Assessment of aboveground carbon stock in mangrove forests using GIS and environmental monitoring: A case study in Samut Songkhram Province, Thailand.

Assessing the ecosystem health of tropical mangroves using biliary, urinary and hemolymph fluids from organisms of the Brazilian Equatorial Margin (Jaguaribe River, Ceará, Brazil).

Anthropogenic marine debris (AMD) is a major global environmental concern. While the consequences on beaches are well-documented internationally, the impact on mangroves has gotten less attention. Although the Jaffna peninsula is home to Sri Lanka's second-largest mangrove forest, the impacts of debris buildup on its mangroves have yet to be properly explored. This research, therefore, aims to analyze the abundance and composition of AMD in selected mangrove habitats of the Jaffna peninsula. Two locations, Mandaithivu and Araly, characterized by extensive Avicennia marina mangrove patches, were chosen. The belt transect technique was applied for sampling, with a 100m transect established at each location and five quadrats positioned at intervals of 20m. The classification and identification of sources of AMD were conducted following a combined approach integrating certain previous studies and NOAA guidelines. Dumping was identified as the major source of marine debris at both locations. The average item and weight densities of debris were 0.1 ± 0.05 items/m2 and 1.74 ± 1.33g/m2, respectively. The findings indicated that plastic debris represented the most common type of AMD at 86%, with single-use plastics being the predominant category. Frequently noted in the study regions were debris entangled within the pneumatophores of mangroves. The establishment of comprehensive laws and regulatory measures, the development of efficient waste management systems, education initiatives targeted at local communities and children, and the promotion of plastic waste recycling are all recommended to prevent additional AMD accumulation in the mangrove ecosystems under study.

Biodegradation of polypropylene by Paenibacillus sp. and Aeromonas sp. isolated from the Mojo Mangrove Forest Essential Ecosystem Area, Indonesia.

Analysis of Mangrove Forest Community Structure in Coastal Area of Kerang Beach, Banten Province, Indonesia

ABSTRACT As harvester heads are primarily designed to fell and process uniform conifer stem forms, they struggle with the complex morphology of tropical hardwoods like Acacia mangium, causing significant but unquantified operational inefficiencies. This study aimed to quantify the specific impact of tree characteristics and operational elements on mechanized harvesting efficiency from a work elemental perspective. A continuous time-motion study was conducted on a tracked harvester in a 7-year-old Acacia mangium plantation in Indonesia. Video analysis of 285 uninterrupted productive cycles was performed to extract elemental time consumption, utilizing statistical models and non-parametric tests to evaluate the effects of DBH and stem morphology. DBH was the primary determinant of productivity, yielding an estimated gain of 0.39 m 3 / PM H 0 per 1 cm increment. Conversely, stem processing (delimbing and bucking) constituted the critical bottleneck, consuming 45.15% of productive time. Trunk curvature exceeding 15° significantly reduced processing efficiency by 49.8%. Furthermore, boom oscillation damping accounted for 34% of boom extension and grabbing time due to mechanical inertia. Stem irregularity, rather than dimension, is the primary biomechanical constraint limiting harvester performance. Optimizing operations requires advancing harvester head adaptability and boom-control technologies, alongside implementing silvicultural strategies to proactively improve stem straightness and stand uniformity.

Rapid and ultrasensitive monitoring of Cd2+ in aquatic environments remains a critical challenge due to its high toxicity and persistence. This work develops a green, ligand-free colorimetric sensing platform using phytochemical-capped gold nanoparticles synthesized from Acacia mangium leaf extract (AuNPs-Am). The plant-derived polyphenolic compounds act simultaneously as reducing and surface-coordinating agents, enabling one-step nanoparticle synthesis while introducing abundant oxygen-donor binding sites. Upon Cd2+ exposure, coordination interactions at the AuNPs-Am interface induce nanoparticle aggregation, leading to localized surface plasmon resonance modulation and a visible color change. Quantitative analysis based on the absorbance difference (A530–A564) exhibits a linear range of 8.896–889.6 µM (R 2 = 0.9953) with detection and quantification limits of 0.09 and 0.30 µM, respectively. The sensor shows strong selectivity against competing metal ions and reliable performance in real water samples with recoveries of 91.40–110.48%. This approach demonstrates a rapid, cost-effective, and environmentally benign strategy for Cd2+ detection.

ABSTRACT Mangroves serve as habitats for diverse species. Accurate classification of mangrove species is important for their conservation and management. However, the spectral similarity among species poses significant challenges in traditional classification models. Hyperspectral Imagei (HSI) provides rich spectral information that can differentiate between species through spectral signatures. State-of-the-art (SOTA) convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and machine learning (ML) models struggle to utilize the redundant spectral information of HSI, leading to misclassification. Hence, this study proposes an Adaptive Channel Attention Dropout (ACAD)-CNN for the classification of 16 mangrove species, including both true mangrove and mangrove associate species in the Pichavaram mangrove forest, by utilizing EO1-Hyperion and AVIRIS-NG datasets processed in Google Colab. The ACAD-CNN performs inter-channel spectral correlation and assigns importance weights to feature maps for the extraction of the most discriminative spectral features. Moreover, the adaptive dropout mechanism selectively suppresses weakly contributing channels. Performance metrics demonstrated substantial improvements over the SOTA CNN model, Swin transformer, XGBoost and Naive Bayes algorithms. The proposed ACAD-CNN achieved an accuracy of 96.92% for AVIRIS-NG and 95.28% for Hyperion, with corresponding Kappa coefficients of 0.9627 and 0.9416. These results demonstrate that the ACAD-CNN effectively enhances mangrove species classification.

Global mangrove forests have disappeared rapidly because of deforestation but have also regrown through natural regeneration and restoration. Yet their long-term trends in extent and canopy cover remain poorly quantified. By developing a global dataset of annual mangrove extent and canopy cover, we show that losses (long-term conversion) and degradation (canopy thinning) have both reduced since the 1980s and have been largely offset by regeneration and seaward expansion in the past decade. Consequently, global mangrove extent has shifted from net loss to net gain since around 2010 and changed only marginally from the 1980s to 2023 (-0.5% ± 1.4%). Beyond changes in extent, persistent mangroves exhibited sustained canopy accumulation. Our findings reveal the underestimated resilience of a highly threatened ecosystem, demonstrate early conservation effectiveness, and highlight halting deforestation as a priority for achieving conservation targets through natural regrowth.

Mangrove forests represent vital components of tropical and subtropical coastal wetland, yet recurrent anthracnose epidemics induce foliar necrosis and growth suppression in these ecosystems. To identify causative pathogens and establish a foundation for disease control, this study investigated anthracnose—affected mangrove species (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Excoecaria agallocha, Rhizophora stylosa, and Sonneratia apetala) in Guangdong Province, China. Through morphological and multilocus phylogenetic analyses (actin (ACT), chitin synthase (CHS-1), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate d ehydrogenase (GAPDH), internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and β-tubulin (TUB2)), eight Colletotrichum isolates were identified: two C. karsti from the C. boninense species complex, and six from the C. gloeosporioides complex (C. endophyticum (two isolates), C. pandanicola (two), C. proteae (one), C. tropicale (one)). Pathogenicity assays confirmed all isolates were pathogenic, with C. endophyticum, C. karsti, and C. tropicale exhibiting the highest virulence. Notably, strains C. endophyticum Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection (GDMCC) 3.1264, C. endophyticum GDMCC 3.1271, C. karsti GDMCC 3.1266, and C. tropicale GDMCC 3.1265 caused the most severe lesions on Rhizophora stylosa. These findings elucidate the etiology of mangrove anthracnose and provide a foundation for targeted biocontrol strategies to conserve coastal ecosystems.

Sediment physicochemical and dissolved organic matter control microbial responses and nitrous oxide emissions across a coastal wetland transition from invasion to reclamation.

• Ecosystem services emerge from the exchange of exported biomass across connected coastal systems. • Ecosystem services provided by exported marine macrophyte biomass (EMB) are substantial but often overlooked. • Temporal, spatial, and environmental factors interact with exported biomass attributes to drive service provisioning. • EMB should be included in ecosystem service frameworks to improve coastal management. • More work is needed to determine how to account for EMB in ecosystem service valuations. As societies increasingly aim to quantify and preserve nature’s benefits, ecosystem services provided by marine ecosystems are increasingly evaluated. However, these evaluations commonly focus on single ecosystems, despite the growing evidence that ecosystems interact. Here, we investigated the ecosystem services provided by macroscopic exported macrophyte biomass (EMB) from seagrass meadows, salt marshes, mangrove forests, and macroalgae forests using a systematic literature review of EMB in marine settings. We found that vegetative biomass exported from marine macrophytes substantially contributed to the provisioning of ecosystem services in recipient ecosystems – habitat provisioning, carbon storage, nutrient cycling, and abiotic alterations, among others – but were rarely documented as such. We identified time since deposition, proximity to donor ecosystem, EMB magnitude, and EMB seasonality as drivers of ecosystem service outcomes. Knowledge gaps related to EMB ecosystem services suggest that more research is needed across 1) vegetated recipient ecosystems, 2) ecosystem service types, 3) contexts in which EMB provides ecosystem services or disservices, 4) potential management strategies, and 5) regions of the world. We call for broader consideration of the contributions of EMB to ecosystem services within ecosystem services frameworks to increase the accuracy of global valuations and enhance strategies for conserving, restoring, and managing marine ecosystems.

This study compared gastropod abundance and biodiversity in naturally grown and replanted mangroves in Guang-guang, Dahican, Mati, Philippines. To do this, a total of 12 transects (50 m) were laid perpendicular to the shore, and vertical quadrats were used for mangrove trees assessed every 5 m along the line transects. Gastropods were identified and counted on the mangrove tree leaves, trunks, and roots found in the natural and replanted sites. A total of 16 gastropod species from four families (Littorinidae, Neritidae, Trochidae, and Siphonariidae) were found. All 16 species were found in the natural sites, whereas four species—Nerita albicilla Linnaeus, 1758, Nerita histrio Linnaeus, 1758, Siphonaria sirius Pilsbry, 1894, and Siphonaria atra Quoy & Gaimard, 1833 —were absent from the replanted sites. Overall, more gastropods found in the replanted sites compared with the naturally grown sites (t-tests, df = 166, mean difference = -0.463, t-value = -7.42, P = 0.000) although the natural sites hosted more diverse species (H’ = 2.41 vs 2.39). The results suggest the need to improve mangrove conservation, including planting more mangrove species suitable for these habitats as they act as refugia for gastropods, other invertebrates and marine organisms.

The great egret (Egretta lba) is a waterbird that inhabits wetland ecosystems and has potential to act as a reservoir for enteric bacteria, including Enterobacter sp. This bacterium is opportunistic in nature and can pose a health risk to animals, humans, and the environment. This study aimed to isolated and identify Enterobacter sp. from great egrets (Egretta alba) inhabiting the mangrove forest ecosystem of Baitussalam District, Aceh Besar. The study was conducted through field obsevation and laboratory exploration using the Carter method. A total of ten cloacal swab samples from great egrets were inoculated into Nutrient Broth (NB) and subsequently isolated on MacConkey Agar (MCA). The resulting colonies were observed for their morphological characteristics, subjected to Gram staining, and analyzed using biochemical tests including IMViC, TSIA, SIM, and carbohydrate fermentation test. The results showed that all samples revealed that the isolated bacteria were Gram-negative and rod-shape. Biochemical test results indicated negative indole, motility positive, MR positive, VP negative, SCA positive, and the ability to ferment various carbohydrates. Based on the identification results, the bacterium isolated was Enterobacter sp.

Effects of coastal aquaculture on microplastic burial patterns in mangrove ecosystems.

Gaps in mangrove forest valuation limit understanding of socioeconomic benefits

The fast-growing Sonneratia caseolaris has been widely used in restoration efforts to accelerate the recovery of degraded mangrove ecosystems. Carbon-fixing bacteria (CFB) are recognized as major microbial contributors to sediment carbon accumulation in the mangrove wetlands. However, the response of the CFB community and sediment organic carbon (SOC) to introduced S. caseolaris is still unknown. In this study, the sediment properties (especially SOC), the abundances of carbon-fixing genes (cbbL and cbbM), as well as the CFB community composition based on cbbL and cbbM functional genes and their interaction network, were compared between the introduced mangrove species (S. caseolaris) and native species (Kandelia obovata, Aegiceras corniculatum, and Acanthus ilicifolius) in the Niutianyang Mangrove Forest, Shantou, China. Our results showed that S. caseolaris markedly enhanced the SOC content and the abundances of the carbon-fixing genes (P < 0.05). The dominant CFB taxa were "purple sulfur bacteria" (PSB) (e.g., Chromatiales) and "purple nonsulfur bacteria" (PNSB) (e.g., Rhodobacterales). The relative abundances of some well-known plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), especially the Rhizobiales and Burkholderiales, were significantly increased (P < 0.05) by the S. caseolaris introduction. In addition, there was a more complex but less stable CFB community interaction network in the S. caseolaris sediments. It was well worth noting that a large number of the keystone taxa in the network were the sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB), such as Sulfuriferula and Thioalkalivibrio, suggesting a tight connection between the carbon and sulfur cycles in mangrove wetlands, and these key genera might have decisive roles in reshaping CFB community structure and functioning. These findings confirmed that introduced S. caseolaris can strongly affect the CFB communities and the SOC content, and provided new insights into the microbial carbon sequestration in the mangrove wetlands.

Mangrove forests fringe the highly dynamic, mud-dominated Guianas coast, where wave-induced mobility of Amazon-derived mudbanks drives rapid coastal accretion and erosion. In French Guiana, this geomorphic instability reorganizes mangrove distribution, creating mosaics of successional stages in which stand development rarely approaches long-term equilibrium. However, it remains uncertain whether a single age–biomass relationship can represent contrasting coastal Avicennia-dominated stands and heterogeneous estuarine Rhizophora-dominated stands in this system. This study evaluates how effectively stand age, reconstructed from historical imagery, predicts stem diameter at breast height (DBH) and aboveground biomass (AGB) of Avicennia germinans and Rhizophora spp. along this coast, using chronosequence data spanning pioneer to mature stands. DBH was measured in the field, and AGB was estimated using locally validated allometric equations. Four empirical growth models (power, Gompertz, logistic, and monomolecular) were fitted using nonlinear least squares to describe age–structure and age–biomass relationships. Stand age strongly predicted DBH in Avicennia germinans but explained less variation in AGB and in both DBH and AGB for Rhizophora spp., and differences among growth functions were small. In this mud‑dominated setting, stand‑age models perform well for coastal mangroves but are less informative for estuarine mangroves. Under ongoing climate and environment‑driven change, this study highlights the need to complement stand age with environmental and structural covariates when modelling mangrove biomass and carbon stocks in both coastal and estuarine systems.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-026-53756-1.

Lumnitzera littorea is a rare, conservation-relevant mangrove tree with discontinuous records in southern Vietnam, but population-level genetic evidence remains limited. This study combined nuclear rDNA ITS and ISSR markers to distinguish species-level support from population-level comparisons. Can Gio was treated as the focal population, while Dong Nai, Phu Quoc, and Con Dao were used as comparison populations. The 16 study-generated ITS sequences, deposited as PZ348213–PZ348228, supported species-level separation between L. littorea and L. racemosa, with a between-species p-distance of 0.0459 and 32 fixed diagnostic sites across the 697 bp core. The ISSR matrix comprised 115 individuals and 81 loci, and population analyses were restricted to 110 L. littorea individuals. Within this dataset, Dong Nai and Can Gio showed higher ISSR diversity than Con Dao and Phu Quoc. AMOVA indicated significant differentiation among populations (Phi_PT = 0.255, p = 0.001), with 74.5% of variation retained within populations; a mainland–island grouping was also significant (Phi_PT = 0.242, p = 0.001). Repeated n = 20 subsampling retained the relative diversity pattern. The results provide a regional ISSR baseline for conservation-genetics interpretation and support broad representation of local source trees when collecting conservation material; however, they do not define formal management units, official seed-transfer zones, or deep phylogeographic history.

Phytostabilization of potentially toxic elements by mangrove trees in coastal sediments along Pattani Bay, Thailand.