Markers Of Insulin Resistance Research Articles

Interplay between triglyceride-glucose index and cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients with controlled blood pressure (SBP<140 mmHg): insights from the SPRINT trial

IntroductionHypertension significantly contributes to cardiovascular events and global all-cause mortality. The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, amarker of insulin resistance (IR), is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. This study examined the relationship between the TyG index and cardiovascular events in patients with controlled hypertension (SBP <140 mmHg).MethodsWe performed a post-hoc analysis of data from the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT), involving 9,323 participants with controlled hypertension. The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index served as a surrogate marker for IR. Cox restricted cubic regression analysis and multivariate Cox regression models were employed to investigate the association between the TyG index and CVD outcomes, adjusting for established cardiovascular risk factors. The impact of intensive versus standard BP control on CVD risk associated with high IR levels were also analyzed.ResultsOver a median follow-up of 3.33 years, 725 CVD events were recorded. The TyG index was independently linked to a heightened risk of CVD events,with the highest quartile (Q4:8.93≤TyG<12.47) exhibiting a significantly greater risk (HR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.18–2.08) compared to the lowest quartile (Q1: 6.74 ≤ TyG < 8.21). The significantly trend was seen only in the standard treatment group (p for trend = 0.001).DiscussionThe TyG index is a robust predictor of CVD events in patients with controlled hypertension, and a stronger association between the TyG index and CVD risk was seen in the standard treatment group, but not in the intensive 1treatment group.Clinical trial registrationhttp://www.clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT01206062.

Expression Patterns of SIRT1, SIRT3, and TFAM in Adipose Tissue: Associations with Adiposity Indices and Insulin Resistance in Women

Objectives: Obesity is linked to metabolic dysfunction, with mitochondrial regulators such as SIRT1, SIRT3, and TFAM playing key roles in adipose tissue health. This study examined the expression of these genes in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues of obese and normal-weight women, and their associations with adiposity indices and insulin resistance. Methods: Forty-six women (22 obese, 24 normal-weight) were enrolled. Anthropometric, metabolic, and biochemical parameters were measured. mRNA levels of SIRT1, SIRT3, and TFAM were assessed in adipose tissue samples using quantitative real-time PCR. Results: Obese women had significantly higher adiposity indices and insulin resistance markers. SIRT1 expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue and SIRT3 expression in visceral adipose tissue were lower in obese women compared to controls. SIRT1 and SIRT3 transcript levels showed significant inverse correlations with several adiposity indices and insulin resistance measures. TFAM expression did not differ significantly between groups but was inversely associated with metabolic risk factors in visceral fat. Conclusion: Reduced SIRT1 and SIRT3 expression in adipose tissue is associated with greater adiposity and insulin resistance in obese women, suggesting a potential role for these genes in obesity-related metabolic disturbances.

Therapeutic potency of a developed optimized polyherbal formulation in ameliorating obesity induced inflammation and oxidative stress in Swiss albino mice by targeting PPARγ, insulin receptor and AMPK signalling pathway.

High fat diet (HFD) induced obesity plays a key role in onset of inflammation, a chronic response of the body to elevated expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Our work emphasized on assessing the therapeutic potency of the polyherbal formulations (PHF), composed of Phyllanthus urinaria and Adhatoda vascia nees by studying the expression pattern of iNOS, pro, anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemokine along with identification of potent anti-inflammatory compounds in HFD induced inflammation in four weeks old (23-25g bw, n = 6 in triplcates) Swiss albino mice. The findings demonstrated high percentage of free radical scavenging property of PHF, downregulation of expression level of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, profound elevation of anti-inflammatory cytokines, anti-oxidant enzymes in both PHF treated groups signifying protection against oxidative stress. In silico study revealed binding energy of Okanin, Vomicine, Granisetron and Pisdic acid -9.31kcal/mol, -8.34kcal/mol, -8.10kcal/mol, -7.93kcal/mol respectively with strong protein ligand interaction with inflammatory, lipid marker PPARγ and insulin resistance marker protein receptor INSR. Among other four ligands, Peganine, Coralyne, Soraphen O and 2-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid; Soraphen O and Coralyne showed best binding affinity with INSR (-6.8kcal/mol) and PPARγ (-6.9kcal/mol) respectively. The evaluation based on network pharmacology, the active ingredients of the PHF for AMPK signalling pathway and protein analysis identified 121 targets. A network of interaction between the eight ligands and known therapeutic targets of INSR and AMPK depicted pharmacological mechanisms of the PHF in inhibition of insulin resistance by activating INSR and AMPK-pathway thus establishing itself as potent alternative drug in treating ailments associated with obesity induced inflammation.

Unraveling the relationships of phthalate exposure, long-term trajectories for novel insulin resistance biomarkers and accelerated pubertal onset in children.

Unraveling the relationships of phthalate exposure, long-term trajectories for novel insulin resistance biomarkers and accelerated pubertal onset in children.

The triglyceride-glucose index, a marker of insulin resistance, as a predictor of thrombotic risk in atrial fibrillation

BackgroundAtrial fibrillation (AF) increases the risk of stroke making accurate risk stratification central for effective management. The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, a marker of insulin resistance, has been associated to cardiovascular diseases. Indeed, it is particularly relevant in the context of diabetes and metabolic syndrome, which are major contributors to cardiovascular risk. Herein, we explored whether the TyG index could predict thrombotic events in AF patients.MethodsProspective cohort study involving AF outpatients starting oral anticoagulation (OAC) therapy between January 2016 and November 2021. The primary endpoint was a composite of thrombotic events including myocardial infarction, venous thromboembolism, ischemic stroke, or transient ischemic attack, over 2 years follow-up. The TyG index was calculated at baseline and patients were stratified into tertiles (T1: TyG index < 4.59; T2: TyG index 4.59–4.83; T3: TyG index > 4.83).Results2907 patients (52.5% women; median age 77 years, IQR 69–82 years) were included, with a median TyG index of 4.71 (4.53–4.91). At 2-years, 7.2% (208) of patients experienced a composite thrombotic event. Patients in T3 had a significantly higher incidence rate ratio (1.39 [95% CI 1.01–1.96], p = 0.047 vs. T1; 1.42 [95% CI 1.01–2.00], p = 0.038 vs. T2). Adjusted Cox regression identified the TyG index as an independent predictor for thrombotic events (aHR 1.82; 95% CI 1.15–2.89). T3 patients exhibited a 64% higher risk of thrombotic events (aHR 1.64, 95% CI 1.17–2.29; log-rank test p value = 0.014).ConclusionsIn this real-world cohort of AF patients on OAC, an elevated TyG index independently predicted thrombotic events. However, further research is needed to determine how to integrate this simple marker into existing risk stratification strategies and whether it truly improves risk assessment and treatment decisions.

Triglyceride-glucose index: an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in critically ill aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients- a retrospective analysis of the MIMIC-IV database.

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a severe cerebrovascular event linked to high mortality and disability. The triglyceride-glucose index (TyG), a marker of insulin resistance, has not been thoroughly investigated for its impact on prognosis in ICU patients with aSAH. This study examines the association between TyG and all-cause mortality (ACM) in aSAH patients in the ICU. Data from the MIMIC-IV (version 3.0) database were used to identify severe aSAH patients via ICD-9/10 codes. Cox regression assessed the relationship between TyG and ACM, with restrictive cubic splines (RCS) and Kaplan-Meier curves for further analysis. Among 560 patients (55.2% female), the ACM rates were 18.1%, 23.3%, 24.1%, and 27.9% at overall, 30-day, 90-day, and 1-year follow-ups, respectively. Elevated TyG was independently associated with higher hospital ACM (aHR, 2.447; 95% CI, 1.416-4.228), 30-day (aHR, 2.998; 95% CI, 1.764-5.095), 90-day (aHR, 3.355; 95% CI, 1.983-5.676), and 1-year ACM (aHR, 4.298; 95% CI, 2.624-7.038). RCS showed a linear increase in risk as TyG exceeded 7.43. Subgroup analysis revealed stronger associations in those with cerebral parenchymal hemorrhage and pulmonary infections. TyG is an independent risk factor for ACM in critically ill aSAH patients. This study supports TyG as a prognostic tool for assessing mortality risk in these patients.

Increased prevalence of cardio-cerebrovascular risk factors during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: a large, single center, cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic prompted over 170 countries to implement lockdowns, significantly altering lifestyles and potentially impacting cardio-cerebrovascular risk factors (CCVRFs). This study evaluates changes in CCVRFs before, during, and after the lockdown, stratified by population subgroups. We aim to mitigate the lockdown’s impact on CCVRFs, address knowledge gaps, and inform future health management strategies.MethodsThis cross-sectional study analyzed preventive health assessment data of individuals at the Health Management Center of Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University. The study covers three timeframes: pre-pandemic (January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2019), during the pandemic lockdown (January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2022), and after the pandemic lockdown (January 1, 2023, to December 31, 2023). The primary outcome was the change in prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, systemic inflammation index, and insulin resistance index before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Additionally, multivariate linear or logistic regression analysis the association between changes in CCVRFs and the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown.ResultsThis study included 46,958 participants: 21,062 pre-pandemic, 18,164 during lockdown, and 7732 post-lockdown. Compared to pre- and post-lockdown periods, diabetes mellitus incidence significantly increased during lockdown. Systemic immune indicators (neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio [NLR], platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio [PLR], systemic immune-inflammation index [SII]) and insulin resistance markers (triglyceride-glucose index [TyG], TyG-body mass index [TyG-BMI]) also increased significantly. Subgroup analyses revealed more pronounced changes in CCVRFs among individuals over 60 during lockdown. Multivariate analysis showed a significant association between lockdown and CCVRFs, with adjusted odds ratios (OR) and β values (95% confidence intervals) as follows: diabetes mellitus 1.37 (1.28–1.47), PLR 5.44 (4.77–6.11), NLR 0.05 (0.04–0.06), SII 5.28 (1.91–8.65), TyG 0.03 (0.02–0.05), and TyG-BMI 4.16 (3.47–4.84).ConclusionsIn this cross-sectional study, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, systemic inflammation index, and insulin resistance index increased during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, highlighting the importance of proactively managing CCVRFs during and after the pandemic lockdowns.

Association of incidence of colorectal polyp with markers of insulin resistance and other related factors: a cross-sectional study

To explore the relationship between the incidence of colorectal polyps and related factors such as markers of insulin resistance (IR) , a retrospective analysis was used to collect 2716 patients who underwent physical examinations in Guangzhou Cadre and Talent Health Management Center from June 2020 to June 2023. The patients were classified as colorectal polyp group (n = 1328) and non-polyp group (n = 1388) after colonoscopy. Baseline data of colorectal polyp and non-polyp groups were compared. Non-insulin-based IR markers including Triglyceride Glucose Index (TyG), triglyceride glucose index (TyG)- Body Mass Index(BMI), triglycerides (TG)/high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance (METS-IR), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were calculated. The risk factors of colorectal polyps were analyzed by binary logistic regression. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and area under the curve (AUC) were used to evaluate the ability of insulin resistance markers to detect colorectal polyps. The proportion of males in colorectal polyp group was higher than that in non-polyp group. There were significant differences in TyG-BMI, TyG, TG/HDL-C, METS-IR, MAP, and other indicators between the colorectal polyp group and the non-polyp group (p < 0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that elevation in age, BMI, TyG-BMI, TyG, TG/HDL-C, METS-IR, MAP and CEA were positively correlated with the risk of colorectal polyps (p < 0.05). The AUCs of insulin resistance markers and MAP were larger than CEA to detect colorectal polyps. The AUC values of models in combination of age, sex and insulin resistance markers/MAP is higher. TyG, TyG-BMI, TG/HDL-C, and METS-IR could be used as indicators to predict the occurrence of colorectal polyps. These findings provide an important clinical reference for the prevention and treatment of colorectal polyps.

Association of estimated glucose disposal rate with chronic kidney disease: comparative analysis against traditional insulin resistance indices

BackgroundChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a widespread condition, marked by significant morbidity and mortality rates, particularly in individuals with comorbidities such as diabetes and hypertension. While insulin resistance (IR) has been linked to CKD, the traditional methods used to measure IR have inherent limitations. This necessitates the exploration of alternative indicators that can more accurately reflect the relationship between IR and CKD.MethodsThis study employed a cross-sectional design, utilizing data extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) spanning the years 2013 to 2018. The study sample comprised 7423 participants. Comprehensive demographic, anthropometric, and laboratory data were collected and analyzed. The estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR), along with established measures of insulin resistance such as HOMA-IR, QUICKI, and the TyG, TyG-BMI, and TyG-WC indices were computed. The relationships between these indices and CKD indicators, specifically the eGFR and UACR, were assessed using a combination of linear and logistic regression models. Additionally, the performance of these indices was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.ResultsElevated levels of the eGDR were significantly correlated with improved kidney function and a reduced prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and albuminuria. The correlation coefficients (R²) demonstrated that eGDR had a stronger association with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at R²=0.1379 and with the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) at R²=0.0816, compared to the traditional measures of insulin resistance. eGDR also declined progressively across worsening CKD stages (p for trend&amp;lt; 0.001), highlighting a dose–response relationship. Logistic regression analysis further revealed that higher eGDR levels were associated with a decreased risk of developing CKD and proteinuria. Additionally, the ROC curve analysis indicated that eGDR exhibited the highest predictive accuracy for CKD, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.75, and for proteinuria, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.68.ConclusionThe eGDR has emerged as a reliable and practical marker of insulin resistance associated with CKD indicators, demonstrating stronger associations with eGFR and UACR compared to traditional measures like HOMA-IR, QUICKI, TyG, TyG-BMI and TyG-WC. The simplicity of calculating eGDR enhances its utility as a valuable tool for the early detection and management of CKD, potentially improving clinical outcomes.

The value of triglyceride–glucose index–related indices in evaluating migraine: perspectives from multi–centre cross–sectional studies and machine learning models

BackgroundThis study employed representative data from the U.S. and China to delve into the correlation among migraine prevalence, the triglyceride‒glucose index, a marker of insulin resistance, and the composite indicator of obesity.MethodsCross–sectional data were acquired from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 1999 and 2004, as well as from the China Longitudinal Study of Health and Retirement (CHARLS) performed from 2011 to 2012. Weighted logistic regression analysis, subgroup analysis, smooth curve fitting and threshold effect analysis were used to ascertain the intricate relationships among triglyceride glucose–body mass index (TyG–BMI), triglyceride glucose–waist circumference (TyG–WC), triglyceride glucose–waist height ratio (TyG–WHtR) and migraine. Boruta’s algorithm and nine machine learning models were applied. SHapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) values were used to analyze leading models, highlighting influential features.ResultsThe analysis included 6,204 U.S. participants and 9,401 Chinese participants. TyG–BMI as well as TyG–WHtR were shown to be strongly correlated with the incidence of migraine among U.S. adults (TyG–BMI: OR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.14–1.44, P < 0.001; TyG–WHtR: OR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.09–1.26, P < 0.001). However, this correlation was not detected in Chinese adults. TyG–BMI indicated a strong positive association beyond the threshold of 206, while TyG–WHtR demonstrated a significant positive link below the cutoff of 7.4. In addition, age was an important interaction factor between TyG–BMI and TyG–WHtR and migraine. The XGBoost model showed excellent performance, with higher AUC values for TyG–BMI than for TyG–WHtR (0.929/0.926).ConclusionsThe TyG–BMI, relative to the TyG–WHtR, may provide clinicians with information about patients’ insulin sensitivity, thus helping to develop individualized treatment strategies. These findings contribute to population-level health interventions aimed at mitigating metabolic and neurological disease burdens, ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being.

Exploring inflammation and adipose tissue dysfunction in metabolically healthy versus unhealthy obesity among Arab adults

BackgroundObesity is a heterogeneous condition. While Metabolically Healthy Obesity (MHO) is often considered to carry a lower risk of metabolic complications than Metabolically Unhealthy Obesity (MUO), findings on their differences remain inconsistent. This study examines for the first time the metabolic differences across obesity phenotypes in Saudi adults, addressing a literature gap in understudied populations with high obesity prevalence.Materials and methodsThis cross-sectional study included 450 Saudi adults classified as MHO, MUO, or metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW) based on BMI (≥ 30 kg/m²) and the presence of ≥ 3 metabolic abnormalities per National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) criteria. Anthropometric, metabolic, and inflammatory parameters were assessed. Age- and sex-adjusted logistic regression analyses were used to compare phenotypes.ResultsMUO individuals showed significantly higher adiposity indices, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and inflammatory markers compared to MHO individuals (p-values < 0.001). MHO individuals also differed significantly from MHNW individuals. Adiponectin levels were comparable across groups; however, the Adiponectin/Leptin ratio (adpn/lep) was lowest in the MUO group, indicating adipose tissue dysfunction. MUO individuals had increased odds of elevated HOMA-IR (OR = 5.76, p < 0.001) and CRP (OR = 2.64, p = 0.005) compared to MHO. While insulin resistance did not differ significantly between MHO and MHNW, MHO participants had higher odds of a low adpn/lep ratio (OR = 2.87, p < 0.005).ConclusionMUO individuals exhibited greater metabolic risk than MHO, with marked insulin resistance and inflammation. However, the presence of adipokine imbalance and elevated inflammatory markers in MHO suggests that ‘metabolic health’ in obesity may be relative rather than absolute.

Association of prediabetes and insulin resistance on prognosis of patients with moderate-to-severe coronary artery calcification: a prospective cohort study

BackgroundPrediabetes and insulin resistance are linked to the presence and progression of coronary artery calcification, but their prognostic significance in individuals with moderate-to-severe coronary artery calcification (MSCAC) remains unclear. The triglyceride–glucose (TyG) index, a validated surrogate marker of insulin resistance and a reliable predictor of cardiovascular outcomes, has not been thoroughly investigated for its role in risk stratification in patients with MSCAC. This study sought to evaluate the prognostic value of different prediabetes definitions and to determine whether the TyG index enhances risk stratification in this population.MethodsThis prospective cohort study consecutively enrolled 4195 patients with angiography-detected MSCAC. Prediabetes was defined using two criteria: the American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria (fasting plasma glucose [FPG] 5.6–6.9 mmol/L and/or hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] 5.7–6.4%), and the World Health Organization (WHO)/International Expert Committee (IEC) criteria (FPG 6.1–6.9 mmol/L and/or HbA1c 6.0–6.4%). The primary outcome was the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), including cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and stroke.ResultsThe prevalence of ADA-defined prediabetes was 36.6%, nearly twice that of WHO/IEC-defined prediabetes (17.9%). Over a median follow-up of 3.1 years, WHO/IEC-defined prediabetes was significantly associated with an increased risk of MACE compared to normoglycemia (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07–2.99), while ADA-defined prediabetes was not. Patients in the highest TyG index tertile had a significantly higher MACE risk than those in the lowest tertile (adjusted HR 2.25, 95% CI 1.30–3.90). Restricted cubic spline analysis demonstrated a positive linear association between the TyG index and MACE risk (P for nonlinearity > 0.05). Notably, individuals with both WHO/IEC-defined prediabetes and a high TyG index had an even higher MACE risk (adjusted HR 2.43, 95% CI 1.12–5.32), whereas those with prediabetes and a low TyG index did not demonstrate a comparable increase (adjusted HR 1.60, 95% CI 0.90–2.85). Incorporating both WHO/IEC-defined glycemic status and the TyG index into the baseline risk model significantly improved its predictive accuracy compared to including either marker alone, as indicated by enhancements in the C-statistic, continuous net reclassification improvement, and integrated discrimination improvement. These findings were consistent in subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses.ConclusionThis study highlights the prognostic value of WHO/IEC-defined prediabetes and the TyG index in identifying high-risk individuals among patients with MSCAC. Integrating these measures into clinical risk assessment may enhance prognostic accuracy and inform more targeted prevention strategies.Graphical abstract

Association of SNPs in carbohydrate metabolism genes with insulin resistance indicators in the Mexican population

IntroductionInsulin resistance (IR) is a key feature in the pathophysiology of metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity, both of which have a high prevalence in the Mexican population. Genetic predisposition plays a critical role in the development of IR, particularly through variants in carbohydrate metabolism genes. However, the specific contributions of these genetic factors in young Mexicans remain poorly characterized.ObjectivesThis study aimed to identify associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in carbohydrate metabolism-related genes and insulin resistance markers in a young Mexican population. Additionally, we sought to identify novel genetic variants that may contribute to metabolic risk and explore sex-specific genetic effects.MethodsA genome-wide association study was conducted on 455 urban college students from Mexico. A total of 430 SNPs related to carbohydrate metabolism were genotyped. Clinical markers of IR, including fasting glucose, insulin, the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BF%), and waist circumference (WC), were evaluated. Associations between SNPs and metabolic traits were analyzed using logistic regression models adjusted for relevant covariates. Bonferroni correction was applied to account for multiple testing.ResultsSeveral SNPs were significantly associated with IR-related traits. SNPs in glucose metabolism genes, including GCK (rs1799884), SLC2 A9 (rs1122141), and IDH3B (rs6037255), were linked to fasting glucose levels, with IDH3B showing the strongest effect (OR 12.17, p = 0.0144). Variants in insulin-related genes, such as SLC2 A9, PFKP (rs3814591), and SLC45 A1 (rs12132135), were associated with elevated insulin and HOMA-IR. Adiposity-related SNPs, including those in PDK3 (rs7889665), PGK1 (rs2076630), and IDH2 (rs62019177), influenced body fat percentage and BMI. Notably, the novel variant rs77487659 (PGLS) was significantly associated with IR, particularly in women (OR 5.5, p = 0.00005), highlighting a potential sex-specific effect. The SLC45 A1 variant rs12132135 demonstrated significant associations with multiple metabolic traits, including BMI, WC, and insulin resistance.ConclusionThis study provides a comprehensive genetic analysis of IR-related traits in young Mexicans, highlighting both previously reported and novel associations. The findings suggest that genetic predisposition plays an important role in metabolic risk, with potential implications for early screening and personalized interventions. Sex-specific effects emphasize the need for tailored approaches in genetic risk assessment. Future research should focus on functional validation of these SNPs and their integration into precision medicine strategies for metabolic disease prevention.

Association between oxidative stress and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease in the US population

Limited research have been conducted on the interrelationship and role of oxidative stress and Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) within the population. The Oxidative Balance Score (OBS) serves as a metric for evaluating an individual’s overall oxidative stress status. This study seeks to investigate the impact of OBS on the population and elucidate its potential mechanisms. 9881 participants from the 2003–2018 NHANES were involved in our study. Covariate-adjusted regression models showed a statistically significant inverse association between elevated OBS and MAFLD risk. Specifically, participants in the upper threshold quartile (Q4) had 40% lower risk of MAFLD odds (OR = 0.60, 95% CI 0.50–0.72; P < 0.001) compared to those in the lowest reference quartile (Q1). The population attributable fraction analysis (PAF) suggested that MAFLD reduction could be attributed to approximately 12.67% Q4 OBS and 8.00% Q3 OBS. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis revealed a non-linear association between oxidative balance score OBS and MAFLD. In the mediation analysis, inflammatory markers, insulin resistance markers, and body mass index (BMI) were found to partially mediate the association between OBS and MAFLD. The continuous OBS (HR: 0.97, 95% CI (0.94, 1.00); P = 0.049) demonstrated a reduced risk of total mortality among MAFLD patients. In the U.S. population, significant negative associations were observed between OBS and MAFLD. The results indicated that an antioxidant lifestyle may hold greater significance than an antioxidant diet in the prevention of MAFLD. Additionally, our findings implied that insulin resistance, inflammation, and BMI may contribute to the relationship between OBS and MAFLD.

Intermittent fasting for weight loss in night shift workers: a three-arm, superiority randomised clinical trial.

Intermittent fasting for weight loss in night shift workers: a three-arm, superiority randomised clinical trial.

The Effects of Lactobacillus paracasei NB23 on IGF-1, Muscle Function, and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Healthy Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Probiotics are increasingly recognized for their role in metabolic and musculoskeletal health, yet evidence from human clinical trials in healthy populations remains limited. To evaluate the effects of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei NB23 supplementation on insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), muscle function, and cardiometabolic markers in healthy adults, in a 12-week, double-blind, randomized controlled trial, healthy participants were allocated to receive either NB23 (3g, 5 × 1010CFU, twice daily) or placebo. Anthropometric data, muscle strength, and blood biomarkers were collected at baseline and post-intervention. Analyses included blood pressure, lipid profiles, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), inflammatory cytokines, and IGF-1 pathway markers (PI3K, Akt, p-mTOR). NB23 supplementation resulted in significant improvements in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, LDL/HDL ratio, HOMA-IR, and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α), despite increased caloric intake. Muscle mass and lower-limb strength increased, along with elevated IGF-1 and downstream signaling pathway activation. NB23 improved multiple markers of metabolic and muscle health in a healthy adult cohort. These findings support its potential as a functional food component for cardiometabolic resilience and muscle maintenance. Further studies are warranted to explore its long-term benefits in broader populations.

Resveratrol restores insulin signaling and balances mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy in streptozotocin-induced neurodegeneration in vitro.

Resveratrol restores insulin signaling and balances mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy in streptozotocin-induced neurodegeneration in vitro.

Association between triglyceride-glucose index and estimated 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease in Nigerian non-diabetic hypertensives: A cross-sectional study.

The Triglyceride Glucose (TyG) index is a new and sensitive marker of Insulin Resistance (IR). Its relationship with a 10-year cardiovascular risk (CVD) in hypertensives in Nigeria is currently unknown. This was a cross-sectional study involving 1,430 adult Nigerians with hypertension. The TyG index of subjects was divided into quartiles (Q1-Q4), and its association with 10-year CVD risk using Framingham 10-year Cardiovascular Risk Score was explored. The mean age of the study population was 55.8 ± 13.9 years with a male preponderance of 54.1%. The mean TyG index was 8.72 ± 0.6 with a significantly higher value in males (8.77 ± 0.6 vs 8.67 ± 0.5; p = 0.001). This trend was consistent across all age groups. The prevalence of elevated TyG index was 51.9% and 44.7% in males and females respectively. Using ROC the cut-offs that predicted moderate to high CVD risk were 8.85 (0.69(0.57-0.80; 95% CI; p = 0.001) and 8.74 (0.688 (0.59-0.78; 95% CI; p = 0.001) for males and females respectively. After adjustment for well-known risk factors, an elevated TyG index was associated with an increased 10-year CVD risk in females only. The TyG index is associated with an increased 10-year cardiovascular risk especially in females and a value of at least 8.7 is reasonably accurate to predict a 10-year CVD risk in Nigerians with hypertension.

Circulating fibroblast growth factor-21, Omentin-1, and betatrophin and their association with metabolic parameters in Saudi adolescents post 12-month lifestyle change program

BackgroundFibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) and omentin-1 have been recognized as potent antidiabetic agents with potential hepatoprotective activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between betatrophin, hepatic FGF21 and omentin-1 as predictive markers of insulin resistance in adolescents who underwent a 12-month lifestyle change intervention program.MethodsProspective data of 218 Saudi adolescents (45 normal and 77 overweight, and 96 obese) (mean age = 15.1 ± 1.5 years and mean BMI = 35.1 ± 6.6 kg/m2) who participated in a 12-month lifestyle modification program were included. Baseline and follow-up data on anthropometrics and clinical data were collected. Serum levels of betatrophin, omentin-1, FGF-21 and 25(OH)D were assessed using commercially available assays. Analysis and comparisons were done according to varying levels of body mass index (BMI) and glycemic status.ResultsResults showed that betatrophin level decreased in the obese and prediabetic groups (p = 0.03, p = 0.002 respectively). There was a significant decrease in BMI in obese and overweight participants after the 12-month lifestyle modification program [35.1 ± 6.6 & 33.1 ± 7.5 and 26.6 ± 1.5 & 25.6 ± 2.3, p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 respectively]. Follow-up omentin1 was significantly elevated in overweight and obese individuals but no significant difference in omentin-1 in prediabetic group at follow-up was observed (p > 0.05).ConclusionWe concluded that betatrophin levels had an inverse association with metabolic biomarkers omentin-1, FGF-21, and 25(OH)D after a 12-month lifestyle modification program. A healthy diet and exercise are associated with decreased betatrophin levels and improving glucose tolerance.

Elevated triglyceride-glucose index, a surrogate marker of insulin resistance, is associated with a high risk of obstructive sleep apnea

This study aimed to investigate the association between representative Insulin resistance (IR) surrogates and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The study consisted of 8606 adults from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2019–2021), a nationwide population-based database. The STOP-Bang questionnaire was used for assessing the risk of OSA. Fasting insulin concentrations, triglyceride glucose index (TyG index), and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were used as surrogate IR markers. A multivariable logistic regression and a restricted cubic spline (RCS) model were applied to examine the association between IR and OSA risk. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that only TyG index (odds ratio [OR] 2.02; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.56–2.62) was significantly associated with an increased risk of OSA. Results of the RCS analysis showed a positive nonlinear relationship between HOMA-IR and OSA risk (p for non-linearity < 0.001). Subgroup RCS analyses indicated that the effect of elevated TyG index on increasing risk of OSA was more pronounced in males, those aged over 60 years, and smokers. These findings suggest that the TyG index may be a more promising surrogate marker for identifying individuals at increased risk of OSA than other IR indicators. It may serve as a practical tool for OSA risk assessment, particularly in populations with elevated metabolic burden.