after the Accession to WTO: Economic Transformation and Realistic Dilemma

As a country in modernization transition, Kazakhstan's economy has experienced a struggling process of integrating into the globalization for its accession to the WTO behind the dazzling prosperity, especially its vulnerable yet vital primary industry. Previous research stressed the agricultural economic management issues in Kazakhstan, emphasizing the static one-dimensional agricultural policy research. Compiling data analysis from the databases of the Republic of Kazakhstan Bureau of National Statistics, World Trade Organization, and World Bank, we aim to illustrate, from the theoretical perspective of new institutional economics, that while informal institutions standing still, the market economy reform, which is the transplant of the formal institution, has the endogenous dynamic effects on Kazakhstan's domestic economic sectors, especially its underdeveloped agriculture. Kazakhstan’s commitments to market access, domestic support, import subsidies, and technical barriers, are detrimental to the development of Kazakhstan's agriculture, followed by the influx of homogeneous goods, increased costs of agriculture, potential technological barriers, and even a dysfunctional industrial structure. With insufficient primary conditions, Kazakhstan's market-oriented economic reforms fluctuate the foundation of the industry, laying a hidden danger for the further modernization transformation. Actually, this dilemma of institutional transition is not a particular case in Kazakhstan, but a feature common to most developing countries undergoing modernization.

Analysis of the Influence of Tibetan Culture of the Yellow River Basin on Contemporary Chinese Painting

The market economy reform, which began in China in the 1990s, changed people’s lifestyle, brought them freedom and diversity. It inevitably gave an impetus to the development of painting in the country of the new era. Thematic paintings were wide-spread in visual arts, which contributed to renewal of painting. Artists were greatly attracted by the Tibetan regions at the source of the Yellow River and tried to convey the spirit, rituals, and national costumes of its inhabitants. They depicted the sacred beauty of the plateau on their canvas, spread the values typical for the area at the source of the Yellow River throughout the country showing the beauty of the Tibetan people to the whole world.

Morocco’s market economy expansion and its successful strategy in combatting money laundering and terrorist financing

PurposeMorocco is an expanding developing economy in North Africa with increasing bilateral trade relations with larger economies. This paper aims to examine the features of the expanding market economy and the preceding structural reforms initiated by King Mohammed VI. The paper’s primary focus is to study the systematic feature of anti-money laundering and combatting of terrorist financing (AML/CTF). Morocco has emerged as a staunch opponent of terrorism and terrorist financing while garnering joint-investigative operations with European countries against transnational organised crime and money laundering.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is divided into two primary series. The first is a view of Morocco’s economy, with a qualitative analysis of significant economic, political and social structural reforms. Second, a qualitative and quantitative analysis of Morocco’s AML and combating of terrorist financing infrastructure is assessed. The qualitative analysis is conducted in two parts; first, by studying the country’s AML/CTF legislation and regulation, and second, by examining the independent international evaluation of the legal structure and its implementation by authorities. The quantitative analysis is conducted by investigating the available statistics relating to money laundering and terrorist financing.FindingsThe paper finds Morocco to have accomplished essential economic reforms, especially considering greater institutional management and autonomy. Other structural reforms include the reformation of the constitution, a more comfortable business climate, social development projects focusing on enhancing skill labour and connectivity and the development of strong trade capacity. The primary objective discovery concerns the country’s AML/CTF structure, which is found to comply with international standards. Also, efforts enhancing the country’s regulatory environment with low corruption, low risk of money laundering and low risk of terrorist financing have been taken in a series of legislative amendments and programs. The banking sector and Morocco’s Customs agency have reflected the best improvement as per the study in this paper.Practical implicationsMorocco is witnessing high levels of investment, with year-on-year growth in most existing industrial sectors. The market is also providing for new skilled labour and better trade incentives with the European Union. It is essential for investors, observers and policymakers to understand the market economy reforms and systematic deficiencies in a developing economy. Morocco presents observers with information about policies pre-reform, providing a guide for economic and AML/CTF policy implementation elsewhere.Originality/valueThe paper concerns itself with two levels of analysis concerning Morocco. The first, broad study, is a review of market economy reforms, which are mostly structural and have assisted in the expansion of the economy greatly. The second objective is specific to examining the country’s AML/CTF structure, which has undergone significant development in legislation, regulation and implementation in the past decade. The paper makes a specific attempt to discuss associate indicators to the AML/CTF network as a part of this study.

The Dynamics of Electoral Activity and Problems of Consolidation of “New Democracies” In Post-Communist European Countries

The article deals with the dynamics of electoral activity of citizens which comes out as an important indication of the on-going process of consolidation of democracy in the post-communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe in the period from 2001 to 2018 . The comparative analysis helps to show the differences in voter’s behaviour in post-communist and post-authoritarian countries as well as to point out the peculiar impact of social, sociocultural and institutional factors on voter turnout in “new democracies” . The author stresses that sociocultural factor considered as a correlation of survival values and values of self-expression in mass conscience exerts the primary influence on the level of participation of citizens in elections . The author emphasised that the prevalence of survival values in the culture of post-communist societies is the primary reason for utilitarian relation of people to democracy . It, in its turn, contributes to decreasing participation in elections in the conditions of mass disappointment in the results of market economy reforms and low-level electoral activity later on . More to that, weak institutionalisation of political parties in post-communist countries in Central and Eastern Europe proved to be unable to hinder effectively growing absenteeism of voters .

Regional value chains and spontaneous multi-employer wage coordination in China

This article explores how wage determination is coordinated within a regional value chain in China's auto industry and the underlying mechanism that governs this coordination. While the market-economy reform over the past four decades has granted firms considerable autonomy in managing their own employees, this case demonstrates that in China's private sector, wage determination is not at individual employers' full discretion. In general, scholars agree that Western-style formal institutional structures for wage coordination – centralized collective bargaining – have not been effectively established in China. But in Tianjin's auto industry, spontaneous multi-employer wage coordination occurs through informal arrangements that leverage a lead firm's control over its suppliers and various social networks that connect employers, labor unions, and workers in the locality. As a result, wages across the local auto industry are greatly compressed. This article concludes by discussing the important role of informal institutions in China's private governance.

Redistribution, Growth, and Inclusion: The Development of the Urban Housing System in P. R. China, 1949-2015

This paper explains the development of the urban housing system in P. R. China from 1949 to 2011 with an emphasis on the factors driving housing inequality in each policy period. We argue that the logic underpinning the housing policy had shifted from socialist redistribution to the stimulation of growth in the process of market economy reform and has been shifting toward social inclusionary growth since the 2010s. Over the course of time, two institutional factors (work units and household registration/hukou) have played a key role in determining individual households’ housing opportunities. The role of the work units has gradually waned since the 2000s, but the hukou system continues to be important. In the last part of the paper, we set forth the latest changes in Chinese housing policy. Since 2011, the central government has been striving toward a more comprehensive system of housing provision with the aim of making the housing market more inclusive (though not necessarily more equal). Finally, we express concern about an emerging though embedded source of housing inequality: the unequal distribution of family wealth.

The Distorted Governance Model of Venture Capital Limited Partnerships in China: A Political Perspective

The limited partnership has been recognized and legalized by the Law of Partnership Enterprises of China in 2006. Owing to the lack of a regime of ‘piercing the veil of limited partners’ in this legislation, however, limited partners commonly actively participate in management without any unlimited liability, which has seriously decreased the efficiency of fund management and even led to governance failures in practice. The Chinese venture capital (VC) market is commonly regarded as a striking achievement of the market economy reform of China since the 1980s, the strong state control over the VC funds in contemporary China, however, is still unshakable. This article attempts to explore the root reason of this disadvantage in Chinese partnership law by considering the role of the state in the VC industry of China during the recent decades and concludes that the lack of a regime of ‘piercing the veil of limited partners’ in Chinese partnership law is caused by the active role of the state in the VC industry and the prioritized state-owned capital in the Chinese economy.

Luigi Tomba, The Government Next Door: Neighborhood Politics in Urban China,

A residential neighbourhood can appear as more of a domestic than a political domain; it nevertheless constitutes a space governed by power relations that are interestingly structured in authoritarian regimes. From the 1950s, the Chinese regime introduced and strengthened social control mechanisms extending into the city’s lanes and residential units. During the market economy reforms period, the local modalities of government recomposed. How can one study them in the current urban context? B...

Legal Transplantation of Intellectual Property Rights in China: Resistance, Adaptation and Reconciliation

China’s current intellectual property rights (IPRs) system has been developed through the transplantation of the concept and models from the Western world following its socialist market economy reforms in the late 1970s. The process of establishing an IP regime in China thus reflects a vivid model of legal transplantation. This study examines how China’s IP regime has been shaped and how the legal transplantation of IP laws has interacted with norm building concerning IPRs in Chinese society. In China, local social norms inherently conflict with the idea of IPRs. China’s IP norms have been shaped by the convergence of political, economic, cultural and legal factors. Therefore, in transplanting foreign IP laws, China has also created its own legal and social norms, which diverge from those of the source of legal transplantation. In this process, China is thus not only a norm taker but also a norm maker. The resistance to the legal transplantation of IPRs has led to a divergence between the formal IP rules in China and the actual IP norms as they are followed in practice, which has resulted in difficulty in the enforcement of IP laws. The achievement of convergence between IP laws and IP norms in China will ultimately require improvements in IP governance and the establishment of rule-of-law norms in China.

Redistribution, Growth, and Inclusion: The Development of the Urban Housing System in China, 1949-2015

This paper explains the development of the urban housing system in China from 1949 to 2011 with an emphasis on the factors driving housing inequality in each policy period. We argue that the logic underpinning the housing policy had shifted from socialist redistribution to the stimulation of growth in the process of market economy reform and has been shifting toward social inclusionary growth since the 2010s. Over the course of time, two institutional factors (work units and household registration/hukou) have played a key role in determining individual households’ housing opportunities. The role of the work units has gradually waned since the 2000s, but the hukou system continues to be important. In the last part of the paper, we set forth the latest changes in Chinese housing policy. Since 2011, the central government has been striving toward a more comprehensive system of housing provision with the aim of making the housing market more inclusive (though not necessarily more equal). Finally, we express concern about an emerging though embedded source of housing inequality: the unequal distribution of family wealth.

Agricultural Material Inputs and the Potential Risk Assessment for Vegetable Production in China

Vegetable yields have increased in China because of the increasing demand for vegetables; however, chemical contamination present in vegetable fields threatens food safety in China. Based on the data for the areas under cultivation and yields of vegetables and grains, price indices for agricultural production inputs, agricultural materials per unit area, producer price indices and net profits from vegetable and grain production, the potential for food safety risks in China caused by contamination of vegetable fields was analyzed based on comparison between vegetables and grains of areas under cultivation, yields, net profit, and agricultural materials use per unit of area. The author found that the area under cultivation and yield of vegetables have significantly increased because of increasing public demand for vegetables in the diet and high market prices for vegetables since the initiation of socialist market economy reforms; however, the potential risk from the application of agricultural materials increased during the study period as the proportion of vegetable planting increased. Food safety in China could be improved by controlling contamination in vegetable fields.

Book Review: Two Billion Eyes: The Story of China Central Television, by Ying Zhu

Two Billion Eyes: The Story of China Central Television. Ying Zhu. New York: The New Press, 2014. 304 pp. $ 18.95 pbk. $ 10.49 Kindle.Two Billion Eyes begins with an earthquake-the that hit China's Sichuan Province at 2:28 p.m. on May 12, 2008. Including aftershocks, it killed at least 90,000 people and left 5 million homeless.Ying Zhu, a professor of media culture at the City University of New York, C ollege of Staten Island, was in Beijing at the time, almost 1,000 miles from the epicenter. She felt her apartment building sway. Phoning to check on her, a friend suggested she turn on China Central Television (CCTV), the state-operated broadcaster often derided by netizens as Hee-Hee-TV for its take-it-with-a-grain-of-salt propaganda.What Zhu saw was impressive: Within minutes of the earthquake, CCTV was carrying a rolling ticker with news of the disaster. By 3:00 p.m., reporters were on the air with updates. By 3:20 p.m., News Channel, CCTV's version of CNN, started broadcasting Exclusive Reports on Sichuan.The speed and initial frankness of Chinese media reports from Sichuan were unprecedented, surprising everyone both at home and around the world, Zhu writes in her book. It was a stark contrast to the government-controlled reporting of the runup to the Olympic Games that soon would be held in Beijing. The earthquake coverage was instantly recognized as a milestone in Chinese journalism and disaster reporting, and for a moment, the Chinese media appeared to break free of their assumed propaganda role.Indeed, western journalists relied on and applauded CCTV's work. So did the network's audience: More than 1 billion people-hence, 2 billion eyes-tuned in to CCTV's quake coverage between May 12 and May 21, Zhu notes.Her book bills itself as the first to scrutinize the network, which was founded in 1958 as Beijing TV. Zhu describes the post-Mao transformation of China's only national TV network into an influential multimedia conglomerate.CCTV accomplished this as it juggled competing demands: The government censors the news, but citizens yearn for truth; CCTV's journalists seek professional respect, but the network is officially a mouthpiece for the one-party state; and now, under the market economy reforms of the 1980s, the broadcasting operation must turn a profit by offering programming with popular appeal.As a state-controlled yet commercially operated entity, CCTV has become the very archetype of the Chinese model, Zhu asserts. She calls the network one place we can turn to as we attempt to make sense, at least from the perspective of media and society, of China's transformation and its global ramifications.Zhu provides historical context for CCTV's rise. Because of poverty and other factors, she states, television did not eclipsed radio as the most important mass medium in China until the early 1990s. …

Sources of Political Support for China’s Reformation: Political Socialization of Working Class in Transitional China

Abstract The popular political support has been considered as the Governing Foundation of CPC, as the important guarantee for modern state building and state governance. While the acquisition of political support is not easy, CCP utilized kinds of tactics to get the political support from the above at the beginning of the reform. Meanwhile, adapting to the change of the public’s political psychology, CCP adjusted timely the political socialization strategies in order to acquire the political support from the lower class, especially the working class. This paper investigates the sources of political support for the economic reform by the analysis of the political socialization strategies during the socialism market economy reform. The core point is that the relative smooth triple transition in China not only relies on the tremendous economic growth via the strategic opening-up policy and the resulting ruling effectiveness, but also depends on the political identity and support from the workers through the role of political socialization. Keywords: political support – CCP – China – economic reform ----- Bibliography: Hongna, Miao: Sources of Political Support for China’s Reformation: Political Socialization of Working Class in Transitional China, PCS, 1-2014, pp. 45-60. https://doi.org/10.3224/pcs.v5i1.19818

Inequalities in the financing of compulsory education in China: A comparative study of Gansu and Jiangsu Provinces with spatial analysis

Inequalities in the financing of compulsory education in China: A comparative study of Gansu and Jiangsu Provinces with spatial analysis

Application Status and Prospect of Computer in Accounting

On the basis of the thought and target of adaptation on the socialist market economy reform and development, this paper discusses the problems about how to develop out domestic accounting computerization with the purpose of complying with the development trend of nowadays network times. ERP system reflects the advanced financial accounting, management accounting and cost management thought. It can meet the diversified information demands of the information users. The financial system in ERP is integrated, management and decision oriented. It realizes the transformation from the reflection on the financial information after the event to the real-time support on the financial management and decision making, and from the closed single financial management to the integrated comprehensive enterprise management. Therefore, ERP system will be the inexorable trend of our domestic accounting computerization development.

Control Measures for High-Rise Building Operation Safety Management

In the market economy reform of new period, large quantities of high-rise buildings have began to flood into the urban reconstruction project, and also have changed into the mainstream trend of the construction industry gradually. From another point of view, high-rise buildings are the symbols for the prosperity and development of the economy in cities and the comprehensive improvement of peoples living environment. However, high-rise buildings have their own inherent risks. In this paper, the risks of high-rise buildings, the control measures for high-rise building operation safety management, and other contents about construction site safety management are introduced successively. Hopefully, this paper will be helpful for the follow-up studies.