Marginal Homogeneity Test Research Articles

The Effect of Physiological Changes In Pregnant Women's Education on Anxiety Levels

Health education regarding pregnant women's anxiety will provide more understanding to pregnant women as well as prevent stress. The phenomenon of the problem at Bonto Bangun Puskesmas is that health education is carried out in the class of pregnant women, but not all pregnant women participate in the program. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of physiological change education in pregnant women on the anxiety level of pregnant women at Bonto Bangun Community Health Center. This study used a pre-experimental design by means of a One-shot case study. The number of samples is 5 people, sampling technique with purposive sampling. The research was conducted at the Bontobangun Community Health Center in August 2020. The results showed that the level of anxiety of pregnant women before education was the highest moderate anxiety compared to no anxiety, mild and severe anxiety. Meanwhile, the level of anxiety of pregnant women after being given education decreased, namely mild anxiety was higher than moderate anxiety and there was no anxiety. After testing the analysis using SPSS, namely the marginal homogeneity test, the p-value was 0.000 <α value of 0.05. This means that there is a significant correlation between the two variables. Conclusions and suggestions: There is an effect of physiological change education of pregnant women on the level of anxiety of pregnant women at Bontobangun Community Health Center. It is hoped that education on physiological changes will become a reference for pregnant women classes or other programs.

Comparison of Safe-T separators and Conventional Elastomeric Separators for the Amount of Separation, Pain and Gingival Health: A randomized controlled trial

Objectives: The objective of the current study was to compare the amount of separation obtained by two various elastomeric separators, as well as the pain perception and gingival health. Methods: A randomized split-mouth study was performed on 60 patients receiving fixed orthodontic treatment who were put randomly in one of two separator groups (Group 1: Elastomeric separators; Group 2: Safe-T separators). At the end of the 5-day study, the amount of separation was evaluated using a feeler gauge. Qualitative and quantitative pain assessment was performed using a patient-filled VAS (visual analogue scale) score and a questionnaire. Loe and Silness gingival index was used to examine gingival health at the time of placement and removal of separators. Student t-Test was used to compare mean VAS scores and the amount of separation followed by repeated measures of ANOVA and Bonferroni’s post hoc analysis. Chi Square Test was utilized to compare gingival index scores followed by the marginal homogeneity test comparing the 1st and 5th day. Reproducibility of measurements underwent assessment using intra-class correlation coefficients. Results: Greater statistically significant amounts of separation (0.126 mm) was achieved by Safe-T separators than conventional elastomeric separators. Patients experienced maximum pain and discomfort with the use of conventional elastomeric separators. Amount of soft tissue injury and bleeding was greater with elastomeric separators with a mean gingival score of 3.Conclusion: Safe-T separators separate teeth optimally with minimal injury and discomfort to soft tissues, which makes them the better choice for clinicians.

Structured MRI reporting increases completeness of radiological reports and requesting physicians' satisfaction in the diagnostic workup for pelvic endometriosis.

MRI plays an important role in the diagnosis and surgical planning of pelvic endometriosis (PE), and imaging reports should contain all relevant information (completeness). As structured reports are being increasingly utilized, we aimed to evaluate whether structured MRI reporting increases the quality of reports regarding completeness and, consequently, their perceived value by gynecologists, in comparison to free-text reports. We also aimed to compare the diagnostic performance of both formats. We retrospectively included 28 consecutive women with histologically proven PE who underwent MRI within one month before surgery. Two abdominal radiologists (Rd1/Rd2, 3y/12y experience), blinded to clinical and surgical data, individually elaborated free-text reports and, four months later, structured reports. Completeness (defined as description of six key anatomical sites deemed essential for surgical planning in a consensus of four-blinded external experts) and diagnostic performance (sensitivity and specificity) by site (histology as reference) were compared between reports using the McNemar test. The satisfaction of gynecologists was compared using the marginal homogeneity test. Structured reporting increased completeness for both Rd1 (rectosigmoid, retrocervical/uterosacral ligament, vagina, and ureter) and Rd2 (vagina, ureter, and bladder) (p < 0.05), without compromising sensitivity or specificity at any of the evaluated sites. Gynecologists' satisfaction was superior with structured reports in most comparisons. Structured MRI reports perform better in fully documenting essential features of PE and are similar in terms of diagnostic performance, therefore having higher potential for surgical planning. Gynecologists found them easier to assess and were more satisfied with the information provided by structured reports.

The functional ability of older adults with visual impairments: A 2-year follow-up study

This study describes the self-estimated functional ability of older adults with visual impairments (VI) living at home prior to and after 24 months of individual low vision rehabilitation (LVR) according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework. The LVR was carried out according to regular standard of care in Finland. The study provides knowledge that is relevant for improving both LVR as well as other services for older adults living with VI. Thirty-nine older adults with VI initially participated in the study with 28 remaining for the follow-up at 24 months of LVR. Data were collected by an orally administered questionnaire including items from the Oldwellactive Wellness Profile instrument. Data were analyzed using the marginal homogeneity test, and the outcomes were divided into four categories according to the ICF framework. Comparisons between the baseline and 2-year follow-up revealed statistically significant decreases in daily functions, including going outdoors ( p = .011), washing oneself ( p = .016), taking care for personal hygiene ( p = .046), dressing ( p = .034), preparing meals ( p = .041), and doing heavy housework ( p = .046), following 2 years of received LVR. A statistically significant increase in the need for help was also observed during the study period ( p = .025). The independence of older adults with VI decreased, and the need for external services or help increased during 24 months after the onset of receiving LVR. Visual problems were shown to widely affect functional ability. Activities and participation dimension together with loneliness are most affected and need attention in individual LVR.

Pengaruh Media Video Edukasi Tentang Vulva Hygiene Terhadap Tingkat Pengetahuan dan Sikap Remaja Putri

Vulva hygiene is an effort to maintain the cleanliness and health of the feminine area to avoid infectious diseases of reproduction caused by viruses, bacterias, and fungis. According to WHO, 75% of women in the world have experienced vaginal discharge that can be accompanied by candidiasis or bacterial vaginosis at least once in their life, 45% of them have experienced vaginal discharge 2 or more times. In Indonesia in 2012 almost 70% of women have experienced vaginal discharge. The highest prevalence of reproductive tract infections (ISR) in Indonesian, there were teenagers’ (42%). The teenagers' knowledge in Al-Ittifaqiah Indralaya Islamic boarding school of vulva hygiene were still low, so it was feared that the negative impact of not taking care vulva hygiene could be occurred. The use of educational videos was expected to improve teenagers' knowledge and attitude well. This study aimed to determine the effect of health education by using educational videos on the level of teenagers' knowledge and attitude about vulva hygiene at Al-Ittifaqiah Indralaya Islamic boarding school. The design of this study was pre-experimental with one group pre-posttest design. The population in this study was teenangers' class VIII MTs. Al-Ittifaqiah Indralaya with a sample of 76 respondents with a purposive sampling technique. The research instrument used a questionnaire, univariate data analysis used percentages and bivariate analysis used the Marginal Homogeneity test and the McNemar test. The results of the knowledge analysis using the Marginal Homogeneity test showed that there was a significant difference in the teenagers' knowledge before and after being given health education with a p-value of 0.000 (p <0.05). The results of the analysis of attitudes using McNemar test showed that there were significant differences in the teenagers' of attitudes before and after being given health education with a p-value of 0.000 (p <0.05). So it could be concluded that there was a significant influence on the teenagers' knowledge and attitudes before and after being given health education through educational video media about vulva hygiene. Educational video learning media was expected to become a health education program through school's health clinic (UKS) of Al-Ittifaqiah Islamic boarding school in order to increase the teenagers' knowledge and attitudes, especially regarding vulva hygiene.

Comparison of Sample Adequacy and Diagnostic Yield of the 21-G and 25-G EBUS TBNA Needles.

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS TBNA) of mediastinal lymphadenopathy has been shown to be equivalent and possibly even superior to mediastinoscopy. Since the original dedicated 22-G aspiration needle, 21-G, 25-G, and recently 19-G needles have been introduced. Smaller needles may be more flexible and adept at accessing more difficult nodes, and may have less blood contamination compared with larger needles. This is a prospective observational study of 50 consecutive patients who underwent endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration with a 21-G needle and a 25-G needle for a total of 100 biopsies. The study slides were examined by a dedicated lung cytopathologist, who was blinded to the needle size used for each slide. Demographic data, and lymph node size were recorded. Comparisons between the 2 needles with regards to sample adequacy and diagnostic yield was performed using the McNemar test for dichotomous variables and marginal homogeneity test for nondichotomous variables since samples were related. The majority of lymph nodes (96%) were at least >1 cm. Adequate specimens were obtained in 78% of cases with the 21-G needle and 86% of cases with 25-G needle (P-value=0.424). The overall diagnostic yield was 74% and 80% with the 21-G needle and 25-G needle, respectively (P-value=0.607). Our study demonstrates that the there is no difference in terms of specimen adequacy and diagnostic yield when the 25-G needle is compared with the 21-G needle.

Role of Hysterosalpingography in Diagnosing Tubal Blockage - A Prospective Diagnostic Study.

Background:Women with abnormal hysterosalpingography (HSG) are anxious regarding the presence of tubal pathology. It is important to know the predictive value of HSG and the need for subsequent laparoscopy following an abnormal report. In the era of assisted reproductive technology, the role of invasive testing such as diagnostic laparoscopy is being increasingly questioned due to its invasiveness and associated risks. There is a need to explore the positive predictive value (PPV) of HSG in detecting bilateral tubal block in our population as PPV changes with the prevalence of disease.Aim:The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of HSG in identifying tubal blockage in subfertile women.Setting and Design:This was a prospective diagnostic study conducted in the department of reproductive medicine and surgery in a university-level hospital.Materials and Methods:The study included 199 subfertile women who had undergone HSG earlier and were planned for laparoscopy from April 2017 to January 2021. Findings of HSG and laparoscopy were compared with HSG as index test and laparoscopy as reference test, and the outcomes analysed were PPV of HSG for a bilateral tubal block, bilateral hydrosalpinx, abnormal HSG (unilateral or bilateral tubal block) and agreement between HSG and diagnostic laparoscopy in detecting normal and abnormal findings.Statistical Analysis:Kappa statistics, Stuart–Maxwell tests of marginal homogeneity and prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted kappa (PABAK) statistics were used.Results:The PPV for a bilateral block with HSG was 20.9% (95% CI: 13.7–29.7). The PPV of HSG for bilateral hydrosalpinx was 50.0% (95% CI: 6.8–93.2). PABAK was estimated to be 0.42 (95% CI: 0.30–0.55), suggestive of moderate agreement between the tests. Findings of laparoscopy in women with at least one patent tube in HSG showed that in 12.3% of cases, the management was likely to change due to the operative findings.Conclusion:The current study showed low PPV for bilateral tubal block diagnosed with HSG which translates into a need for further confirmation by laparoscopy. In one out of every eight women with at least one patent tube on HSG, performing laparoscopy changed the management.

COMBINATION OF SGT (SMALL GROUP TEACHING) AND PAL (PEER ASSISTED LEARNING) APPROACH TO FACILITATE LEARNING AMONG MBBS STUDENTS FROM A PRIVATE UNIVERSITY IN MALAYSIA DURING PRE-CLINICAL YEARS

Didactic lecture promotes passive learning and fails to motivate students. Small group learning has been widely recommended as it helps to refine understanding of complex issues, to solve the problems, develop critical thinking and apply knowledge to new situations. PALS – a “peer assisted learning” mode where in students discuss in groups and learn from each other. They get motivated and set a platform, which encourages them to communicate and do problem solving. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of small group teaching (SGT) and peer assisted learning (PAL) approach among pre clinical medical students. Small groups of students were selected for this study out of the big batch of students pursuing 2nd year MBBS program at AIMST University who were undergoing “respiratory system” block. At the end of lecture-based sessions, a few topics were selected for SGT- PAL session. Students were asked to complete the pretest questions on the selected topics and they were then explained the topics selected for this session. Students had SGT PAL on those selected topics. Then they completed the post test questions on the same topic. Responses obtained for the pre- test and post-test questions were analyzed using SPSS using paired t test and the perceptions on their own understanding using marginal homogeneity test, both showed a significant improvement. SGT and PAL approach helped students to improve understanding of important concepts and can be adopted more widely as an alternative to lectures.

Effect Of Educational Changes In Pregnant Women Physiological Changes Towards Pregnant Women Anxiety

Health education regarding pregnant women anxiety will provide more understanding to pregnant women as well as to prevent stress. The phenomenon of the problem at Bonto Bangun Puskesmas is that health education is carried out in the class of pregnant women, but not all pregnant women participate in the program. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of physiological change education in pregnant women on the anxiety level of pregnant women at Bonto Bangun Community Health Center. This study used a pre-experimental design by means of a One-shot case study. The number of samples is 5 people, sampling technique with purposive sampling. The research was conducted at the Bontobangun Community Health Center in August 2020. The results showed that the level of anxiety of pregnant women before education was the highest moderate anxiety compared to no anxiety, mild and severe anxiety. Meanwhile, the level of anxiety of pregnant women after being given education decreased, namely mild anxiety was higher than moderate anxiety and there was no anxiety. After testing the analysis using SPSS, namely the marginal homogeneity test, the p-value was 0.000 &lt;α value of 0.05. This means that there is a significant correlation between the two variables. Conclusions and suggestions: There is an effect of physiological change education of pregnant women on the level of anxiety of pregnant women at Bontobangun Community Health Center. It is hoped that education on physiological changes will become a reference for pregnant women classes or other programs.

Concordance within parent couples' perception of parental stress symptoms among parents to 1-18-year-olds with physical or mental health problems.

Parents of children with physical or mental health problems are at higher risk for experiencing parental stress. However, mothers and fathers may experience parental stress differently. The aim was to examine whether mothers and fathers of children with physical and/or mental health problems are equally inclined within the couples to experience different aspects of parental stress when considering child and parent couple characteristics. Single aspects of Parental stress were assessed with nine items from the Parental Stress Scale in 197 parent couples of children aged 1–18 years with physical and/or mental health problems. Agreement within parent couples for each item was tested using two tests of marginal homogeneity for dependent data: a nominal G2-test and an ordinal γ-test. Analyses were conditioned on child gender, child age, couple educational level, and overall parental stress. For seven aspects of parental stress, differences in agreement within the couples were found with at least one of the conditioning variables. For five aspects (item 3, 4, 9, 10, 13) addressing specific personal experience of daily stressors related to having children and feeling inadequate as a parent, the differences were systematic. Mothers were more inclined to experience these aspect of parental stress than fathers, specially mothers of boys, a younger child, in couples with an education above high school or with a higher stress level. Agreement was found for two aspects (item 14 and 16) of parental stress. This study suggests that mothers’ and fathers’ experience of most aspects of parental stress vary within the couples. Knowledge on systematic difference between parents’ experience of parental stress may inform future interventions. For aspects where mothers generally experience the highest degree of stress, fathers may be involved as support. Future studies may explore the role of diagnoses, coping strategies and examine concordance in parental stress symptoms in other subgroups.

Performance increments without audience: paired data from mixed martial arts fighters during COVID-19

During COVID-19, athletes have been forced to compete in the absence of audience. Athletic and cognitive performance have been shown to be both incremented and decremented when competing either with or without audience, something that has been termed ‘social facilitation’. The current study sought to investigate this effect in a naturalistic experiment due to the current pandemic, in a sport in which the effect has never been examined; mixed martial arts (MMA). A performance variable was constructed, and data from 86 fighters who competed during COVID-19 were collected and compared to previous competition history. In total, 586 bouts were analyzed. Data distribution and assumptions were explored in which non-normal distribution was found. Subsequently, a test of marginal homogeneity and a Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test were performed. The results showed that MMA fighters who won their bout without audience displayed poorer performance’s in previous bouts, which were attended by audience. The current study further explores the notion of social facilitation effects and suggests there may be a need to pro-actively incorporate training alternatives that could mitigate performance decrements in fighters who are prone to negative effects due to external stimuli, such as an audience. However, due to the limited observations in the non-audience condition the study results should be interpreted cautiously and considered highly preliminary.

Implications of Pass/Fail Step 1 Scoring: Plastic Surgery Program Director and Applicant Perspective.

Background:As early as 2022, United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 results will be reported as pass or fail, rather than as 3-digit numeric scores. This survey examines the perspectives of plastic surgery applicants and program directors (PD) regarding this score reporting change.Methods:A 24-item survey was distributed to integrated applicants from the 2018–19 and 2019–20 application cycles. An analogous 28-item survey was sent to integrated and independent plastic surgery training program directors. Data were analyzed using summary tables and marginal homogeneity tests.Results:164 applicants (33.2%) and 64 PDs (62.1%) completed the survey. Most applicants (60.3%) and PDs (81.0%) were not in favor of the score reporting change. As a result of binary scoring, a majority of respondents anticipate that residency programs will use Step 2 CK scores to screen applicants (applicants: 95.7%, PDs: 82.8%), prioritize students from more prestigious medical schools (applicants: 91.5%, PDs: 52.4%), and that dedicated research time will become more important (applicants: 87.9%, PDs: 45.3%). Most applicants (66.4%) and PDs (53.1%) believe that there will be an increase in plastic surgery applicants. Applicants and PDs anticipate that the top 3 metrics used by programs when deciding to offer an interview will change as a result of binary Step 1 scoring.Conclusions:Most plastic surgery applicants and PDs do not support the change in United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 scoring to pass or fail. The majority believe that other metrics (such as Step 2 CK scores, research experience, and medical school reputation) will become more important in the application process.

Pre-Existing Cardiovascular Conditions as Clinical Predictors of Myocarditis Reporting with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A VigiBase Study.

Simple SummaryUp to 50% of myocarditis events developed in cancer patients upon treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are fatal. Therefore, identification of clinical risk factors predicting myocarditis onset during treatment with ICIs is important for the purpose of cardiac surveillance of high-risk patients. The aim of this retrospective matched case-control study was to assess whether pre-existing cardiovascular conditions were associated with the reporting of myocarditis with ICIs in VigiBase, the World Health Organization global database of suspected adverse drug reactions. Taking drugs labelled for the treatment of cardiovascular conditions as a proxy for concomitant cardiovascular risk factors and/or cardiovascular diseases, we found an association of moderate size between pre-existing cardiovascular conditions and the reporting of myocarditis with ICIs. Future prospective pharmacoepidemiological studies should assess the causal relationship between pre-existing cardiovascular conditions and myocarditis onset in a cohort of cancer patients followed during treatment with ICIs.Although rare, immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-related myocarditis can be life-threatening, even fatal. In view of increased ICI prescription, identification of clinical risk factors for ICI-related myocarditis is of primary importance. This study aimed to assess whether pre-existing cardiovascular (CV) patient conditions are associated with the reporting of ICI-related myocarditis in VigiBase, the WHO global database of suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs). In a (retrospective) matched case-control study, 108 cases of ICI-related myocarditis and 108 controls of ICI-related ADRs other than myocarditis were selected from VigiBase. Drugs labeled as treatment for CV conditions (used as a proxy for concomitant CV risk factors and/or CV diseases) were found to be associated more strongly with the reporting of ICI-related myocarditis than with other ICI-related ADRs (McNemar’s chi-square test of marginal homogeneity: p = 0.026, Cramer’s coefficient of effect size: Φ = 0.214). No significant association was found between pre-existing diabetes and ICI-related myocarditis reporting (McNemar’s test of marginal homogeneity: p = 0.752). These findings offer an invitation for future prospective pharmacoepidemiological studies to assess the causal relationship between pre-existing CV conditions and myocarditis onset in a cohort of cancer patients followed during ICI treatment.

The effect of “Mosque Lifesaver Training” on lay persons’ knowledge and willingness to perform basic life support in Indonesia

Background: Cardiac arrest mostly happens in out hospital setting. Bystander CPR improves survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.In 2018 BSMI Jakarta Raya started the Mosque lifesaver training as basic life support training for laypersons’ in Indonesia, optimizing mosques as the center of community activities. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of “mosque lifesaver training” for the laypersons’ knowledge and willingness to perform basic life support.Methods: There are 247 people from twelve mosques that participated in this research. The participants were given fifteen multiple-choice preposttest questioners in basic life support knowledge, one full day two-direction training, one-by-one practicing in small group for adult and pediatric CPR (Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation), and CPR skill test. Data was collected and statistically analyzed with SPSS 24 Software by IBM.Results and discussion: From 247 participants, 32 were excluded due to lack of data. For rest of 215 participants, 32.1% was housewife, mean value of age was 39.1 ± 0.9 SD years, educational background was bachelor in 44.7% participants. Mean value of pre-test and post-test were 28.70 ± 16.8 SD and 55.73 ± 19.30 SD, respectively. The post-test result has significant correlation of profession (p=0.003), but no significant correlation of age (p=0.08) and educational background (0.51). Marginal homogeneity test for pre and post test data brought p&lt;0.001 significance. Before the training, only 57.2% participants had willingness to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation. After the training, 91.2% participants have willingness to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation if witness sudden cardiac arrest of unknown people.Conclusion: Participants who enrolled the training were predominantly by housewife, productive age with bachelor educational background. Mosque lifesaver training show significant improvement in laypersons’ knowledge and willingness to perform basic life support.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 05 No. 02 April’21 Page: 202-206

PENGARUH TERAPI MUSIK SUARA AIR MENGALIR DENGAN BRAINWAVE TERHADAP PENURUNAN TINGKAT DEPRESI PADA LANSIA DI RUMAH PELAYANAN SOSIAL LANJUT USIA WENING WARDOYO UNGARAN

Saat masa usia lanjut sering terjadi penurunan kondisi fisik/ biologis, kondisi psikologis, serta perubahan kondisi sosial dan ekonomi, yang akan berpengaruh pada seluruh aspek kehidupan termasuk kesehatannya. Depresi merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan jiwa yang sering muncul pada lansia. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui apakah ada pengaruh pemberian terapi musik suara air mengalir dengan brainwave terhadap tingkat depresi lansia di Rumah Pelayanan Sosial Lanjut Usia Wening Wardoyo Ungaran. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain pre-eksperimen design dengan menggunakan pendekatan one group pretest-postest design. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan total sampling dengan jumlah sampel 31 responden. Instrument yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini untuk menilai tingkat depresi lansia menggunakan kuesioner Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Penelitian ini dilakukan selama 3 hari pada pagi dan sore hari selama 15 menit. Penelitian ini menggunakan uji Marginal Homogeneity. Penelitian ini menunjukkan pengaruh yang signifikan dari uji Marginal Homogeneity yaitu p value 0,003 yang artinya p&lt; 0,05. Ada Pengaruh pemberian Terapi Musik Suara Air Mengalir dengan Brainwave terhadap Penurunan Tingkat Depresi pada Lansia di Rumah Pelayanan Sosial Lanjut Usia Wening Wardoyo Ungaran.

HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for Conception Among HIV Serodiscordant Couples in the United States: A Cohort Study.

Practice guidelines on pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV serodiscordant couples recommend PrEP when the viral load of the partner living with HIV is either detectable or unknown. However, adherence to combination antiretroviral therapy is inconsistent, and research has found that individuals vulnerable to HIV place value on additional protective barriers. We conducted a prospective cohort study to assess the feasibility, perceptions, and adherence associated with periconceptional PrEP use among females without HIV and their male partners living with HIV across four academic medical centers in the United States. We performed descriptive statistics, McNemar's test of marginal homogeneity to assess discordance in female/male survey responses, and Spearman's correlation to determine associations between dried blood spot levels and female self-reported adherence to PrEP. We enrolled 25 women without HIV and 24 men living with HIV (one male partner did not consent to the study). Women took PrEP for a median of 10.9 months (interquartile range 3.8-12.0) and were generally adherent. In total, 87% of women (20/23) had a dried blood spot with >700 fmol/punch or ≥4 doses/week, 4% (1/23) at 350-699 fmol/punch or 2-3 doses/week, and 9% (2/23) at <350 fmol/punch or <2 doses/week (correlation between drug levels and adherence is based on prior data). Dried blood spot levels closely aligned with self-reported adherence (Spearman's rho = 0.64, p = 0.001). There were 10 pregnancies among 8 participants, 4 of which resulted in spontaneous abortions. There was one preterm delivery (36 5/7 weeks), no congenital abnormalities, and no HIV transmissions. Ten couples (40%) were either lost to follow-up or ended the study early. Overall, women attempting conception with male partners living with HIV in the United States are interested and able to adhere to PrEP as an additional tool for safer conception.

Improving Pre-Service Mathematics Teachers' Views on Proof: A Design Study

Proof has an important place both for the learning and teaching of mathematics. Pre-service mathematics teachers who learn about proof during undergraduate courses will use proofs during their teaching when they enter the profession. This is why the pre-service teachers’ views about proof are important. In this study, the effects of an intervention study that aims to improve pre-service mathematics teachers’ content and pedagogical content knowledge of proof on pre-service teachers’ views about proof were examined. The quantitative phase of this design-based research study was conducted in a teacher preparation program at a state university in Istanbul with 22 pre-service mathematics teachers, and the qualitative phase was conducted with three pre-service teachers. Data from the study were obtained during the spring semester of the 2017-2018 academic year. The quantitative data of the study were collected by a Likert-type scale, while the qualitative data were collected by semi-structured interviews. For the analysis of quantitative data, Two tests, Wilcoxon signed ranks test and marginal homogeneity test, were used. For qualitative data analysis, descriptive analysis was used. The quantitative findings of the study revealed that course intervention had a significant impact on pre-service teachers’ views about proof. The qualitative findings of the study also support quantitative findings. According to the qualitative findings of the study, the non-positive views of the participants before the implementation changed positively after the implementation. In line with the findings of the research, it may be suggested to conduct intervention studies to improve the different affective behaviors of pre-service teachers related to proof.

The Effectiveness of Articulation Therapy through Telepractice for Children with Cerebral Palsy Inclusive Schools

The purpose of this study is providing information on the effectiveness of articulation therapy through telepractice for children with cerebral palsy at inclusive schools in Surakarta. This study uses the survey method, aiming to find information that will be used to solve problems and not to test hypotheses. The subjects of this study were all children with cerebral palsy in inclusive schools in Surakarta. The instrument in this study is in the form of Articulation Test Guidelines on the consonant /r/ followed by vowel sounds [ /a/, /i/, /u/e/, /e/ and /o] initial, middle and final positions in the form of words with the help of pictures. Therapeutic tools used in intervening with children are computers, cellphones with video calls. This research is required to be one of the models of Intervention/Management of Articulation Therapy through Telepractice for Children with Cerebral Palsy in Inclusive Schools. Based on the results of the analysis using the marginal homogeneity test, a p value of 0.031 (p &lt; 0.05) statistically showed that there was a difference between before and after telepractice articulation therapy for cerebral palsy students in inclusive schools in Surakarta

The Effect of Storytelling on Ability to Control Violence Behavior in Early Childhood

Introduction:Storytelling is a narrative activity that is close to children. This activity can convey the contents of stories, feelings or ideas without making the children feel like being patronized. Narrators can also convey or teach about the behavior that children should do. Early children often do aggressive or violent actions. Based on the condition, storytelling becomes a way to teach children about good behavior. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of storytelling on the ability to control violent behavior in early childhood at one of Kindergarten in Semarang.Methods: This research is a quantitative research. Sampling technique used total sampling with 24 students as respondents. The data obtained were processed statistically using the marginal homogeneity test. Using marginal homogeneity test, it was obtained p value of 0,000 (&lt;0.05).Results: It can be concluded that there is a storytelling effect on the ability to control violent behavior in early childhood.Conclusion: There is an effect of storytelling on the ability to control violent behavior in early childhood among students of one of Islamic kindergarten in Semarang. For institutions, the storytelling method can be used as daily learning because learning is not only about academics but also attitudes.

Decreasing Family Anxiety Level of Acute Coroner Syndrome with Slow Deep Breathing Relaxation

Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients can cause anxiety for the family. Anxiety of ACS family in Aloei Saboe hospital was found to be a family of moderate anxiety of 18 people (81.8%) and a severe anxiety of 4 people (18.2%). This study used the research design of One Group Pretest Posttest Design with 22 respondents. Respondents were given slow deep breathing exercises, given for 15 minutes. The bivariate analysis used is the Marginal Homogeneity Test. The results of the study were obtained before being given treatment, the family with moderate anxiety amounted to 18 people (81.8%) and a heavy anxiety of 4 people (18.2). After being given treatment there was a decrease in the level of anxiety, the family with moderate anxiety numbered 9 people (40.9) and mild anxiety about 13 people (59.1%). The results of the statistical test for marginal homogeneity obtained p values of 0.000 (p<0.05). There is a slow deep breathing effect on decreasing family anxiety level of acute coronary syndrome patients. Further research, slow deep breathing actions can be combined with health education in overcoming the anxiety of families who care for patients in hospitals.