Manufacturer's Price Research Articles

The economic evaluation of establishing a plant for producing biodiesel from edible oil wastes in oil-rich countries: Case study Iran

In this investigation, three chemical processes for biodiesel production evaluated based on the financial standpoint. Due to its strongness and flexibility in economic evaluations, the COMFAR III software utilized for assessing processes. The alkali catalyzed process using virgin vegetable oil (process I), an-acid catalyzed process utilizing waste cooking oil (process II), and two-step supercritical methanol process using waste cooking oil (process III) considered as three deferent chemical processes and financial analyzes applied on all processes. The results of financial evaluation revealed that the process II with 2.992 million $, had the lowest manufacturing prices and with 7.541 million $ net present value would be considered as the most attractive proposal for investment. However, concerning total equipment costs of process III (1.141 million $) and its fixed investment prices (2.158 million $), this process selected as the most economically attractive process. In the next step, to evaluate the impacts of increased sales revenue, reduction in fixed assets, and operating costs on net present value, a sensitivity analysis was carried out. Sensitivity evaluation revealed that alteration in operating costs significantly impacts the net present value, and this significant change is more tangible in the process III.

Comparison of Cardiovascular Medicines Prices in Four European Countries.

The aim of the current study was to compare pricing methodologies at the manufacturer, wholesale, and retail levels, and to estimate the price differences of AT1-receptor blockers (sartans), Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)—inhibitors, and their fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) in four countries using similar methodologies: Slovakia, Greece, Bulgaria, and Romania (SK, GR, BG, and RO, respectively). The methodologies for manufacturer, wholesale, and retail price establishment have been compared using nationally implemented rules. Overlapping trademarks were established retrospectively on the manufacturer and retail levels in November 2017. The average price per tablet, percentage of price deviation, and statistically significant differences were calculated. The selected countries apply external reference pricing at the manufacturer level. A wide variation in the number of referent countries was observed (from 12 to 27). Despite the use of a regressive scale for price calculation, large variations between margins and value-added tax (VAT) are established, thus leading to different final medicine prices. This study found that medicine prices were lower in RO than in other selected countries. It was caused by the fact that 15 products had the lowest manufacturer price and 14 products had the lowest retail price in RO. Results of Kruskal–Wallis test showed that there were no significant differences between prices per tablet on the manufacturer and retail levels. In the group of fixed-dose combinations, ramipril/hydrochlorothiazide, and irbesartan/hydrochlorothiazide showed more than 100% deviation. The prices of cardiovascular medicines differed within the observed countries. The differences in pricing methodologies (e.g., margins, VAT) at the national level did not significantly affect retail prices, as a low manufacturer price usually leads to a low retail price.

The Rising Cost of Insulin for Pump Users: How Policy Drives Prices.

The price of insulin has increased dramatically over the past two decades. Medicare reimbursement for insulin is based on the route of administration via syringe (Part D) or via pump (Part B). Recently, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) announced a voluntary model for Part D enhanced plans that lower out-of-pocket costs to a co-pay of ≤$35/month. Meanwhile, the 21st Century Cures Act and manufacturer price increases raised the cost of insulin for pump users by 304% in less than 2 years. Because insulin is a life-saving necessity and unlike other Part B infused drugs, we call on CMS to determine drug reimbursement on a drug-by-drug basis and to develop a payment model that lowers out-of-pocket costs for patients using insulin delivered via pumps.

Game analysis for the impact of carbon trading on low-carbon supply chain

The emergence of carbon trading will affect low carbon behavior in manufacturers. To analyze the impact of carbon trading on low-carbon supply chain (LCSC) under different production modes, we developed a game model between low-carbon products and ordinary products. Based on the game model, the impact of carbon trading on unit retail price, sales volume, sales profit and consumer surplus are comparatively analyzed from different production modes of low carbon manufacturers. Results show that: 1) Carbon trading could increase the unit retail price of ordinary products and low-carbon manufacturers will also raise the unit retail price of low-carbon products to obtain more revenue under the competitive market environment. 2) The carbon trading will promote the sales volume of low-carbon products when the manufacturer only produces low-carbon products. However, in the case of a manufacturer producing two products simultaneously, the carbon trading could promote the sale of low-carbon products only when the environmental impact ratio of the unit ordinary product to the unit low-carbon product is greater than a certain threshold. 3) The impact of carbon trading on profit is related to the environmental impact ratio of the two kinds of unit products. 4) The government could adjust the impact of carbon trading on consumer surplus through carbon credit.

Coordination contract for a competitive pharmaceutical supply chain considering corporate social responsibility and pricing decisions

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) and pricing decisions are proposed for a competitive two-level pharmaceutical supply chain (PSC) comprising two pharma-manufacturers and one pharma-retailer. In the investigated PSC, the pharma-manufacturers competitively invest in the CSR effort to produce a new medicine and sell two substitutable products to the market through the pharma-retailer, deciding on selling prices of manufacturers’ products. The PSC under consideration is modeled in three decision-making structures, i.e., decentralized, centralized, and coordinated models. In the decentralized model, the pricing and CSR decisions are individually obtained using a pharma-manufacturers–Stackelberg game structure. In the centralized model as a benchmark, the best performance of the entire PSC system is achieved. Finally, to encourage all PSC members to agree on the coordination plan, a CSR cost-sharing contract is proposed. Our results reveal that under competitive environment, the proposed CSR cost-sharing contract is able to increase market demand by significantly decreasing selling prices and increasing level of the CSR efforts.

Bonnington chemical works (1822–1878): pioneer coal tar company

Established in 1822 to process the coal tar and ammoniacal liquor residues of the Edinburgh gasworks, the Bonnington Chemical Works was an early and unusual facility in an era when coal gas residues were generally regarded as a burden. Its special place in the history of fossil fuel chemical manufacture has gone unnoticed and its operations have not been analysed previously, despite there being considerable source material. Here the lifecycle of the plant is explored in detail to understand its instigation, subsequent growth, and why it later closed, with emphasis on the ongoing evolution of its product range and corresponding manufacturing methods, production scale and prices. A key element in its extended success – the integrated scientific, technical and commercial skill of the various managers – is illustrated, as are interrelationships of the Bonnington works with the gradual development of the overall coal tar sector and broader industrial, political and social influences.

Investigating Buyer’s Perceptions and Purchase Decisions for New Product Development: A Case of Feed Additive from Popped Rice

The aim of the study is to develop product innovation based on Thai rice. This research intends to further develop popped rice into zinc oxide-doped activated carbon for animal feed additive, to study buyer’s perceptions and purchase decisions for new product development. The study used the mixed methodological approach. The first step began with idea generation to identify alternative advantage of the new product. The ideas of assessment phase led to a review of important criteria which showed that new product development for animal feed additive had the highest weighted score. The qualitative research was conducted through in-depth personal interviews with 10 participants working in the animal feed industry. The quantitative research was conducted through the questionnaire survey with 72 respondents working in swine farms, deciding the products bought for animal feeds. The combined results revealed that zinc oxide-doped activated carbon made from popped rice can potentially penetrate the feed additive market. However, the producer needs solid proof or certification in relation to the product’s features and its efficiency with the competitive price. The results suggested that buyers of animal feed additive with the greater concern for price, brand, and reputation of manufacturer will lead to less chance for customers to consider buying the new product of zinc oxide-doped activated carbon from popped rice for animal feed additive. Thus, the developer may need to create a reputation by getting product qualification certificate.

DUAL-CHANNEL SUPPLY CHAIN MODEL BASED ON TIME TRANSACTION OF DEALING BY NOTICE DISRUPTION RISK FACTOR

The fourth industrial revolution era requires an effectiveness and efficiency to enforce the industrial activities, one of them, such as minimization of transaction time of dealing that consists of service and delivery time. The purpose of this research is to calculate the industrial profit using dual-channel supply chain model based on the transaction time of dealing by notice disruption risk factor on retailers as the effect of mindset changing of consumers. In this research, we construct the maximization model of profit in the system between manufacture and multi-retailer. Multi-retailer’s economical activities have some disruption risk factors on the retail engagement. Furthermore, we determine the optimum solution using Newton method so we get the optimum profit of the system is $620372. That kind of situation is reached when the offered price of manufacturer, retailer 1, and retailer 2 is $318.99, $352.48, and $345.43 respectively with the probability of disruption is 9.15%. Depend on sensitivity analysis of profit system, the profit increase significantly to $1010948. It occur when priority of consumers demand to retailer 1 is missing to 9.3 units per price changing of retailer 2.

Machine learning based customer sentiment analysis for recommending shoppers, shops based on customers\u2019 review

Big data analytics plays a major role in various industries using computing applications such as E-commerce and real-time shopping. Big data are used for promoting products and provide better connectivity between retailers and shoppers. Nowadays, people always use online promotions to know about best shops for buying better products. This shopping experience and opinion about the shopper’s shop can be observed by the customer-experience shared across social media platforms. A new customer when searching a shop needs information about manufacturing date (MRD) and manufacturing price (MRP), offers, quality, and suggestions which can only be provided by the previous customer experience. The MRP and MRD are already available in the product cover or label. Several approaches have been used for predicting the product details but not providing accurate information. This paper is motivated towards applying Machine Learning algorithms for learning, analysing and classifying the product information and the shop information based on the customer experience. The product data with customer reviews is collected from benchmark Unified computing system (UCS) which is a server for data based computer product lined up for evaluating hardware, support to visualization, software management. From the results and comparison, it has been found that machine learning algorithms outperform than other approaches. The proposed HRS system has higher values of MAPE which is 96% and accuracy is nearly 98% when compared to other existing techniques. Mean absolute error of proposed HRS system is nearly 0.6 which states that the performance of the system is significantly effective.

Goodwill and Its Effect on Share Price of Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Companies

This research examines how goodwill is relevant to share price on a sample of European companies with goodwill. The dataset includes 7,253 European companies broken down by sector according to the NACE classification in the period 2009–2017. Linear regression analysis was used to identify the effect of goodwill on share price. It was found out that goodwill has a positive effect on share price in manufacturing companies. These results suggest that the information contained in goodwill should be more identified to provide users of reporting with more information.

IMPLEMENTASI METODE HARGA POKOK PROSES DALAM PERHITUNGAN HARGA POKOK PRODUKSI PADA USAHA BATIK

The Batik is a company which produces apparel from the raw materials until the finished goods. It is called production. By the production, the company aims to produce high quality products with proper list price. Finally, the company will be able to compete with other companies. The purpose of this Last Project is to produce the application of The Computerization of Accounting System for Cost of Goods Manufacture with cost method process determine the list price so it can assist the disposal section in accounting process. The method used in this research was collecting the data including observation method, interview method, and literature technique. The process in making the application of The Computerization of Accounting System for Cost of Goods Manufacture with cost method process on Nur Hasida Batik in Sragen used a computer with Visual Basic 6 program, MySQL, and crystal report. The result of this Last Project Report is The Computerization of Accounting System for Cost of Goods Manufacture based on Orders which includes: goods data input, raw materials data input, labors costs data input, factory overhead data input, the transaction cost of goods, the transaction of the accounting for cost of goods manufacture and list price. It is also included the report of commodities’ data, the report of labors costs data, the report of commodities data, the report of factory overhead data, the report of the accounting for cost of goods manufacture and list price. Keywords: Raw material, labor cost, overhead, cost of goods manufacture

Selecting the supply chain financing mode under price-sensitive demand: Confirmed warehouse financing vs. trade credit

In a product market with price-sensitive demand, we examine a supply chain consisting of one manufacturer and one capital-constrained retailer. The retailer may purchase by borrowing by securing confirmed warehouse financing (CWF) from a competitive bank or the manufacturer's trade credit financing (TCF), provided that it is also to the latter's benefit to extend TCF. We obtain the manufacturer's optimal pricing decision in the two financing modes under the wholesale price contract that coordinates the supply chain given a wider range of wholesale prices in CWF. We find that CWF is more suitable for the customer segment for which the unit retail price is low and demand is stable, so the product can be monetized quickly; TCF is suitable for the customer segment for which the unit retail price is high and has a high price elasticity of demand and hence for long-term investment. The repurchase price is an important factor affecting the participants' selection of CWF.

Materials and nano-structural processes for use in solid oxide fuel cells: a review

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are considered to be the focus of investigation for energy systems owing to their efficiency in converting chemical energy into electrical energy, low carbon footprint, and fuel flexibility. Despite their high performance and durability, SOFCs suffer from critical problems such as carbon coking, agglomeration, and poor redox stability. This review presents research on the development of nanostructures for use in commercial SOFC systems and highlights various aspects of research and applications across the globe. The materials utilized for anodes, electrolytes, and cathodes are discussed and compared, detailing how their respective properties can attain high catalytic activity, conductivity, and stability at low temperatures with the aim of direct application using diverse fuels such as hydrogen, hydrocarbons, and carbon fuels. This review also discusses and compares the various processes used for the synthesis of the electrodes and electrolytes used in SOFCs, such as physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), infiltration, and in situ exsolution, that have gained much attention with a view to increase the active areas, decrease the Ohmic resistance, and reduce the manufacturing price.

ACCOUNTING OF THE ENTERPRISE’S FINANCIAL RESERVES AT THE INTEGRATION OF ENERGY-SAVING PRINCIPLES AND TRANSITION TO THE CONCEPT OF ENERGY-SAVING PRODUCTION

The main task of modern production is to form the program of development and determination of the ways for technological improvement. The relevance of the work is in the fact that the technological concept for energy-saving development is almost always connected with the focus on it on the part of the company’s management. In particular, with the availability of energy costs for the enterprise, the issue of energy saving is not formed as relevant. In conditions when all the enterprises are increasingly entering the global market and obtaining resources at prices of the world's manufacturers, there is a necessity of updating of the energy conservation system and the revitalization of the study’s problematics. The novelty of the study is determined by the fact that it has investigated the means of accounting for the use of energy-saving measures in order to form a sustainable operation of the enterprise. The paper shows the aspects of the greening of an industrial enterprise in the implementation of the energy-saving program. The organizational, structural and technological features of accounting activities have been revealed in the economic reporting of the enterprise. The practical application of the study is possible provided that the company fully contributes to the goals of entering the international market and assesses their performance according to the international reporting standards. Keywords: Energy Enterprise, Reporting, Accounting, International Market, Greening JEL Classifications: K32, L3, L32 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.8669

Manufacturer's optimal pricing and lot‐sizing policies under trade‐credit financing

In the year 2006, Teng et al considered an appropriate economic production quantity (EPQ) model in which the manufacturer receives the supplier's trade credit and provides trade credit to the customer simultaneously. The following two payment methods were discussed by Teng et al:The main purpose of this paper is summarized below:Finally, with a view to further motivating the interested researchers for using the methodology and mathematical analytic techniques in several other contexts in the field, we have chosen to include, in Section 12, a number of related recent works in the field.

Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy for Colorectal Cancer.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy represents a new genetically engineered method of immunotherapy for cancer. The patient’s T-cells are modified to express a specific receptor that sticks to the tumor antigen. This modified cell is then reintroduced into the patient’s body to fight the resilient cancer cells. After exhibiting positive results in hematological malignancies, this therapy is being proposed for solid tumors like colorectal cancer. The clinical data of CAR T-cell therapy in colorectal cancer is rather scarce. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge, challenges, and future perspectives of CAR T-cell therapy in colorectal cancer. A total of 22 articles were included in this review. Eligible studies were selected and reviewed by two researchers from 49 articles found on Pubmed, Web of Science, and clinicaltrials.gov. This therapy, at the moment, provides modest benefits in solid tumors. Not taking into consideration the high manufacturing and retail prices, there are still limitations like increased toxicities, relapses, and unfavorable tumor microenvironment for CAR T-cell therapy in colorectal cancer.

The supplier-retailer optimal replenishment decisions under a two-level trade credit model with shortage for deteriorating items

This paper establishes an integrated inventory model of a supplier and a manufacturer under a two-level trade credit contract. The manufacturer's inventory model follows the economic production quantity model and the produced items follow exponentially deterioration rate and price-dependent demand. Shortages are allowed for the manufacturer and are completely backlogged to the next period. Traditional inventory system and one-level trade credit are also concluded as special cases of the developed two-level trade credit model and the supply chain performance under these three policies are compared. The formulated models aim at helping the supply chain decision makers to determine the best delay strategy and find the optimal values for replenishment policy and the manufacturer's selling price in order to maximise the supply chain total net profit. The results have been then validated with a numerical example and the effect of various parameters on the optimal solution is finally studied by performing sensitivity analysis.

Location, Location, Location: Manufacturing and House Price Growth

Manufacturing-heavy US regions recently saw lower employment and income growth. Exploiting data on tens of millions of housing transactions, we show that house prices grew by less in the same regions, a pattern exaggerated for the lowest-value homes. Counterfactual accounting exercises reveal that regional differences in the growth of the lowest-value homes more than fully account for a recent increase in overall house price inequality. Given the magnitude of housing in overall wealth, we conclude that differences in regional house price growth, especially the experience of manufacturing-heavy areas, should receive careful attention in studies of wealth inequality.

Studies on microstructure and mechanical characteristics of as cast AA6061/SiC/fly ash hybrid AMCs produced by stir casting

Fly ash has been receiving the extensive concentration as a strong reinforcing element for Aluminum Matrix Composites (AMCs) to strengthen the properties and cut the price of manufacturing. AA6061 reinforced with various weight percentages of fly ash particulates and a constant weight percentage of SiC were prepared by stir casting technique as it is one of the simplest and cost-effective method for producing AMCs. Wettability of SiC and Fly ash particles with the aluminum was enhanced by fly ash itself. The microstructure, hardness and tensile properties of manufactured AMCs were analyzed. Optical Microscopy (OM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) discovered a harmonized dispersion of SiC and fly ash particles with superior bonding with the matrix material. The inclusion of fly ash particles in to aluminum matrix enhanced the microhardness and Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) of the AMCs.

Weighted average price management of manufacturer sales with determined realization volume by the end of trade period on commodity exchanges

This paper proposed a method to control the weighted average price of manufacturer sales with the initially specified sales by the end of the trading interval on the commodity exchanges. The developed manufacturer sales strategy is proposed as a hedge against price slumps without the use of derivative financial instruments in commodity markets.