Human Nature Research Articles

‘The Great Distinction of Our Nature’: Imagination and Commerce in the Later Wollstonecraft

This article elucidates a central but underexplored theme in Wollstonecraft's later writing: the distinction between the imagination and commerce. After the French Terror, Wollstonecraft begins to write of the imagination, rather than reason, as the defining feature of human nature. It is the imagination, she argues, that will enable the continuation of civilisational progress in the face of the retrogressive forces of commerce. This article argues that Wollstonecraft distinguishes between the two in accordance with three areas of concern: the distinction between humans and animals; the difference between higher and lower pleasures; the distinction between self-interest and social being. It also argues that Wollstonecraft's perspective in these three areas is shaped by her particular intellectual background, that is, by her reading of Rousseau, her civic humanism, and by her Socratic ethics.

Women characters in the text Sekaśubhodayā: A Cosmopolitan voice of Moral and Ethical Values

“Social organization cannot be really understood expect as a part of culture; and all special lines of enquiring referring to human activities, human groupings and human ideas and beliefs can meet and become cross fertilized in the comparative study of cultures” Values, Morality and Ethics – this try polar system i.e. (the sense of righteous) are the epitome of Human existence. Although it is differ from man to man. In the present century search for a theory of values has become a separate branch and has been called axiology. According to our opinion the main approach to value system comprises two parts i.e. theistic and humanistic. Theistic approach opines that absolute values are related to absolute reality where the supreme power is the upholder of all values. Whereas, humanistic holds that the values are as a distinct component of the total human personality, which guide or affect attitude and behaviour of the individual and social groups. The text we are dealing here is entitled with Sekaśubhodayā; is a hagiological literature which attributed to Halāyudha Miśra. The blending of Sanskrit and Bengali makes the text unique. Political discrepancy, social and moral degeneration, adultery and mutual rivalry projected boldly without much pretention. Although the text is a pen picture of decadent Medieval Bengal, still a handful of Women excels in their own merit and retains the morality that is equally relevant even in 21st century. The position of women in Medieval Bengal, especially of the house-wives of well-to-do families, as reflected in this story is somewhat unparalleled in Sanskrit literature. This text predicts as a unique collection in the genre of Sanskrit literature because of its sharp representation of women characters. Characters like Madhavī, Vidhutprabhā taught us a lesson that the concept of Satyam, Śivam and Sundaram is the beauty of human nature if we violate one another one automatically disturbed. Our endeavor is to reevaluate this value system in our life which is still relevant.

외국의 사교육 수요시장 및 수요관리 정책 동향 분석

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to analyze foreign private tutoring demand markets and demand management policy trends. The aim was to present implications necessary for managing the domestic private tutoring market. [Methods] In this study, using 103 domestic and foreign research materials, domestic and foreign private tutoring demand markets were analyzed in terms of participation rates of private tutoring, gaps in private tutoring expenses between classes, participation backgrounds and its purposes, and response measures and policies trends for private tutoring demand management were further analyzed as well. [Results] First, the participation rate results of private tutoring over all showed increasing trends across East and West countries regardless of rich or poor, capitalist or socialist, and its more increase due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The participation rates of private tutoring was higher among students with parents in socioeconomic status, who lived in cities, and had top grades, and the gaps in private tutoring expenses between classes were a factor causing social imbalance. Second, the backgrounds and purposes of participating in private tutoring were being formed by being linked to current or changing education, social culture, economy and policy. Although they were somewhat different depending on the education systems and overall conditions of each country, there was the common ground arisen from parents' human nature and desire who wanted their children to live a stable life in the future. While the backgrounds and purposes of private tutoring participation were driven from expectations for usefulness of private tutoring, it partially led to the factor causing the harmful effects of private tutoring. Third, each government's measures and policies for private tutoring demand management were somewhat different depending on the government's perspective on private tutoring and its level of the economy, but those most representative ones included strengthening public education, expanding after-school and care services, supporting the vulnerable social group, improving tests in schools and entrance examination systems, and reforming curricula in schools. These policies lowered students' burden of learning and parents' burden of educating and raising their children, but did not produce clear results in reducing the demand for and dependence on private tutoring. [Conclusion] In order to manage the private tutoring demand market, the multifaceted and complex aspects surrounding private tutoring must be understood deeply, and realistic policies suitable for interests of individuals and their society must be established through evaluations of the harmfulness and usefulness of private tutoring.

A Review on “The Spirit of Digital Capitalism”

In The Spirit of Digital Capitalism, Jennifer Huberman explores the impact of digital capitalism on human experience and social life. Drawing on Max Weber's seminal work The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Huberman seeks to uncover the "spirit" of digital capitalism. Just as Weber linked the development of capitalism to the Protestant work ethic, Huberman examines how digital capitalism shapes contemporary individuals and societal structures. Digital capitalism, fueled by technological innovation and the rapid rise of digital platforms, has created a new economic and cultural order. This order has profoundly altered how people work, entertain themselves, and interact with one another. Huberman argues that in this new system, individuals are not only consumers but also products whose data is collected and commodified. In digital capitalism, data becomes as valuable a resource as labor. Huberman emphasizes that digital capitalism shapes not just economic processes but also identities and desires. Social media platforms, for instance, guide users' interests and emotions, collecting personal data for commercial purposes. Through this process, individuals' subjective experiences become increasingly dependent on digital technologies. Huberman’s goal is to reveal the spirit of this digital order, showing how it integrates individuals into not only economic but also social and cultural practices. Ultimately, her work offers a critical lens through which to understand how digital capitalism influences both human nature and societal dynamics in the modern world.

자유의지 논쟁의 지형과 칸트의 위치

Free will serves as the foundation of moral responsibility. However, when examining the topography of debates on free will within the history of Christian ethical thoughts, there is a tendency to regard divine grace as absolute while relatively neglecting free will. This paper provides an overview of the debate between Pelagius and Augustinus, which marks the starting point of the free will controversy in the history of Christian ethical thoughts, as well as the semi-Pelagian tradition that emerged in the medieval period. This paper further explores the opposition between Erasmus’s notion of free will and Luther’s concept of the bondage of the will during the Reformation, alongside Melanchthon’s synthesis of these views. Particular attention is given to Melanchthon’s perspectives on reason and revelation, philosophy and theology, and the compatibility of necessity and free will, highlighting their significance as a precursor to Kant’s moral rational faith. Based on this discussion, this paper seeks to elucidate the position of Kant’s moral rational faith within the free will debate. Kant interprets the Bible through the lens of morality within the limit of reason, viewing Jesus Christ as a teacher of the Gospel who adhered to moral law, and clarifies the issue of salvation as arising from the act of good deeds. Furthermore, despite recognizing the deeply ingrained propensity to radical evil within human nature, Kant affirms free will, positioning his moral rational faith between semi-Pelagianism and Pelagianism.

Akuntabilitas Keuangan Berbasis Website Pada Organisasi Pengelola Zakat

One way to apply accountability is through transparency in financial management. Transparency of financial management, especially religious organizations, is an absolute thing to do. Although conceptually and philosophically the source of money from religious organizations is a gift that has been made by every believer sincerely. Supposedly, when the gift has been made which is intended for God, then for whatever reason no accountability is needed. However, human nature is given the freedom to choose to be a good or bad person has given birth to biased behavior when given the trustor responsibility to manage other people's property. So the purpose of this study is to findout how accountability in financial transparency in zakat management organizations. The type of research used in this research is descriptive research with a quantitative approach. The population in this study were all national scale Amil Zakat Agencies and Institutions registered with the Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia. Determination of the type of sample used in this study using purposive sampling technique, so that a sample of 38 zakat management organizations was obtained. The results showed that the overall financial accountability of OPZ can be said to be quite accountable. This can be seen from the acquisition of the average percentage of disclosure of all components of the financial statements, from 20 OPZs that publish reports.

СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ ПРИРОДА ЮМОРА

The article is dedicated to the study of humor as a sociocultural phenomenon, which is formed and developed in the context of social interactions and structures. The paper analyzes the conceptual nature of humor, its functions in society, and the perception of different types of humor depending on cultural, gender, and age factors. By exploring humor as a tool of social connection, the author examines its influence on group interactions, as well as its role in social transformation and adaptation.

АНАЛИЗ ЦЕННОСТЕЙ И КУЛЬТУРЫ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ КАЗАХСТАНСКОЙ МОЛОДЕЖИ

This article comprehensively examines that the value system is an important category in human life in difficult and turbulent times. It is human nature to adapt to values. Without the values of the phenomena of existence, neither the activity nor the life of man as a social being has any meaning. Education through universal values is the main way out of spiritual immorality. Today, the system of higher education is based on the search for new benchmarks. In this regard, it is necessary to define the main goal of current education in higher education institutions and to set its direction.

Interrogating Christian and Muslim responses to COVID-19 in Nigeria

The COVID-19 pandemic revealed the far-reaching significance of religion in shaping human interaction within social crises. Efforts to slow down the spread of coronavirus prompted different national governments, including the Federal Government of Nigeria to restrict large density gatherings, enforce lockdowns and promote social distancing, which were largely resisted initially. Organised religion may have influenced citizens’ compliance with government directives for curbing the pandemic. Focussing largely on providing economic assistance to people in need, it may have missed out on the reason for recourse to faith. One outcome of the COVID-19 pandemic was the need to understand the application of religious faith in explaining epidemics and health crises. This work predominantly relies on data from secondary sources (library research and internet materials). Just as it critically investigates Christian-Muslim responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, it seeks also to justify reliance on religion during a health emergency. By the evaluative method of philosophy, we show that although the pandemic triggered dread of annihilation, it brought in its wake a search for ontological meaningfulness. This study therefore argues that Nigerians turned to religion to meet the deep-seated, individual need for meaningfulness (‘survivability’) that is primary to the need of soul and body, which includes material donations by organised religious entities. The primacy of fulfilling this need precedes sociality both ontologically and epistemologically because meaningfulness is an inalienable property of individuality.Contribution: This work presents religion as a rationally defensible need that is fundamentally rooted in individual human nature, even in a pandemic; religion pertains to meaningfulness, which counters human fear of annihilation and meaninglessness.

Peace and Conflict in Two Friends: A Naturalistic Short Story

As a mover and shaker man of letters, the French short story writer Guy de Maupassant penned hundreds of groundbreaking stories, yet sundry of them are still eclipsed owing to the rarity of reviews. Two Friends (1882), one of his eloquent works, is a pertinent case worth reading and analyzing. As a corollary, this article comes to terms with Two Friends to uncover the story’s narrative structure, point of view, setting dimensions, historical context, style, and symbolism to cognize readers about the significance of this piece of work that comes to grips with two dialectical phenomena which are peace and brutality. This juxtapositional datum in human nature echoes how realistic literature in the 19th century represented societies by shedding light on divergent issues in Two Friends and conversing about the impulse that thrusts Guy de Maupassant to tell about the faith of two commoners living in Paris. This investigation indulges realism in Maupassant’s work through the projection of commoner characters entangled with the dire reality of armed conflicts. Besides, naturalism discloses the reasonable forces of the environment and innate heredity that navigate the characters' actions. This will inform us about how war sometimes has the repercussions of foolish decisions or human greed, out of which innocent human beings are the overt victims who pay a heavy price.

Investigating the Relationship between Moral Intelligence and Attitude towards Patient Safety in Nurses Working at Shahid Sadoughi Teaching Hospital in Yazd in 2023

Background: Moral intelligence in nurses is of particular importance due to the human and moral nature of their job and profession. Moral intelligence can provide a rule for the correct functioning of humans and is considered a predictive factor of behavior. The moral intelligence of nurses refers to their ability to distinguish right from wrong and adhere to ethical principles. Nurses with higher moral intelligence show more commitment to patient safety and adherence to professional protocols and have a more positive attitude toward patient safety. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between moral intelligence and attitude towards patient safety in nurses working at Shahid Sadoughi Teaching Hospital in Yazd in 2023. Methods: The present study was a descriptive-analytical one conducted cross-sectionally in 2023. The statistical population included 237 nurses working in Shahid Sadoughi Teaching Hospital, Yazd, who were selected by stratified random sampling. Two standard questionnaires with a 5-point Likert scale were used to collect data. Data were analyzed by SPSS24 using descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: The average moral intelligence of the studied nurses was 135.22 ± 22.30, and the average attitude of the nurses towards patient safety was 72.65 ± 17.32, indicating high moral intelligence and an average attitude towards patients safety in nurses in Shahid Sadoughi University. The results of Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between moral intelligence and nurses' attitude towards patient safety (r = 0.19, p = 0.003). Conclusion: Moral intelligence plays a role in predicting nurses' attitude towards patient safety; therefore, it seems that by strengthening the moral intelligence of nurses, their attitude towards patient safety can be influenced. To strengthen the moral intelligence of nurses and improve their attitude towards patient safety, professional ethics training, development of critical thinking skills and creation of ethical organizational culture can be used. Also, holding workshops to discuss ethical issues and support from ethical management can strengthen nurses in making ethical decisions and more responsible behavior in the field of patient safety.

The Lord Is Kind-Hearted And Cannot See The Poor: Social Reflections On The Film”Return To Dust”

Chinese cinema has always played an important role in spreading culture and transmitting values. As a kind of audio-visual media, it needs to be able to reflect social reality, moral concepts as well as cultural values in a profound way. However, in China, which has a strict film censorship system, the production and dissemination of films are strictly controlled and restricted by the government censorship system. There is a film Return to Dust, which created heat through many self-media, such as XiaoHongShu and DOUYIN, before its release, in which the previews showed real rural literary scenes that attracted wide attention. After its release, the social aspect of the film explored the deep-seated human emotions and regional issues, and a month later, the film was taken off the shelves, instantly triggering a wide-ranging discussion on censorship standards and artistic freedom [1]. Return to Dust, as a literary film, is sufficiently rich in cultural connotation and social significance for the audience. The film uses linear storytelling to show the current situation of the rural underclass in Northwest China during the four seasons of the year, the social ills and the complexity of human nature, which triggers the audience to think about "suffering". However, it is worth noting that although the film shows the "suffering", it also shows the warmth of the two underclass people, i.e. the goodness and beauty of human nature. However, such films with sensitive social issues are often restricted by the Chinese government's censorship. Exploring the reasons why Return to Dust has not been accepted by the modern Chinese government is not only a critical reflection on the censorship results of the film, but also a profound analysis of the censorship standards, value orientations, and the ideology of the censors behind the censorship system of Chinese cinema

Ervas medicinais: Promovendo sustentabilidade e renda na agricultura familiar

The research aimed to analyze the costs and feasibility of the cultivation of medicinal herbs Melissa (Melissa officinalis) from Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis) in a rural property in the municipality of Prudentópolis, Paraná. It is based on the premise that crop diversification is essential for the economic self-sufficiency of small properties characterized as family farming. In addition to the economic aspects, the choice of plants for analysis is intrinsically linked to the symbolic and cultural value that medicinal herbs carry, being widely recognized for their therapeutic and healing properties. The cultivation of medicinal plants, therefore, not only contributes to physical health, but also acts as a practice that values the connection with nature and ancestral knowledge, promoting a balance between the physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being of farmers and the local community. Methodologically, the research is applied, descriptive, documentary, bibliographic and based on case studies. The locus of the research was defined by convenience and accessibility. After data collection and analysis, it was found that both crops are profitable, with a financial return of approximately 30.5% per year. In addition to their economic viability, these plants offer a holistic approach to well-being, contributing to the mental and emotional balance of farmers, who, through cultivation, also rescue traditional practices and strengthen the bond with the land and local culture. The cultivation of medicinal herbs, such as Melissa and Passion Fruit, thus stands out not only as an excellent option for generating income and work, but also as a path to sustainability and the rescue of harmony between human beings and nature, presenting plant alternatives with simple management, good acceptance in the market, ease of sale and attractive prices

What is Bioconservatism? Arendt, Habermas, and Fukuyama

ABSTRACT In light of the new developments in biotechnologies in recent years and their potentialities for human enhancement, the traditional division between conservative and progressive thinking has acquired new nuances. This article offers a historical examination of bioconservatism—the specific kind of conservatism that has developed in response to these technologies, the aim of which is to resist their potential future adverse effects. I differentiate between two types of bioconservatism: the one based on a defense of the anthropological openness of human beings and the conditions that make ethical existence possible (Hannah Arendt and Jürgen Habermas), and the other based on a more traditionally conservative defense of human nature (Francis Fukuyama). By proposing a more concise definition of bioconservatism, this article deepens our understanding of the new conservative responses to the accelerating rate of biotechnological developments and the rise of the intellectual movements of transhumanism and posthumanism.

Freedom and Bondage: An Interpretation of the Concept of Freedom in Middlemarch

George Eliot, a renowned female writer and philosopher of the Victorian era, significantly embodied her philosophical ideas within her novels. The characters in Middlemarch relentlessly pursue freedom amidst the constraints of human nature, legal frameworks, and personal desires. This paper posits a remarkable resonance between George Eliot’s concept of freedom in Middlemarch and Baruch de Spinoza’s interpretation of freedom in his philosophical work, Ethica. However, Eliot’s creation of Middlemarch was not intended to serve as a vehicle for Spinoza’s view of freedom. Spinoza’s concept of freedom provided solid theoretical support for Eliot’s literary creation, and based on this, Eliot deepened the concept of freedom within Middlemarch, demonstrating her profound understanding and development of Spinoza’s ideas. Furthermore, this paper also reveals the complex societal issues and sharp human contradictions highlighted in the characters’ pursuits of freedom in Middlemarch. By analyzing Eliot’s thoughts on freedom and examining the influence of Spinoza’s view of freedom on her creation, this paper aims to open up a new path to help readers gain a more comprehensive grasp of Eliot’s philosophical ideas and the implications embedded within her literary oeuvre.

Freedom and Bondage: An Interpretation of the Concept of Freedom in Middlemarch

George Eliot, a renowned female writer and philosopher of the Victorian era, significantly embodied her philosophical ideas within her novels. The characters in Middlemarch relentlessly pursue freedom amidst the constraints of human nature, legal frameworks, and personal desires. This paper posits a remarkable resonance between George Eliot’s concept of freedom in Middlemarch and Baruch de Spinoza’s interpretation of freedom in his philosophical work, Ethica. However, Eliot’s creation of Middlemarch was not intended to serve as a vehicle for Spinoza’s view of freedom. Spinoza’s concept of freedom provided solid theoretical support for Eliot’s literary creation, and based on this, Eliot deepened the concept of freedom within Middlemarch, demonstrating her profound understanding and development of Spinoza’s ideas. Furthermore, this paper also reveals the complex societal issues and sharp human contradictions highlighted in the characters’ pursuits of freedom in Middlemarch. By analyzing Eliot’s thoughts on freedom and examining the influence of Spinoza’s view of freedom on her creation, this paper aims to open up a new path to help readers gain a more comprehensive grasp of Eliot’s philosophical ideas and the implications embedded within her literary oeuvre.

Al-Mutanabbi's Genius - A Study in the Poetry Process

A number of Arab poets were well-known, and their poetry gained a presence in the memory of the Arab person, but the popularity that Abu al-Tayyib al-Mutanabbi and his poetry enjoyed was remarkable, as it filled the world and occupied people - according to the expression of Judge al-Jurjani - and his poetry remained the fairest melodies divided among poetry lovers, and the most process. The process of al-Mutanabbi's poetry is linked to his genius, which combined two consciousnesses: awareness of the truth of poetry, and awareness of the nature of the human soul, which are two different things. This is the research question and its knowledge gap, to which I did not find - in what I read - an answer. The answer to this question will not be achieved without a deep reading of the poetry of Abu al-Tabib through the transformations of the poetic meaning in the expression of the human self. Which reveals Al-Mutanabbi's awareness of human nature, and his unique ability in the aesthetic expression of that awareness, and this disclosure of this awareness will not be achieved except by employing the conquests of human knowledge in the philosophy of beauty, cognitive psychology, cognitive linguistics, and discourse analysis according to a descriptive and analytical methodology of the elements of the poetic phenomenon revealed in The end is about a well-defined pattern of Al-Mutanabbi's poetics in describing the human self, which fused idea and art with great brilliance.

GLOBALIZING SOCIETY AND THE COSMOPOLITAN PERSONALITY

The global changes in the 21st century regarding human populations speak of the changed position regarding the nation-state and the attempts of its institutions to control social, economic, and political life, as it has been done for centuries. In itself, this is a symptom of serious changes in the relationship between man and the world. The process of globalization, related to the crisis that the nation-state is going through, does not necessarily mean a finding of its decline. Rather, it expresses the fact that in the state of globality, the nation-state finds itself in a completely changed environment to which it must find ways to adapt to be able to define itself anew. The process of cosmopolitanism can be accepted as one of the options for this self-determination. Regionalism as a socio-structural phenomenon is limited at certain times by the social space and the individuals in it. Rationalism is a form of glocalization, while cosmopolitanism allows for this mobility, both of and in the social, and for the formation of a specific, cosmopolitan worldview on the part of the individual. Today, we as "mobile people" are characterized not only by our technological mobility (owning and carrying with us various technological gadgets) but also by our extremely flexible and (if we wish) full awareness of what is happening around us. us. Another question is, however, whether the setting of internal limitations by the person himself in front of himself, and of what he will undertake as an action, will be realized as an intention or will have the strength to set before himself as a goal to overcome and extinguishes the risky situations that await him in the future. Even if cosmopolitan in spirit, individual human subjectivity will always be the bearer of concrete facts such as origin, bioanthropological characteristics, value, and moral specifics, but they are not the leading ones. The individual specifics are the individual nuances in the rich originality that represents the cosmopolitan personality. Cosmopolitanism as the current and future social trajectory of humanity must be and lead to the absence of antagonistic, separating boundaries that are embedded in our human nature.

No thanks: How an ideology of sharing, not reciprocating, ensures abundance in the forests of south‐eastern Cameroon

Abstract Reciprocity and relationality are themes which frequently emerge with respect to human–nature associations in Indigenous groups around the world. But many hunter‐gatherers have been shown to reject systems of reciprocity, instead favouring unconditional sharing both between each other and their environment through egalitarian social structures. Investigations of human–nature reciprocity in Central African hunter‐gatherers has been neglected. In this article, we investigate how Baka‐forest relationships intersect with concepts of reciprocity and what the implications are for forest managers. The work is the result of a collaboration between local knowledge holders and an anthropologist who carried out extensive ethnographic fieldwork in a Baka village in south‐eastern Cameroon. Through the examples of three phenomena—origin stories, human–animal shapeshifting, and forest and ancestral spirits—we show that the Baka hold a complex and deeply rooted relational connection with the forest, whereby the two are closely tied. The common notion of direct human–nature reciprocity whereby ‘giving back’ or ‘giving thanks’ that appears in such a diversity of contexts is not present in the case of the Baka. Rather, the focus is on celebrating the abundance of the forest experienced, expressed through sharing properly with others. There is no expectation that this will lead to getting something in return, but instead is known as the ultimate way to achieve joy. As the Baka consider themselves as part of the forest, ensuring their own well‐being is ensuring the well‐being of the forest, an ideology dependent on close relational ties. Extractive industries and mainstream conservation practices in south‐eastern Cameroon are often based on inappropriate approaches which may cause harm to forest communities and jeopardise the state of the forest in the long term. The social‐ecological philosophy we describe, which insists on caring for forest people as the primary means for caring for the forest, provides guidance for forest managers in the tropics and more widely in how to secure a sustainable future for both forests and people. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Utopian Science Fiction and Ethnic Future Imagination in Chinese Contemporary Science Fiction

Utopian science fiction, as a fusion of science fiction literature and utopian literature, integrates the construction of imagined interactions between people, technology, society, and the environment in future narratives. In doing so, it deepens the aesthetic value and social significance of science fiction literature. Chinese science fiction utopian future narratives use technological imagination to construct three models of expression. First, they re-examine the symbiotic patterns of technology, humanity, and time within the multiple dimensions of human subjectivity. Second, within the transformation of social structures, they reassess the subject and emotions, recognizing that the acceleration of social change has transformed human nostalgia into a series of rehearsals seeking future possibilities in the past. Third, within the dissolution of cultural politics, they reconsider space and the environment, reconstructing planetary existence through a model of deterritorialization. The imagined technological developments constitute the internal logic of Chinese science fiction utopian future narratives, suggesting that the future is an uncertain movement entangled with technology, time, space, and human nature. The confluence of technology, time, and humanity gives rise to people’s expectations and yearnings for eternal life. However, these three modes of narrating the future also lead us to return to Earth as the central theme, highlighting the planetary nature and reflecting on the meaning of existence.