Pattern Map Research Articles

Study on a Numerical Model of Hydrate Bed Critical Velocity in Solid–Liquid Two-Phase Flow Pipelines

A hydrate bed critical velocity model is developed, including a hydrate bed limit deposition velocity model and a hydrate bed suspension velocity model. The innovation of this paper is to consider the hydrate bed pressure and liquid bridge force on hydrate particles when building the limit deposition velocity model and to modify Dai’s model by using hydrate experimental and simulation data when building the suspension velocity model. The hydrate bed critical velocity model is negatively correlated with the particle size and positively correlated with the pipe diameter, particle density, and particle volume fraction. The accuracy of the model is demonstrated by validation. The hydrate bed critical velocity model can be used to calculate the hydrate fixed-bed and moving-bed height under different conditions, based on which the flow pattern map of hydrate particles and the hydrate blockage risk classification method are established, which is a certain guidance to ensure the safety of hydrate flow in the pipeline.

Air Pollution Patterns Mapping of SO2, NO2, and CO Derived from TROPOMI over Central-East Europe

The analysis of changes in the level of air pollution concentration allows for the control of air quality and its compliance with the normative requirements. Currently, every country in Europe implements air quality monitoring. However, during emergencies in areas that are often difficult to monitor, the only source of information is geospatial data obtained by means of Earth observation techniques. The aims of this study were to estimate the amounts of pollutant concentrations and develop a pattern of spatiotemporal changes in Central and Eastern Europe in Poland and Ukraine. Due to the ongoing military operations in Ukraine, it is an area that is difficult to access. Pollution from industrial facilities, fires, collapsed buildings, and the use of explosive weapons poses a threat to air quality. Additionally, the impact of war on air pollution concentration levels remains unclear. This work characterized the changes in the distribution of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide concentrations in 2018–2022 in local zones in both countries. Publicly available TROPOMI-S5 satellite data were used for this study, which were compared with measurements from ground stations in Poland. It has been estimated that the concentration of NO2 (+0.67 ± 0.47 µmol/m2) in Poland has increased and the level of SO2 and CO have decreased in both studied areas: in Poland (−161.67 ± 5.48 µmol/m2, −470.85 ± 82.81 µmol/m2) and in Ukraine (−32.56 ± 23.51 µmol/m2, −438.04 ± 80.76 µmol/m2). The concentration of NO2 in Ukraine has decreased by −0.28 ± 0.21 µmol/m2.

Localized assembly for long reads enables genome-wide analysis of repetitive regions at single-base resolution in human genomes

BackgroundLong-read sequencing technologies have the potential to overcome the limitations of short reads and provide a comprehensive picture of the human genome. However, the characterization of repetitive sequences by reconstructing genomic structures at high resolution solely from long reads remains difficult. Here, we developed a localized assembly method (LoMA) that constructs highly accurate consensus sequences (CSs) from long reads.MethodsWe developed LoMA by combining minimap2, MAFFT, and our algorithm, which classifies diploid haplotypes based on structural variants and CSs. Using this tool, we analyzed two human samples (NA18943 and NA19240) sequenced with the Oxford Nanopore sequencer. We defined target regions in each genome based on mapping patterns and then constructed a high-quality catalog of the human insertion solely from the long-read data.ResultsThe assessment of LoMA showed a high accuracy of CSs (error rate < 0.3%) compared with raw data (error rate > 8%) and superiority to a previous study. The genome-wide analysis of NA18943 and NA19240 identified 5516 and 6542 insertions (≥ 100 bp), respectively. Most insertions (~ 80%) were derived from tandem repeats and transposable elements. We also detected processed pseudogenes, insertions in transposable elements, and long insertions (> 10 kbp). Finally, our analysis suggested that short tandem duplications are associated with gene expression and transposons.ConclusionsOur analysis showed that LoMA constructs high-quality sequences from long reads with substantial errors. This study revealed the true structures of the insertions with high accuracy and inferred the mechanisms for the insertions, thus contributing to future human genome studies. LoMA is available at our GitHub page: https://github.com/kolikem/loma.

Exploration of the core gene signatures and mechanisms between NAFLD and sarcopenia through transcriptomic level.

The increased prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and sarcopenia among the elderly are facing a significant challenge to the world's health systems. Our study aims to identify the coexpressed genes in NAFLD and sarcopenia patients. We downloaded the transcriptome data of NAFLD tissue from patients, as well as muscle tissues from sarcopenia patients, from the GEO database in order to investigate the shared transcriptional regulation mechanisms between these two diseases. Then, focusing on the genes that were frequently expressed in these diseases, together with GSVA and WGCNA, we utilized a range of analysis methods to identify the main co-expressed genes in both diseases by taking intersections. We investigated these changes after learning that they mostly affected lipid metabolism and oxidative stress injury pathways. By analyzing these genes and their interactions with transcription factors and proteins, we were able to identify 8 genes that share common patterns. From these 8 genes, we were possible to forecast potential future medicines. Our research raises the possibility of NAFLD and sarcopenia transcriptome regulatory pathways in aging populations. In conclusion, a complete transcription pattern mapping was carried out in order to identify the core genes, underlying biological mechanisms, and possible therapeutic targets that regulate aging in NAFLD and sarcopenia patients. It provides novel insights and proof in favor of decreasing the increased prevalence of sarcopenia in the elderly caused by NAFLD.

Experimental investigation of bubble dynamics and flow patterns during flow boiling in high aspect ratio microchannels with the effect of flow orientation

Multiphase flow and boiling phase-change within microchannels are of paramount importance to thermal management and electronics cooling, among others. The present experimental study investigated the bubble dynamics and flow patterns during flow boiling in a high aspect ratio microchannel at different channel orientations. Hydrofluoroether (HFE−7000) was used as the working fluid within a transparent glass microchannel with a width-to-height aspect ratio of 10 and a hydraulic diameter of 909 μm. A tantalum layer coating was applied to the channel, allowing visual observation to be conducted whilst imposing uniform heating along the channel. Under horizontal and vertical upward flow, the mass fluxes were varied between 14 kg m−2 s−1 and 42 kg m−2 s−1 for Reynolds numbers between 28.4 and 85.2, while the heat fluxes were set from 2.8 kW m−2 to 18.7 kW m−2. The results show that single bubble growth can be divided into three stages, namely: bubble-free growth, partially confined bubble growth, and fully confined growth. The effects of mass flux and heat flux on bubble behaviour and transition points between the defined stages are discussed. Equally important, the channel orientation influences the bubble behaviour in terms of bubble evolution, bubble shape, and bubble nose velocity, with no significant differences observed for the flow patterns when comparing horizontal and vertical upward cases. The comparison of the present work with previous flow pattern map results from the literature shows that earlier flow pattern transition models cannot accurately predict the observed flow patterns in the present configuration. Two types of instabilities are observed, which are associated with the dominant flow pattern during flow boiling and hence a function of the mass flux to heat flux ratio. The first type of instability, high amplitude and long period oscillation, is found during slug flow which is characterised by the presence of bubble rapid expansion along the channel. In addition, a second instability ensues when churn and annular flow create short period oscillations due to the high number of nucleation events, bubble coalescence, and the breakage of liquid slug or liquid film.

Developing adiabatic two-phase flow after an expansion valve: the effect of tube diameter and oil

The development of the adiabatic two-phase flow between an expansion valve and evaporator along a 600 mm-long glass tube in an air conditioning system has been presented in Yao and Hrnjak (2022). In this paper, the developing two-phase flow in a straight tube of 5 mm inner diameter is compared to that of the 8 mm tube in Yao and Hrnjak (2022) to examine the effect of the tube diameter. R134a with 1.3% of POE 32 is used as the working fluid. It provides a good opportunity to investigate the effect of oil on developing two-phase flow by comparing the results in this paper with Bowers and Hrnjak (2009). They have explored the developing two-phase flow after a needle valve using pure R134a. The flow patterns near the expansion device are affected by both the addition of oil and the structure of the expansion device. For the fully developed flow, the differences in flow patterns are mainly attributed to the oil. A 3D flow pattern map for developing two-phase flow is proposed in this paper. There is no similar research in the open literature to compare with. But the developed flow is compared with the flow pattern maps of Wojtan et al. (2005) and Barbieri et al. (2008).

Conceptually-grounded mapping patterns for Virtual Knowledge Graphs

Virtual Knowledge Graphs (VKGs) constitute one of the most promising paradigms for integrating and accessing legacy data sources. A critical bottleneck in the integration process involves the definition, validation, and maintenance of mapping assertions that link data sources to a domain ontology. To support the management of mappings throughout their entire lifecycle, we identify a comprehensive catalog of sophisticated mapping patterns that emerge when linking databases to ontologies. To do so, we build on well-established methodologies and patterns studied in data management, data analysis, and conceptual modeling. These are extended and refined through the analysis of concrete VKG benchmarks and real-world use cases, and considering the inherent impedance mismatch between data sources and ontologies. We validate our catalog on the considered VKG scenarios, showing that it covers the vast majority of mappings present therein.

Mapping of Limestone Potential Using Landsat 8 Satellite Imageryin Some Areasof Timpeh

Limestone potential is important information that can be obtained from remote sensing data which has advantages and speed in processing results. Remote sensing is a technology that can overcome the problemof measuring data for fast and accurate information. This research was carried out in some areas of the Timpeh sub-district,andDharmasraya districtusing Landsat 8-OLI imagery with the aimof1) identifying the potential of limestone using the Band Ratio method. 2) How to apply remote sensing in mapping the potential of limestoneusing Landsat 8 Oli imagery.&#x0D; This research was carried out in several stages, namely Pre Processing which included radiometric correction and atmospheric correction, image cropping according to the research area, and processing whichincluded making geological maps, making landform maps, making maps of river flow patterns and vegetationindex maps and limestone identification using the RGB band ratio method (5/4;6/3;4/2).&#x0D; The results of field identification in potential limestone areas, where the RGB (Red Green Blue)composite of the band ratio 5/4;6/3;4/2 shows that the presence of limestone is characterized by the appearanceof greenish-brown colored objects. The average pixel value for limestone with a band ratio of 5/4 is 2.475, for a6/3 ratio is 1.275 and for a 4/3 ratio is 0.788. In this study, the potential area of limestone in the research areawasfound,whichwas approximately 2352,14564 ha.

Equal sharing or not at all caring? Ideals about fathers’ family involvement and the prevalence of the second half of the gender revolution in 27 societies

ABSTRACTUsing attitude data from the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) of 2012, we study the prevalence of the second half of the gender revolution – the involvement of men/fathers in care and housework on equal terms with women/mothers. With a focus on the collective consciousness in 27 societies, we (1) map patterns of support for different family model ideals; (2) study the extent to which these ideals are related to national-level indicators of gender equality and modernization; (3) analyse similarities and differences between groups of societies, with a focus on which ideals represent conservative and progressive alternatives in each society; and (4) analyse group differences and the degree to which these ideals are contested within societies. We find that the ideal of a father as provider and a mother as caregiver persists but is challenged in nearly all societies by other alternatives, including: mothers’ part-time work; full-time work for both mothers and fathers; and a dual-earner/dual-carer ideal, with shared responsibilities for paid (part-time) and unpaid work. On the societal level, modernization and gender equality are positively associated with both progressive family ideals and marked group differences, indicating that fathers’ involvement in the family is a contested issue in progressive societies.

Spatial Pattern and Intensity Mapping of Coseismic Landslides Triggered by the 2022 Luding Earthquake in China

On 5 September 2022, an Mw 6.6 earthquake occurred in Luding County in China, resulting in extensive surface rupture and casualties. Sufficient study on distribution characteristics and susceptibility regionalization of the earthquake-induced disasters (especially coseismic landslides) in the region has great significance to mitigation of seismic hazards. In this study, a complete coseismic landslide inventory, including 6233 landslides with 32.4 km2 in area, was present through multi-temporal satellite images. We explored the distribution and controlling conditions of coseismic landslides induced by the 2022 Luding event from the perspective of epicentral distance. According to the maximum value of landslide area density, the geographical location with the strongest coseismic landslide activity intensity under the influence of seismic energy, the macro-epicenter, was determined, and we found a remarkable relationship with the landslide distribution and macro-epicentral distance, that is, both the landslide area and number density associatively decreased with the increase in macro-epicentral distance. Then, a fast and effective method for coseismic landslide intensity zoning based on the obvious attenuation relationship was proposed, which could provide theoretical reference for susceptibility mapping of coseismic landslides induced by earthquakes in mountainous areas. Additionally, to quantitatively assess the impact of topographic, seismogenic and lithological factors on the spatial pattern of coseismic landslides, the relationships between the occurrences of coseismic landslides and influencing factors, i.e., elevation, slope angle, local relief, aspect, distance to fault and lithology, were examined. This study provides a fresh perspective on intensity zoning of coseismic landslides and has important guiding significance for post-earthquake reconstruction and land use in the disaster area.

Mapping of referral patterns for undescended testes – Risk factors for referral of children with normal testes

Accurate referral of boys with suspected undescended testes (UDT) is of importance to preserve fertility and reduce risk of future testicular cancer. While late referral is well studied, there is less knowledge about incorrect referrals, hence, referral of boys with normal testes. To evaluate the proportion of UDT referrals that did not lead to surgery or follow-up, and to assess risk factors for referral of boys with normal testes. All UDT referrals to a tertiary center of pediatric surgery during 2019-2020 were retrospectively assessed. Only children with suspected UDT in the referral (not suspected retractile testicles) were included. Primary outcome was normal testes at examination by a pediatric urologist. Independent variables were age, season, region of residence, referring care unit, referrer's educational level, referrer's findings, and ultrasound result. Risk factors for not needing surgery/follow-up were assessed with logistic regression and presented as adjusted odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval (aOR, [95% CI]). A total of 378 out of 740 included boys (51.1%) had normal testes. Patients >4 years (aOR 0,53, 95% CI [0,30-0,94]), referrals from pediatric clinics (aOR 0.27, 95% CI [0.14-0.51]) or surgery clinics (aOR 0.06, 95% CI [0.01-0.38]) had lower risk of normal testes. Boys referred during spring (aOR 1.80, 95% CI [1.06-3.05]), by a non-specialist physician (aOR 1.58, 95% CI [1.01-2.48]) or referrer's description of bilateral UDT (aOR 2.34, 95% CI [1.58-3.45]), or retractile testes (aOR 6.99, 95% CI [3.61-13.55]) had higher risk of not needing surgery/follow-up. None of the referred boys that had normal testes had been re-admitted at the end of this study (October 2022). Over 50% of boys referred for UDT had normal testes. This is higher or equal to previous reports. Efforts to reduce this rate should in our setting probably be directed towards well-child centers and training in examination of testicles. The main limitation of this study is the retrospective design and the rather short follow-up time, which however should have very modest effect on the main findings. Over 50% of boys referred for UDT have normal testes. A national survey regarding the management and examination of boys testicles has been launched and directed at well-child centers to further evaluate the findings of the current study.

Mitochondrial function-associated genes underlie cortical atrophy in prodromal synucleinopathies.

Isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder (iRBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by the loss of rapid eye movement sleep muscle atonia and the appearance of abnormal movements and vocalizations during rapid eye movement sleep. It is a strong marker of incipient synucleinopathy such as dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease. Patients with iRBD already show brain changes that are reminiscent of manifest synucleinopathies including brain atrophy. However, the mechanisms underlying the development of this atrophy remain poorly understood. In this study, we performed cutting-edge imaging transcriptomics and comprehensive spatial mapping analyses in a multicentric cohort of 171 polysomnography-confirmed iRBD patients [67.7 ± 6.6 (49-87) years; 83% men] and 238 healthy controls [66.6 ± 7.9 (41-88) years; 77% men] with T1-weighted MRI to investigate the gene expression and connectivity patterns associated with changes in cortical thickness and surface area in iRBD. Partial least squares regression was performed to identify the gene expression patterns underlying cortical changes in iRBD. Gene set enrichment analysis and virtual histology were then done to assess the biological processes, cellular components, human disease gene terms, and cell types enriched in these gene expression patterns. We then used structural and functional neighbourhood analyses to assess whether the atrophy patterns in iRBD were constrained by the brain's structural and functional connectome. Moreover, we used comprehensive spatial mapping analyses to assess the specific neurotransmitter systems, functional networks, cytoarchitectonic classes, and cognitive brain systems associated with cortical changes in iRBD. All comparisons were tested against null models that preserved spatial autocorrelation between brain regions and compared to Alzheimer's disease to assess the specificity of findings to synucleinopathies. We found that genes involved in mitochondrial function and macroautophagy were the strongest contributors to the cortical thinning occurring in iRBD. Moreover, we demonstrated that cortical thinning was constrained by the brain's structural and functional connectome and that it mapped onto specific networks involved in motor and planning functions. In contrast with cortical thickness, changes in cortical surface area were related to distinct genes, namely genes involved in the inflammatory response, and to different spatial mapping patterns. The gene expression and connectivity patterns associated with iRBD were all distinct from those observed in Alzheimer's disease. In summary, this study demonstrates that the development of brain atrophy in synucleinopathies is constrained by specific genes and networks.

Potential of Precise Fertilization through Adoption of Management Zones Strategy to Enhance Wheat Production

The variability in soil properties and crop yield can be overcome by adoption of smart farming practices through interpolation and mapping of spatial variability patterns. Geospatial technologies can be utilized to determine the cause of spatial variability in fields for site-specific application of fertilizer. This study was designed to quantify and identify the spatial variation in soil properties and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield and to delineate prescription maps for precise application of fertilizer in a semi-arid subtropical region of Pakistan. To examine the variability in soil properties on the production of the considered crop, this study comprised two different fields and each field was divided into (20 × 20 m) grids. The samples of soil were collected at 15 cm and 30 cm soil depths before the fertilization to analyze the different soil characteristics i.e., nitrogen (N), electrical conductivity (EC), potassium (K), soil organic matter (SOM), phosphorus (P), and pH. The boundaries of selected fields and grid points were established with a real-time kinematics-global positioning system (RTK-GPS). The soil data were acquired with a soil proximal sensor at a depth of 7 cm after fertilization. The statistical analysis coefficient of variation (CV), geostatistical-analysis-nugget-to-sill ratio (N:S), and the interpolated maps (ArcGIS pro 2.3) were used to characterize the least to moderate variability of soil parameters and yield, demanding site-specific management of fertilizer application. Cluster analysis was conducted using Minitab 21, which classified soil and yield characteristics into five categories: “very good”, “very low”, “good”, “poor”, and “medium”, with an external heterogeneity and internal homogeneity both more than 60%. Significant relationships (p &lt; 0.05) between soil and crop properties were used to develop the management zones (MZs) for the precise application of fertilizer in wheat fields. Significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) in soil nutrients were found in the very high and very low productivity zones at both sampling times, which suggest delineating the MZs for precise application of fertilizer according to the need of crop and soil properties. The results revealed that the optimum number of MZs for the wheat fields was five and there was heterogeneity in the soil nutrients in five MZs. The findings of this study also highlight the necessity of predicting the crop and soil factors by using precision technologies to develop the prescription maps, because sampling and analysis of soil are expensive and time-consuming. Based on the demand of the soil and crops, site-specific fertilization can increase economic and environmental efficiency.

Lotus-bud like hexagonal ZnO/g-C3N4 composites for the photodegradation of benzene present in aqueous solution

This study used a one-pot paralysis approach to combine hexagonal ZnO lotus buds with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets to create ZnO/g-C3N4 composites. For the purpose of investigating the charge carrier interface for photocatalytic improvement, ZnO/g-C3N4 composites in various molar ratios of ZnO and g-C3N4 were produced. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to investigate the coupling of the ZnO particles to the g-C3N4 nanosheets. For the degradation of benzene, pure ZnO, pure g-C3N4, and their composites were utilized. High purity ZnO with a clearly defined hexagonal wurtzite crystal phase was shown by elemental mapping and XRD patterns, and optical characteristics measured by UV-DRS, PL spectroscopy, and spectroscopy of electrochemical impedance (EIS). For the degradation of benzene, pure ZnO, pure g-C3N4, and their composites were employed. High purity and a clearly defined hexagonal wurtzite crystal phase were revealed by elemental mapping and XRD patterns for ZnO, and optical properties examined by UV-DRS, PL spectroscopy, and EIS revealed improved visible light absorbance with a substantially reduced electron-hole recombination rate. The prepared samples were applied to test the photodegradation of benzene in the presence of visible light. The 40 %ZnO/g-C3N4 sample shown the largest photocatalytic activity for the degradation among all the produced samples, with high stability up to five cycles. The combined photocatalyst and degradation mechanism were proposed as a Z-scheme.

Assessing the supply and demand linkage of cultural ecosystem services in a typical county-level city with protected areas in China

The construction of protected areas (PAs) is not only the most effective way to preserve biodiversity resources and the natural heritage, but also provides important cultural ecosystem services (CESs) for satisfying human psychological and spiritual needs and improving human well-being. Knowledge of CESs at the county level is vital for the bottom-up promotion of the overall work of China’s PAs. The assessment and mapping of the spatial pattern of CESs, and their supply and demand relationship in PAs and their surrounding areas, are of great significance for high-quality development planning at the county scale. In our study, we developed an integrated approach to mapping the supply and demand of CESs, and then integrated the SolVES model with social media comments to explore the matching relationship between CESs’ (aesthetic inspiration, education humanities, and recreation and ecotourism) supply and demand using Wuyishan City, China, with its abundant PAs, as a case study. The results showed that the supply of three types of CESs accounting for approximately 70% of the study area was greater than the demand, and thus these CESs have significant future development prospects. The distribution of the three high-supply CESs and tourist destinations showed roughly the same spatial patterns, in which the high-demand hot spots were identified in the south of Wuyishan City. And the total supply and demand levels inside the PAs were much greater than those outside. Therefore, clarifying the matching relationship between supply and demand of CESs at the county level is not only conducive to promoting the sustainable development of natural resources, but also provides a reference for the planning of county-level protection of PAs under each county’s jurisdiction.

Efficient Convolutional Neural Networks for Semiconductor Wafer Bin Map Classification.

The results obtained in the wafer test process are expressed as a wafer map and contain important information indicating whether each chip on the wafer is functioning normally. The defect patterns shown on the wafer map provide information about the process and equipment in which the defect occurred, but automating pattern classification is difficult to apply to actual manufacturing sites unless processing speed and resource efficiency are supported. The purpose of this study was to classify these defect patterns with a small amount of resources and time. To this end, we explored an efficient convolutional neural network model that can incorporate three properties: (1) state-of-the-art performances, (2) less resource usage, and (3) faster processing time. In this study, we dealt with classifying nine types of frequently found defect patterns: center, donut, edge-location, edge-ring, location, random, scratch, near-full type, and None type using open dataset WM-811K. We compared classification performance, resource usage, and processing time using EfficientNetV2, ShuffleNetV2, MobileNetV2 and MobileNetV3, which are the smallest and latest light-weight convolutional neural network models. As a result, the MobileNetV3-based wafer map pattern classifier uses 7.5 times fewer parameters than ResNet, and the training speed is 7.2 times and the inference speed is 4.9 times faster, while the accuracy is 98% and the F1 score is 89.5%, achieving the same level. Therefore, it can be proved that it can be used as a wafer map classification model without high-performance hardware in an actual manufacturing system.

Hi-C analysis of genomic contacts revealed karyotype abnormalities in chicken HD3 cell line

BackgroundKaryotype abnormalities are frequent in immortalized continuous cell lines either transformed or derived from primary tumors. Chromosomal rearrangements can cause dramatic changes in gene expression and affect cellular phenotype and behavior during in vitro culture. Structural variations of chromosomes in many continuous mammalian cell lines are well documented, but chromosome aberrations in cell lines from other vertebrate models often remain understudied. The chicken LSCC-HD3 cell line (HD3), generated from erythroid precursors, was used as an avian model for erythroid differentiation and lineage-specific gene expression. However, karyotype abnormalities in the HD3 cell line were not assessed. In the present study, we applied high-throughput chromosome conformation capture to analyze 3D genome organization and to detect chromosome rearrangements in the HD3 cell line.ResultsWe obtained Hi-C maps of genomic interactions for the HD3 cell line and compared A/B compartments and topologically associating domains between HD3 and several other cell types. By analysis of contact patterns in the Hi-C maps of HD3 cells, we identified more than 25 interchromosomal translocations of regions ≥ 200 kb on both micro- and macrochromosomes. We classified most of the observed translocations as unbalanced, leading to the formation of heteromorphic chromosomes. In many cases of microchromosome rearrangements, an entire microchromosome together with other macro- and microchromosomes participated in the emergence of a derivative chromosome, resembling “chromosomal fusions'' between acrocentric microchromosomes. Intrachromosomal inversions, deletions and duplications were also detected in HD3 cells. Several of the identified simple and complex chromosomal rearrangements, such as between GGA2 and GGA1qter; GGA5, GGA4p and GGA7p; GGA4q, GGA6 and GGA19; and duplication of the sex chromosome GGAW, were confirmed by FISH.ConclusionsIn the erythroid progenitor HD3 cell line, in contrast to mature and immature erythrocytes, the genome is organized into distinct topologically associating domains. The HD3 cell line has a severely rearranged karyotype with most of the chromosomes engaged in translocations and can be used in studies of genome structure–function relationships. Hi-C proved to be a reliable tool for simultaneous assessment of the spatial genome organization and chromosomal aberrations in karyotypes of birds with a large number of microchromosomes.

Paleoproterozoic thick-skinned tectonics in the Central Indian Tectonic Zone: implications on the tectonic reconstructions of cratonic nuclei

ABSTRACT The Satpura Mountain Belt, or the Central Indian Tectonic Zone (CITZ), is a Paleoproterozoic mountain belt of Central India, with Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic rejuvenation history. Structural studies carried out in the southern margin of this ancient orogenic belt have identified a two-phase evolution. The documentation of mapped fold interference of Type 2 ‘boomerang-shaped’ pattern and the spread of early lineations over the hinge area of second-generation folds provide an estimate of ~40-43° angle between the regional axial directions of the folds of the two orogenic episodes. The map patterns indicate the presence of basement-involved recumbent fold nappes placed above the sedimentary cover sequence. The identified décollement structure on the surface provides information regarding the deformation of the upper crust in ductile manner. The patterns of the deep crustal reflectors mapped through previous deep seismic reflection study interpreted during the present investigation brought out the thick-skinned deformation in the region as well as identification of crustal low-velocity zones of lower strength and a domal geometry of the lower crust. The regional thrusts are found to deform deeper crustal layers, one thrust affecting the crust-mantle boundary. The behaviours of the upper and lower crust in terms of rheological layering have been used to interpret the regional structural style of the lithosphere. The structural features of the region do not support the argument regarding the status of the Central Indian Shear as a suture, but indicate it to be the outermost emergent thrust towards the foreland side. The patterns of dip of the thrusts and thrust transport directions indicate a northward dip of the South Indian Block during the subduction stage and the position of the collisional suture of the Satpura orogen to the north of the Sausar belt. A tectonic model has been proposed here to explain the formation of the Satpura Mountain Belt or CITZ involving subduction-collision at ~2250 Ma, followed by erosion, stretching and basin development between 2100 and 1500 Ma. A collisional event in the eastern and western craton margins of India, at ~1500 Ma, caused the second uplift of the Satpura Mountain Belt and its northern margin, developing a temporal unconformity of ~300 Ma gap between the Semri and Kaimur Groups (Vindhyan Supergroup). A third event in the region at ~950 Ma was similar to the second event. No continental amalgamation took place along the CITZ during the tectonothermal events at ~1500 Ma and ~950 Ma; these involved reactivation of old thrusts and basal accretion which were the effect of far-field stresses emanating from the orogenic events at the eastern margin of the Bastar Craton and western margin of the Aravalli Craton.

Measuring the Taylor Bubble Length in a Two-Phase Flow using an Electrical Resistance Sensor and a High-Speed Camera

The present research aims to investigate the two-phase air/water flow in a vertical pipe using an electrical resistance sensor and a high-speed camera. An electrical resistance sensor is designed and embedded in the inner wall of the tube. A flow pattern map is drawn at the height of 270 cm from the testbed inlet for 320 different phase velocities using a high-speed camera. By measuring the output voltage of the electrical resistance sensor and using the Maxwell relation, the volume fraction in bubbly and slug flow regimes are calculated for different phase velocities. The volume fraction values detected from the output signal of the electrical resistance sensor are compared with the results obtained from the high-speed camera images. The width of the output signal from the electrical resistance sensor indicates the length of the Taylor bubble. The output signal width is compared to the obtained Taylor bubble length from high-speed camera images, for several different velocities of the phases. It is noticed that at a constant velocity of the phases, the output signal width from the sensor is linearly related to the length of the Taylor bubble. The variations of the output signal width are plotted in terms of the ratio of the Taylor bubble length to the summation of air and water superficial velocities. By linear fitting of the available data, a novel equation is presented to calculate the Taylor bubble length in terms of the signal output from the electrical resistance sensor and the total superficial velocity of the phases.

The proto-type basin and tectono-paleogeographic evolution of the Tarim basin in the Late Paleozoic

The Tarim basin is a large composite and superimposed sedimentary basin that has undergone complex multi-period and polycyclic tectonic movements. Understanding the proto-type basin and tectono-paleogeographic evolution of this complex superimposed basin is important for understanding the basin-mountain coupling and dynamical mechanisms of the Paleo-Asian and Tethys tectonic systems as well as hydrocarbon exploration and development. Based on previous works, together with the recent exploration, and geological evidences, three global plate tectonic pattern maps, four Tarim proto-type basin maps (in present-day geographic coordinates) and four regional tectono-paleogeography maps (in paleogeographic coordinates) during the Late Paleozoic are provided in this paper. Based on these maps, the proto-type basin and tectono-paleogeographic features of the Tarim basin during the Late Paleozoic are illustrated. The Devonian to Permian is an important period of terranes/island-arcs accretion and oceanic closure along the periphery of the Tarim block, and a critical period when the polarity of Tarim basin (orientation of basin long-axis) rotated at the maximum angle clockwise. During the Late Paleozoic, the periphery of the Tarim block was first collisional orogeny on its northern margin, followed by continuous collisional accretion of island arcs on its southern margin: on the Northern margin, the North and South Tianshan Oceans closed from East to West; on the South-Western margin, the Tianshuihai Island Arc gradually collided and accreted. These tectonic events reduced the extent of the seawater channel of the passive continental margin in the Western part of the basin until its complete closure at the end of the Permian. The Tarim basin was thus completely transformed into an inland basin. This is a process of regression and uplift. The Southwest of the Tarim basin changed from a passive to an active continental margin, through back-arc downwarping and eventually complete closure to foreland setting. The intra-basin lithofacies range from shelf-littoral to platform-tidal flat to alluvial plain-lacustrine facies. The tectonic-sedimentary evolution of the Tarim basin is strongly controlled by peripheral geotectonic setting.