Resilience of coastal human-environment composite systems of the 21st century maritime silk road: Theory, model, and spatial patterns.

Zheng He’s voyages to Africa in the 15th century. The Maritime Silk and Porcelain Road, edited by Li Xinfeng, co-authored with Zheng Yijun, Zheng Ming and Zhang Chunyu, translated by Shelly Bryant. Pretoria: African Institute of South Africa 2023, 362 pp.

This study investigates the spatial-temporal evolution patterns of cultural tourism industry coupling coordination in 15 strategically important Maritime Silk Road port cities from 2010 to 2020, employing an integrated multi-source remote sensing data approach. By combining Landsat 8/9, Sentinel-2, VIIRS nighttime light imagery, and Synthetic Aperture Radar data with socio-economic indicators, we developed a comprehensive coupling coordination measurement framework to quantify the interaction strength and coordination level between cultural and tourism sectors. The empirical analysis reveals significant spatial heterogeneity and temporal convergence trends, with three distinct development phases: initial coordination establishment (2010–2013), rapid improvement (2014–2017), and stabilization optimization (2018–2020). Singapore, Hong Kong, and Shanghai maintain the highest coupling coordination degrees (> 0.85), while emerging economies like Gwadar, Djibouti, and Mombasa exhibit rapid catch-up growth patterns with annual improvement rates exceeding 7%. Spatial autocorrelation analysis indicates strong positive clustering effects (Moran’s I: 0.321–0.456) and regional spillover mechanisms. Economic foundation, transportation accessibility, and policy environment emerge as key influencing factors, with economic development level demonstrating the strongest correlation with coordination improvement. The findings provide evidence-based foundations for targeted policy interventions promoting sustainable cultural tourism industry development across diverse geographical and economic contexts along the Maritime Silk Road.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-26393-3.

This article examines the impact of the "Belt and Road Initiative" on the economic development of various regions in China, with a focus on infrastructure improvement, industrial coordination, external openness, and regional cooperation. It analyzes changes in GDP, GDP per capita, and export indicators of Chinese provinces since 2015. Special attention is given to how western regions develop internal open centers through the land Silk Road, while the coastal eastern regions enhance their international competitiveness through the Maritime Silk Road. Based on data analysis and empirical research, the article summarizes the experience of coordinated development of regions along the "Belt and Road" and offers recommendations for deepening coordination between land and sea, synchronizing industrial development, and promoting green development. The goal of the article is to provide a theoretical foundation and practical recommendations for achieving higher-quality coordinated regional development.

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has reshaped global trade and infrastructure, with port cities as key nodes in its Maritime Silk Road. Quantifying their spatiotemporal development is challenging due to data limitations in emerging economies. This study employs VIIRS nighttime light (NTL) data from 2013 to 2023 to analyze urbanization patterns in twelve BRI port cities spanning Asia, Africa, Europe, and South America. We compile a 12-city cohort; inferential analyses are conducted for a pre-specified six-city subset, while descriptive NTL trends cover all 12. This study makes three contributions: (i) we assemble a cross-sensor harmonized VIIRS NTL record for 12 BRI port cities during 2013–2023; (ii) we integrate Standard Deviational Ellipse(SDE) parameters with rank-size dynamics as a joint diagnostic of urban hierarchy; and (iii) we triangulate NTL with external indicators (GDP, population, port throughput) to validate interpretation. Three key findings emerge: Asian ports experienced pronounced NTL growth, with Singapore approaching saturation, consistent with the luminosity-ceiling hypothesis; SDE analysis shows varied expansion patterns shaped by geophysical and policy factors; and rank-size trends indicate decentralization during the BRI decade, with |q| declining in most cities, challenging the primate-city model. To optimize development, we highlight polycentric infrastructure investment, institutionalized NTL monitoring, and green port certification aligned with sustainability goals.

Against the backdrop of disrupted global supply and value chains, impacted geopolitical landscapes, and policy shifts in developed countries, the global economy faces significant uncertainties, which have exerted various influences on China's foreign investment. China has put forward the initiative of jointly building the "Silk Road Economic Belt" and the "21st-Century Maritime Silk Road". The performance of foreign direct investment is a core issue related to the security and returns of a country's overseas assets as well as the success or failure of multinational enterprises' internationalization strategies. With changes in the global economic pattern, various industrial transformations, the expansion of foreign investment scale, and unstable political situations, this paper, based on literature review, finds that the impact of foreign investment risks is mainly introduced from factors such as political, economic, social and cultural, and legal factors. Finally, looking into the future, it is proposed that in politics, more efforts should be made to strengthen cooperation with other countries; enterprises should enhance their own risk management capabilities; and in terms of investment targets, more investment should be directed towards emerging industries.

This study aims to explore the generation and restoration of Kraak porcelain decorative patterns, employing a stable diffusion model that has been augmented with low-rank adaptation (LoRA) and ControlNet. Kraak porcelain, a historic blue-and-white ceramic traded along the maritime Silk Road, features intricate radial “Kaiguang” patterns that blend Chinese and Islamic artistic styles. The rules governing pattern generation have not been systematically deciphered through traditional methods, and as a result, innovation has remained constrained. The study established a multi-dimensional cultural database of 1530 Kraak porcelain images to facilitate training of a stable diffusion model. The model was fine-tuned using LoRA to adapt to small-sample data and integrated with ControlNet to impose structural constraints via edge maps. Experiments demonstrated that combining LoRA and ControlNet improved structural control over Kaiguang patterns and secondary motifs, validated by metrics like SSIM and PSNR. However, despite the improvement in pattern consistency, difficulties persisted in reproducing fine details and achieving seamless restoration of damaged patterns. Future work will focus on refining incremental learning strategies and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, with the goal of bridging the gaps between technical implementation and cultural interpretation. Overall, this approach provides a framework for the digital preservation and innovative regeneration of cultural heritage.

Historical and archaeological records indicate that the Maritime and Land Silk Roads played a pivotal role in facilitating Trans-Eurasian migrations and cultural exchanges. However, the extent to which population movements or the spread of ideas shape Chinese Hui populations remains debated. We present the largest genomic resource to date, including 2,280 Hui individuals sequenced or genotyped from 30 diverse regions, to examine the genetic origins, population structure, and biological adaptations of this underrepresented group in global human genome research. We identified a detailed population structure characterized by five distinct genetic lineages of the Hui, influenced by geography and varying gene flow. The admixture history and demographic events suggest that the northwestern and northern Hui lineages emerged from demic diffusion during the Tang and Yuan Dynasties via the Land Silk Road. In contrast, the southern and island Hui lineages reflect cultural diffusion along the Maritime Silk Road, while the mixed southern–northern lineage likely developed through a combination of demic and cultural diffusion. Our findings support a hybrid model for Hui formation, indicating that both demographic processes and sociocultural transmissions contributed to their population history. We identified east–west highly differentiated variants and pre- and post-admixture adaptations in Hui genomes, demonstrating that admixture-driven adaptive or neutral variants impacted susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases and immune- and diet-related traits. These adaptive signatures include post-admixture signals of SLC24A5 and ECHDC1 in the Hui, as well as pre-admixture signals of the HLA region, BCL2A1, and KCNH8 in the East Asian source. Overall, our study suggests that Han-related genetic components helped the Hui population rapidly adapt to new local environments. Additionally, the frequency spectrum of clinically essential variants differed significantly between Hui and Han individuals, emphasizing the importance of including underrepresented populations in genomic research to promote health equity.

The impact of port investment along the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road on regional port network connectivity and its imbalance

A key component of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China's Maritime Silk Road (MSR) has become a revolutionary force in regional connectivity, international trade, and geopolitical strategy. The conflict between strategic containment and economic connectedness is the main subject of this paper's critical analysis of the MSR's dual nature. China's port investments in South Asia, East Africa, and Europe, including Gwadar, Hambantota, Djibouti, and Piraeus, are examined to determine how these infrastructure projects simultaneously improve trade facilitation and expand China's maritime influence to attract tourists. The strategic consequences are highlighted by the realist viewpoint, which also depicts India's possible hold and the projection of naval might through overseas bases and dual-use facilities. The liberal perspective also emphasizes the economic advantages of increased commerce, interdependence, and regional integration, which provide host countries with chances for growth and shared incentives. Constructivist insights show that policy responses are shaped by regional narratives and perceptions, with some nations welcoming Chinese investments for economic growth while others see them as security risks. Additionally, the article discusses the MSR's operating limitations, environmental issues, debt dependency, and geopolitical tensions. This paper offers a sophisticated grasp of the MSR's complex goals and ramifications by utilizing a multidisciplinary theoretical framework. In the end, the study makes the case that the MSR is a complex synthesis of strategic and economic goals that will influence the political and economic climate of the Indo-Pacific in the ensuing decades rather than being boiled down to a single narrative of containment or connectedness.

Constructing an evaluation index system for the value of cultural heritage tourism resources can provide a scientific and practical basis for decision-making in both protecting Guangdong's Maritime Silk Road (MSR) cultural heritage and enhancing the effectiveness of its cultural tourism. Through a combination of literature review and grounded interviews, 28 evaluation factors were initially identified. Subsequently, using the Fuzzy Delphi Method and consulting expert panels drawn from government, industry, and academia, the list was refined and 26 key evaluation indicators were ultimately selected. The findings reveal that the value of MSR cultural heritage tourism resources in Guangdong can be categorized into four main dimensions: industrial service, historical remains, science education, and tourism and leisure. The levels of expert consensus on the importance of these dimensions were as follows: Industrial Service Value (7.37), Historical Heritage Value (7.21), Science and Education Value (7.00), and Tourism and Recreation Value (6.99). Among the individual indicators, the following six were considered of relatively high importance: Tourism Management Level (7.78), Historical and Cultural Significance (7.74), Maturity of Resource Infrastructure (7.58), Cultural Route Tourism (7.48), Local Community Participation (7.41), and Heritage Antiquity (7.40). In contrast, using MSR heritage tourism in Guangdong to experience exotic cultures or enhance popular religious beliefs did not receive wide academic recognition. The findings of this study offer a valuable reference for government authorities and industry stakeholders in developing strategies to enhance the impact and value of MSR cultural heritage tourism in Guangdong.

Evaluating the resilience impacts of emission reduction policies in green liner shipping network along the New Maritime Silk Road

The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road (MSR) is a key component of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), launched in 2013 to enhance global connectivity and foster economic cooperation. By promoting infrastructure development, trade facilitation, and cultural exchange, the MSR seeks to strengthen maritime connectivity, boost regional economic integration, and create new growth opportunities for participating countries. The MSR policy has a positive promoting effect on the economic construction and port development of China’s coastal ports. This study established a difference-in-difference model (DID) to explore the impact of MSR policies on SO2 emissions from coastal and inland ports in China. We searched for panel data from 34 coastal and inland ports in China from 2008 to 2023, and based on this panel data, established a DID model for regression analysis. The regression analysis results indicate that the implementation of MSR policy has a significant positive impact on SO2 emissions from coastal and inland ports in China. Some control variables, such as the total amount of imported goods and domestic emission control area (DECA) policies, also have a significant negative impact on SO2 emissions, while the number of berths, population, and total amount of exported goods have a significant positive impact on SO2 emissions. Based on the regression results of the model, we have proposed some suggestions for port operators and relevant governments to better adapt to MSR policies, promote economic development and environmental protection of ports.

This article presents a historical case study analysis of the ancient Silk Road’s role in facilitating connectivity between the Arabian Gulf and the Indian Ocean. The study draws on various sources to trace the maritime routes that linked diverse civilizations across these regions. By examining archaeological findings, historical texts and trade records, the article highlights the economic, cultural and political exchanges fostered by these maritime connections. The analysis reveals how the ancient Silk Road was not merely a conduit for silk and spices but also a catalyst for cultural diffusion, technological exchange and diplomatic relations. The study further explores the impact of these connections on the development of early global trade networks, the spread of religions and the exchange of knowledge and innovations. Through a detailed examination of the Maritime Silk Road, this article sheds light on the complex web of interactions that shaped the historical landscape of the Arabian Gulf and the Indian Ocean regions, contributing to a deeper understanding of their interconnected past.

Multi-period port cluster investment along the maritime silk road considering the matching of relocated industries and recipient countries

Diffusion of low-carbon shipping along the 21st century maritime silk road: From complex network perspective

The Song Dynasty marked the peak period for the development of plant patterns on Jingdezhen bluish-white porcelain, characterized by rich themes, profound connotations and exquisite craftsmanship of epoch-making significance. This paper primarily apply the method of Iconography analysis to conduct an in-depth exploration .Through an in-depth analysis of the visual descriptions of Jingdezhen bluish-white porcelain patterns in the Song Dynasty in terms of thematic classification, compositional principles and decorative techniques; the symbolic meanings of Buddhist symbolism, Taoist metaphors, secular auspicious implications, literati aesthetic orientations and imperial power; as well as the materialized presentation of the Neo-Confucian thought of “investigating things to attain knowledge”(Ge Wu Zhizhi) , the indirect influence of literati interests on artisans' creations, the contemporaneity of the Maritime Silk Road and cross-cultural pattern borrowing, this study further reveals how the plant patterns on Song Dynasty bluish-white porcelain transformed natural forms into a visual language that carries religious beliefs, ethical concepts, and social emotions. Thereby, it provides a new paradigm from the iconographic perspective for the interdisciplinary study of material culture and visual culture in the Song Dynasty.

The Maritime Silk Road represents a significant area of interest within the broader Silk Road system, particularly focusing on the eastern oceanic routes that facilitated exchanges between China and Japan. This maritime corridor was crucial for the transfer of goods, culture, and ideas between the two civilizations. However, the records of this route are different between China and Japan. This paper discusses the records of this route in depth, compares and finds out the differences.From the perspective of historiographical theory, it becomes evident that these differences are not merely factual but are profoundly influenced by societal choices and identity recognition within each culture. Chinese and Japanese historiographical traditions have distinct norms and cultural characteristics that shape their recording and interpretation of historical events. By examining these differences, this study aims to shed light on the historiographical writing practices of both nations, offering insights into how each society views its past and its interactions with others. So as to provide new perspectives for the study of the East China Sea section of the Maritime Silk Road. It emphasizes the importance of considering cultural and societal contexts when interpreting historical records, thereby contributing to a more nuanced and comprehensive understanding of Sino-Japanese maritime history.

Abstract In the late Ming Dynasty, the decline of the tribute trade and changes in China’s maritime prohibition policies led to a substantial export of Chinese silk. Late 16th century, the Portuguese occupied the triangular trade to Lisbon. The Spanish, through the Manila galleon trade, sold Chinese silk to their colonies in the Americas. In Europe, Chinese silk was used in household items, religious garments, and diplomatic gifts, symbolizing exotic luxury. In the Americas, Chinese silk replaced European silk, becoming widely used in the daily lives of the upper class as well as in religious and political activities. The wide spread of silk in the late Ming Dynasty, while forming cross-cultural influence, also unknowingly shaped China’s image overseas. Today, a considerable number of late Ming silk textiles are preserved in overseas collections. This study leverages representative Ming Dynasty silk textiles housed in international museums to analyze their incorporation of traditional Chinese styles and Western elements, exploring the overseas utilization of late Ming export silk. It aims to illustrate the artistic dissemination along the maritime Silk Road during this period and it also highlights the far-reaching influence of Chinese silk on global cultural exchanges in the late Ming Dynasty.

China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), announced in 2013, is a mega project designed to enhance global transportation infrastructure and stimulate economic development. This study aims to identify and prioritize the key motivational sources driving China's BRI, with a particular focus on economic, political, and strategic considerations. Using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) systematic literature review and focus group methods, we identified 26 motivational factors, 16 of which are primarily economic in nature. Among these, 'New business opportunities for Chinese investors' emerged as the most significant driver. In addition to economic motivations, this study highlights the critical importance of marine engineering, ship risk management, and ship machinery innovations in the success of BRI's maritime routes. Safe, efficient maritime transportation is identified as a crucial element for ensuring the operational effectiveness of the Maritime Silk Road. The study further emphasizes the role of maritime safety protocols, infrastructure modernization, and risk mitigation strategies in achieving China's broader geopolitical and economic ambitions through the BRI. Our findings suggest that China’s internal motivations, particularly those related to economic growth and maritime transport infrastructure, play a more prominent role than external factors. This underscores the need for policymakers, marine engineers, and transport operators to align their long-term strategies with China’s ambitions, focusing on maritime safety, operational efficiency, and the global competitiveness of China’s maritime technologies. The insights gained from this study contribute to a deeper understanding of the strategic importance of maritime infrastructure in shaping the future of global transportation systems under the BRI.