Fertilizer Manufacturing Research Articles

Ceramic Bricks of Increased Frost Resistance of Kushchevsky Deposit Clay Raw Material as the Building Material within Architectural Shaping Dynamics

Introduction. The architectural and construction discourse, which has become widespread today, states that even though there develops the informational networking type of interaction among the participants of the socio-cultural exchange, the architecture will still get its rightful place because it is the most important component of the living environment of a community.Despite the rapid and successful development of applied areas of the Architectural Science caused by the dynamics of mass construction (or construction of single buildings and structures, but those, which are originally clearly meant to meet the mass requirements of the society, its stereotyped ideas about the look of a modern urban metropolis) and changes in construction technologies, design and engineering methods, forms and production resources, there is no clear understanding of what does the architecture implicate, not merely in the frame of scientific achievements, but also in the frame of the technical, technological and material progress of civilization.The problem set by the latest dynamics in the architectural and construction field (industry) is increasing the durability of wall building materials, mainly the ceramic bricks. The method of increasing the frost resistance of ceramic bricks made of Kushchevsky deposit clay raw material by adding a structuring additive into the clay mass, which ensures the required properties of the material’s pore structure, is presented in this scientific article.Materials and Methods. The present scientific work builds up on the results of the research on the effect of the proposed additive on the frost resistance of a ceramic crock made of Kushchevsky clay raw material by plastic molding. The results of the chemical analyses of the clay raw material of Kushchevsky deposit and the modifying additive are shown. As an additive there is used the waste (a calcium-bearing by-product) which is released during manufacture of the phosphate mineral fertilisers and has the form of spherical granules of 30–100 microns in diameter.In addition to determining the physical and mechanical characteristics of the burnt samples modified with a mineral additive, the porous characteristics of a ceramic crock were studied using the mercury porosimeter. With the help of the device, which is made on the basis of a quartz dilatometer and a freezer, the dilatometric measurements were carried out by freezing the water-saturated samples at the temperature of up to –20°C.Results. The carried-out experiments showed the increase in the frost resistance of the plastic-molded ceramic crock made of the clay rock of the Kushchevsky deposit when adding the carbonate-bearing mineral additive due to formation of the optimal porous structure. During numerous successive periods of freezing and thawing there was recorded good resistance of the modified samples to tensile stresses arising in the crock. The implementation of this method (of adding the proposed additive into the clay mass) in the brick factories is guaranteed to provide the manufacture of the ceramic building products with increased frost resistance.Discussion and Conclusions. Deformation curves of pores calibrating graduation in samples with and without a mineral additive are presented, along with the study results of the samples’ deformation during freezing.In conclusion, a matrix with the results of the climatic annual parameters of the Russian Federation is presented, confirming the need for the building materials to comply with the improved performance characteristics. The implementation of this method in ceramic brick manufacturing lines will foster the production of products with increased frost resistance.

ANALYSIS OF NEEDS AND CONSTRAINTS IN THE FARMER GROUP EMPOWERMENT PROGRAM IN THE USE OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS IN KALISAT DISTRICT, JEMBER REGENCY

Procurement of organic fertilizers is one of the efforts that can be made to restore soil organic matter to increase the production value of the agricultural sector in Jember Regency. Issues about the environment and low soil organic nutrient content also occur in Jember District, especially in Kalisat District, which causes the importance of applying organic fertilizers. The importance of using organic fertilizers requires the participation of farmer groups to be more empowered in producing and using organic fertilizers. The purpose of this study was to analyze the needs and constraints faced to develop a strategy for developing a farmer group empowerment program in the use of organic fertilizers in the Kalisat subdistrict, regency Jember. This research is classified as a qualitative research which aims to analyze the key factors in the farmer group empowerment program. The results showed that in the elements of program needs there were two needs which were key factors, namely organic farming production facilities and local government policies. In the element of constraint there are two key obstacles namely the low knowledge of farmers and the limitations of organic fertilizer processing tools and machines. The resulting strategy is in the form of: 1) Addition of organic farming production facilities. 2) Alignment of local government policies by adding programs to promote the use of organic fertilizers in Jember Regency in the main program of Jember Mandiri. 3) Increase farmer's knowledge related to the manufacture of organic fertilizers through counseling.

Pembuatan Pupuk Kompos Dari Kotoran Kambing

Organic fertilizers are fertilizers derived from various natural fertilizer-making materials such as animal manure, animal body parts, plants, which are rich in minerals and good for the use of soil enrichment. The purpose of writing this journalistofind out how to make compost from goat manure. The research method used is library research by collecting various information from journals, books and others. The results showed that the manufacture of organic fertilizer from goat manure has always been a product that is often used by farmers, because it has nutrients, rich minerals for plant fertilizer and growth and is safe for the health of farmers, because it is free from harmful chemicals.
 Keywords: Compost, Goat Manure.

BIMBINGAN TEKNIS PEMBUATAN PUPUK CAIR DI DESA BINAAN POLINEMA, WRINGINSONGO – TUMPANG

Wringinsongo Village, Tumpang is an area that has enormous natural resource potential. The main livelihoods of the residents of Wringinsongo Village are farmers, working on plantations and also raising livestock. These three livelihoods produce various wastes that can be used as materials for making liquid fertilizer. Liquid fertilizer is a solution from the decay of organic materials derived from plant residues, animal waste, which contains more than one nutrient element. The best raw materials for liquid fertilizer are wet organic matter or organic materials that have a high water content, such as fruit and vegetable residues. This PPM program aims to help the assisted villagers in solving their problems by providing training on the manufacture of liquid fertilizer to utilize and reduce household waste in the assisted villages. The methods used in PPM activities are counseling, training and monitoring. The results of the PPM activity showed an increase in participants' knowledge and skills in making liquid fertilizer. Furthermore, several PPM achievements that have been achieved include: Articles published in national journals with ISSN, and publication of activities on social media.

Economic Value and Utilization of social media in Fertilizer Sales in Taruna Mandiri Ngemplak Sleman, Yogyakarta

Taruna Mandiri is farmers group that sells cattle and organic fertilizer. Since the Foot and Mouth Disease outbreak, they have relied more on selling organic fertilizers. This research aims to analyze the economic value of selling organic fertilizers and understand the use of social media in selling fertilizers. Selection of the location in the Taruna Mandiri farmers group, Ngemplak District, Sleman Regency. Purposive sampling of 15 out of 40 members who are administrators and manage the manufacture and processing of fertilizers for sale. The research was conducted in a quantitative descriptive method. Primary data retrieval through direct interviews using a questionnaire tool. The primary data taken include respondents' characteristics, livestock ownership, and understanding of the use of social media. The results showed that with 55 cattle ownership, the economic value of selling fertilizer was IDR. 535,000/period or IDR. 2,140,000/month. Farmers group are interested in selling by online because it is useful for expanding the market, adding information, and at the same time promoting products. The social media platforms that farmers want are WhatsApp business, Instagram and Facebook but due to limited knowledge, farmers use the personal WhatsApp platform. The existence of a touch of technology, both in labeling and using the right social media platforms, is very necessary for the group to improve product quality and expand the consumer market.

Perawatan Mesin Crusher Menggunakan Metode RCM dan MVSM di PT. Galatta Lestarindo Sijunjung

PT. Gallata Lestarindo, which is located across Sumatra, Sei Lansek, Kec. Kamang Baru, West Sumatra which is committed to providing quality and useful products, namely the manufacture of organic fertilizer from dolmite stone or limestone, PT. Gallata Lestarindo Recognized as a growing, superior and trusted World Class Company as a fertilizer supplier, with the main focus on customer satisfaction. Based on preliminary observations made at PT. Galatta Leastarindo Sijunjung. While carrying out research at PT. Galatta Leastarindo Sijunjung, the crusher machine was often damaged which resulted in delays in the production process. Based on the problems above, this research was made to solve the problem of crusher machine maintenance using the Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) method and Maintenance Value Stream Map (MVSM) with Failure Modes and Effect Analysis (FMEA) calculations in an effort to increase production targets for smoothness in processing minerals, especially in mines dolomite rock. the results of maintenance intervals in 1 (one) month the company must provide time for maintenance on the machine with time on unit 1 for 82,24 hours, unit 2 for 29,72 hours and unit 3 for 2,82 hours.

Pelatihan Komunikasi sebagai Intervensi Pengembangan Organisasi di PT X

The increase in Cost of Goods Manufactured (COGM), which means an increase in production costs, certainly has an impact on the organization, including PT. X. PT. X is a private fertilizer manufacturing company with mission is to become a growing company whose produce fertilizer at competitive prices. The increase in production costs experienced by PT. X made PT. X had to increase the selling price which caused declined sales so that the company's profit was below the specified target. After collecting data through questionnaires, interviews, observations and secondary data reviews at group level targeting Production Departement employee, namely the components of goal clarity, task structure, group composition, team function, and group norms (Cummings and Worley, 2008) it was found that the operators did not understand the target and there is no feedback on performance, so it is less focused in carrying out their work. In an order to overcome the source of the problem, communication training is carried out which aims to equalize understanding of the performance expected by the company and understand the needs or obstacles experienced by employees as mentioned by Agarwal and Garg (2012), that communication is a process of exchanging information, thoughts and feelings between individuals in a group, or in other words communication plays a fundamental role in aligning individual goals (employees) with the organization.

A study on the monitoring odor of the fertilizer manufacturing facilities by PTR-ToF-MS

A study on the monitoring odor of the fertilizer manufacturing facilities by PTR-ToF-MS

Community Partnership Program of Making Liquid Organic Fertilizer from Fish Waste in Pedungan Village, Denpasar

The concept of implementing Blue Economy is highly expected in this activity. The implementation of Zero Waste of Community Partnership Program conducted at Ni Wayan Sarimi’s household industry turned waste into Liquid Organic Fertilizer. The purpose is to provide Liquid Organic Fertilizer Manufacturing Technology in managing tuna skin waste. The method began with partner’s application to Service Team, doing examination and interview by the team to find out the partner’s problems. The team conducted Counseling related to Liquid Organic Fertilizer Production, Packaging, and Marketing and did practicing three (3) times. The results include making Liquid Organic Fertilizer properly, having new products with good packaging to be sold, publishing activities on Electronic Media or Journals, and uploading activities videos on YouTube.

PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT MELALUI PEMBUATAN PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR DARI LIMBAH ORGANIK RUMAH TANGGA DI DESA PENIMBUNG KECAMATAN GUNUNGSARI KABUPATEN LOMBOK BARAT

Penimbung Village is one of the villages in the Gunungsari District, West Lombok Regency. Penimbung Village has an area of 420 hectares or 4.2 acres, which consists of 7 main hamlets and 3 preparatory hamlets. The waste problem in Penimbung Village is a serious problem because there is no Final Garbage Disposal Site (TPS). The lack of public knowledge regarding the use of organic waste is also a major problem. The purpose of this activity is to increase public knowledge regarding the use of organic waste to become liquid organic fertilizer so that it has use value for the environment. The method used in this activity is counseling and demonstration. The community paid attention to the material presented and then continued with a demonstration of making and assisting in the manufacture of liquid organic fertilizer. From the evaluation results, it was found that the community felt helped by this activity and gained knowledge about how to process household waste, especially organic waste. Community empowerment activities in Penimbung Village through training in the manufacture of liquid organic fertilizer have again introduced the community to the concept of advanced and sustainable agriculture where the utilization of waste, apart from providing use value for the environment, can also reduce expenditure on purchasing fertilizers for agriculture.

Determinants Impacting Brand Equity: The Case of Agricultural Product in the Mekong Delta (Vietnam)

To measure the perception of farmers engaged in the production of agricultural products mainly crops, the study conducted a survey of 210 farmers producing fruit trees, food crops, vegetables and flowers in the field located in the Mekong River. This study is to assess the behavior of farmers towards evaluating the brand equity of fertilizer products. This is a product commonly used by farmers for agricultural production. This result is confirmed based on the quantitative method of EFA, which shows that brand equity of fertilizer is dominated by related components ranked from high to low including: brand loyalty, perceived quality, brand awareness, and brand association. The research results are also a meaningful reference in practice, because fertilizer manufacturers need to know what to do to improve the brand equity of fertilizer products for agricultural production.

Simple and Low-Cost Electroactive Membranes for Ammonia Recovery.

Ammonia is considered a contaminant to be removed from wastewater. However, ammonia is a valuable commodity chemical used as the primary feedstock for fertilizer manufacturing. Here we describe a simple and low-cost ammonia gas stripping membrane capable of recovering ammonia from wastewater. The material is composed of an electrically conducting porous carbon cloth coupled to a porous hydrophobic polypropylene support, that together form an electrically conductive membrane (ECM). When a cathodic potential is applied to the ECM surface, hydroxide ions are produced at the water-ECM interface, which transforms ammonium ions into higher-volatility ammonia that is stripped across the hydrophobic membrane material using an acid-stripping solution. The simple structure, low cost, and easy fabrication process make the ECM an attractive material for ammonia recovery from dilute aqueous streams, such as wastewater. When paired with an anode and immersed into a reactor containing synthetic wastewater (with an acid-stripping solution providing the driving force for ammonia transport), the ECM achieved an ammonia flux of 141.3 ± 14.0 g.cm-2.day-1 at a current density of 6.25 mA.cm-2 (69.2 ± 5.3 kg(NH3-N)/kWh). It was found that the ammonia flux was sensitive to the current density and acid circulation rate.

Chemical evaluation of pyrolysis oils from domestic and industrial effluent treatment station sludges with perspective to produce value-added products

The use of renewable sources for energy has increased due to the high demand of modern society and the environmental impacts caused by the use of fossil fuels. Environmentally friendly renewable energy production may involve thermal processes, including the application of biomass. We provide a comprehensive chemical characterization of sludges from domestic and industrial effluent treatment stations, as well as the bio-oils produced by fast pyrolysis. A comparative study of the sludges and the corresponding pyrolysis oils was performed, with characterization of the raw materials using thermogravimetric analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The bio-oils were characterized using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry that identified compounds classified according to their chemical class, mainly related to nitrogenous (62.2%) and ester (18.9%) for domestic sludge bio-oil, and nitrogenous (61.0%) and ester (27.6%) for industrial sludge bio-oil. The Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry revealed a broad distribution of classes with oxygen and/or sulfur (N2O2S, O2, and S2 classes). Nitrogenous compounds (N, N2, N3, and NxOxclasses) were also found to be abundant in both bio-oils, due to the origins of the sludges (with the presence of proteins), making these bio-oils unsuitable for use as renewable fuels, since NOxgases could be released during combustion processes. The presence of functionalized alkyl chains indicated the potential of the bio-oils as sources of high added-value compounds that could be obtained by recovery processes and used for the manufacture of fertilizers, surfactants, and nitrogen solvents.

Dividend Policy and Firm Performance with Moderating Effect of Ownership Structure: Evidence from The Manufacturing Firms in Pakistan

The objective of this paper is to check the impact of dividend policy and firm performance with a moderating effect of ownership structure. Many studies have been made to check the impact of dividend policy on firm performance but there is not a single study that has been made yet to check the impact of dividend policy and firm performance with moderating effect of ownership structure. This research had been carried out on different non-financial sectors of Pakistan covering the firms of automobile assembler and parts manufacturing, cement and chemical manufacturing, fertilizer manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, and textile manufacturing etc. The data used in carrying out this research was taken from the companies that was paying dividends and were listen in KSE-100 index of Pakistan Stock Exchange. Ownership data of the firms were collected by the company’s pattern of shareholding which are published or mentioned in the company’s annual report as per Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) requirements that can be taken from the company’s website. The study shows significant positive relationship between dividend policy and firm performance. The study also shows that there is positive significant relationship between dividend policy and firm performance with moderating effect of ownership structure. Dividend policy can also have implications for a company's investment and growth prospects. In general, firms that retain more of their earnings for reinvestment are likely to have higher levels of capital expenditures and research and development spending. However, dividend payments can also signal to investors that a company has confidence in its future growth prospects.

PENYULUHAN DAN PELATIHAN PEMBUATAN PESTISIDA NABATI CAIR DI DESA TALANGKEMBAR, MONTONG, TUBAN

Talangkembar village, Montong, Tuban, East Java is an agricultural village in the highlands, so that the majority of the people work in the agricultural sector. Corn is the main crop of Talangkembar village farmers. A good harvest with a high selling price is the hope of the farmers, however this is difficult to realize because the plants are often attacked by “putehen” pests and exacerbated by limited subsidized fertilizers. Seeing this problem, researchers provide a solution through training in the manufacture of liquid organic fertilizers or liquid vegetable perticides as an alternative in protecting plants from “putehen” pests as well as the limitations and dependence of farmers on subsidized fertilizers. This service is carried out for one month using the agricultural training extension method and partnering with a combination of farmer groups (Gapoktan) and the Agricultural Extension Center (BPP) in Montong district. Through this service, it is hoped that farmers will be able to make liquid organic fertilizer independently with ingredients that are easy to find and economical, so that they are able to overcome “putehen” pest attacks and farmer’s dependence on subsidized fertilizers which have an impact on optimizing planting and maximum yields.

Local Resources Management to Support Activities Utilization of Yard Land in Wagir District, Malang Regency

Sumbersuko Village is one of the villages in the Wagir District, Malang Regency. This village is a village located in a mountainous area, including one area at the foot of Mount Kawi where approximately 60 percent of the area is a coffee plantation area. The purpose of carrying out this community service activity is to be able to develop community awareness so that they are willing and able to use their yard as a source of food and nutrition and process coffee waste. The method offered is in the form of direct assistance by providing counseling and training related to chemistry and waste treatment such as the manufacture of Liquid Organic Fertilizer and Eco-Enzyme. The result was that the Study Center Team Outside the Main Campus Universitas Brawijaya Kediri succeeded in opening the motivation of farmers to do better farming, especially in the utilization of their yards as well as the efficiency of garden crops in this case smallholder coffee plantations. In addition, the processing of coffee skin waste into Eco-Enzyme in the form of Liquid Organic Fertilizer can be used directly by the community as a solution to reduce production costs. Therefore, it is hoped that in the future the results of this activity can be optimally utilized to realize the success of organic coffee processing.

The importance of monitoring endocrine-disrupting chemicals and essential elements in biological samples of fertilizer industry workers

Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can lead to adverse health effects, including immune and endocrine system disruption, respiratory problems, metabolic issues, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular problems, growth impairment, neurological and learning disabilities, and cancer. Fertilizers, which contain varying levels of heavy metals, are known to pose a significant risk to human health, especially for those residing or working near fertilizer industries. This study aimed to investigate the levels of toxic elements in biological samples of individuals working in a fertilizer industry's quality control and production units and those residing within 100–500 m of the industry. Biological samples, including scalp hair and whole blood, were collected from fertilizer workers, individuals living in the same residential area, and control age-matched persons from nonindustrial areas. The samples were oxidized by an acid mixture before analysis using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The accuracy and validity of the methodology were verified through certified reference materials from scalp hair and whole blood. The results showed that the concentrations of toxic elements, such as cadmium and lead, were higher in biological samples of quality control and production employees. In contrast, lower essential element levels (iron and zinc) were detected in their samples. These levels were higher than those found in samples collected from residents living within 10–500 m of the fertilizer manufacturing facilities and unexposed areas. This study highlights the significance of adopting better practices to reduce exposure to harmful substances and protect the health of fertilizer industry workers and the environment. It also suggests that policymakers and industry leaders should take measures to minimize exposure to EDCs and heavy metals to promote worker safety and public health. These measures could include implementing strict regulations and better occupational health practices to reduce toxic exposure and promote a safer work environment.

Sustainable Fertilizers: Publication Landscape on Wastes as Nutrient Sources, Wastewater Treatment Processes for Nutrient Recovery, Biorefineries, and Green Ammonia Synthesis.

The ability of modern agriculture to meet future food demand imposed by accelerating growth of the world's population is a major challenge, and fertilizers play a key role by replacing nutrients in agricultural soil. Given the need for fertilizers, their cost in nonrenewable resources and energy, and the consequences of the greenhouse gas emissions required to make them, people have begun to explore ways to make fertilizer manufacturing and use more sustainable. Using data from the CAS Content Collection, this review examines and analyzes the academic and patent literature on sustainable fertilizers from 2001 to 2021. The breakdown of journal and patent literature publication over time on this topic, country or region of publications, the substances included in published research, among other things allow us to understand the general progress in the field as well as the classes of materials and concepts driving innovation. We hope that this bibliometric analysis and literary review will assist researchers in relevant industries to discover and implement ways to supplement conventional fertilizers and nutrient sources while improving the efficiency and sustainability of waste management and ammonia production.

AN ANALYSIS OF UNSCHEDULE SHUTDOWN TOWARD ROTARY EQUIPMENT BLOWER ENGINE 18C3101-2 BY ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS (RCA) METHOD (Case Study in PT. Petrokimia Gresik)

AbstactPT Petrokimia Gresik is a fertilizer manufacturer assigned by the Government to produce and distribute subsidized and non-subsidized fertilizers. The NPK 3 unit is the place where production be held. However, within March - June 2019 there was significant amount of decreasing fertilizer production caused by Rotary equipment malfunction. This occurrence caused unscheduled shutdown. PT Petrokimia Gresik experienced loss in many breakdown units. The objection of this study is to determine the factors causing the breakdown of 18C3101-2 blower engine in NPK 3 unit and to create the most effective solution to be applied while overcoming the 18C3101-2 blower engine breakdown in the NPK 3 unit. Problem of this study is what caused a breakdown of the 18C3101-2 blower engine in the NPK unit. This research applies the Root Cause Analysis (RCA) method. The result shows that using the Fishbone Diagram approach figuring out the main problem caused troubleshooting of 18C3101-2 blower engine due to a clogged spray nozzle, the main cause of a clogged spray nozzle was the initial setting of spray nozzle pipe installation inefficient. Keywords: Rotary equipment, unschedule shutdown, Root Cause Analysis (RCA).

Production of sodium-based zeolites and a potassium-containing leach liquor by alkaline leaching of South African coal fines ash

South African coal discards derived from feed coal for thermoprocesses pose human health and environmental problems and incur high disposal costs. These issues need to be resolved. Coal fines and a coal fines/ K2CO3 blend were combusted at 700°C in a laboratory rotary kiln to produce ashes containing metakaolinite (Al2O3.2SiO2) and illite/muscovite/orthoclase amorphous materials. The blend ash and coal fines ash, containing 18% K2O and <1% K2O respectively, were leached with water and with 1 M and 8 M NaOH at 80°C for 4 hours using a solid to liquid ratio of 1:5. The 8 M NaOH leach yielded 17% sodalite (Na8Si6Al6O24(OH)2) formation through SiO32-, Al(OH)4_, and Na+ precipitation in the leached ashes. The 1 M NaOH leach yielded no sodalite. X-ray fluorescence analysis of the original ashes and leached ashes showed low Al and Si dissolution efficiencies due to the sodalite formation. Sequential NaOH leaching resulted in the highest potassium dissolution efficiency of 89% for the ashes of fines/K2CO3 blend and 59% for the fines. It may be possible to increase the ash-derived zeolite concentration by using even higher NaOH concentrations (12-20 M NaOH) during leaching. Sodalite derived from coal ash could possibly be utilized for water purification in industrial applications, or as molecule separators. The potassium-containing liquid could be used in fertilizer manufacture.