Gene flow from the European wild apple and selection shaped the domesticated apple genome.

This study aimed to contribute to the biological control of two economically significant fruit fly species, Bactrocera zonata and Bactrocera dorsalis. The research examined the effects of different host fruit species and artificial larval diets on their development. Experiments were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions (28 ± 2°C, 60-65% relative humidity). Specified five fruit varities were selected as a host including apple (Malus sylvestris), guava (Psidium guajava), mango (Mangifera indica), persimmon (Diospyros kaki), and pomegranate (Punica granatum). Key biological parameters taken into consideration were egg production, larval and pupal development time, survival rate, adult emergence percentages, and sex ratios. Comparisons were made between liquid and solid artificial diets under different host conditions. Results revealed that P. guajava was the most favorable host, yielding optimal egg production (297.3 ± 9.3), larval numbers (261 ± 3.2), pupal counts (237.6 ± 27.1), and adult emergence rates (86.9 ± 3.9%). Similarly, P. granatum exhibited the longest egg hatching duration (2.3 ± 0.3 days) and larval development time (7.6 ± 0.3 days). While M. sylvestris and D. kaki showed maximum pupal duration (4.3 ± 0.3 days). Solid artificial diets produced higher egg numbers (408 ± 108.3) and extended developmental periods compared to liquid diets, though liquid diets achieved superior adult emergence rates (80 ± 2.8%). It is concluded that P. guajava serves optimally for Bactrocera mass rearing. Moreover, solid diets enhance reproduction while liquid diets improve adult emergence. This can help and inform existing and future biological control programs.

This study included the nectar of nine standard apple (Malus × domestica) cultivars (‘Red Aroma’, ‘Discovery’, ‘Summerred’, ‘Rubinstep’, ‘Elstar’, ‘Asfari’, ‘Eden’, ‘Fryd’, and ‘Katja’) and two crab apple (Malus sylvestris) cultivars (‘Dolgo’ and ‘Professor Sprenger’). The aim was to determine the diversity of chemical compounds in the floral nectar of the two different apple species and their cultivars. Chemical analysis identified five sugars, two sugar alcohols, two organic acids, forty phenolic compounds, and five phenylamides. The crab apples ‘Dolgo’ and ‘Professor Sprenger’, along with the commercial cultivar ‘Rubinstep’, had the highest levels of all three main sugars (glucose, sucrose, and fructose). The cultivar’s ‘Katja’ nectar had the highest level of total phenolic content (60.7 mg/100 g GAE), the nectar sample from ‘Dolgo’ exhibited the greatest ability to neutralise DPPH radicals (83.4 mg/100 g TE), and the ‘Dolgo’ (100.6 mg/100 g TE FW) and ‘Katja’ (72.1 mg/100 g TE FW) nectars proved to be the best reducing agents. Floral nectar from ‘Eden’ and ‘Fryd’ showed very high levels of isorhamnetin, 49.04 mg/kg and 50.83 mg/kg, respectively, while nectar from ‘Katja’ had the highest level of gentisic acid at 39.06 mg/kg. Besides being vital for insects, apple floral nectar is a significant reservoir of phenolic compounds and can be considered a “superfood” for the human diet.

Background Continuous exposure to sunlight and pollution without adequate protection can damage skin, making it prone to premature aging. One of the natural ingredients for anti-aging is antioxidant. Malang green apple ( Malus sylvestris Mill) contains bioactive compounds that can act as antioxidants, but its use is still limited to only as food ingredient. Furthermore, some studies show the potency of fruit fermentation to increase these bioactive compounds. Thus, this study is a preliminary study to examine the anti-aging potency of fermented Malang green apples. Methods Human foreskin fibroblasts were treated with fermented Malang green apple juice extract (FAJ) by Lactobacillus plantarum DAD-13 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermipan and its unfermented (AJ) for 24, 48, and 72 hours. Cell viability was measured using the MTT assay and collagen deposition was measured using the Sirius red staining method. The expression of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) and collagen type 1 alpha 1 chain (COL1A1) was measured in fibroblasts after treatment with extracts. Results Cell viability and collagen deposition of fibroblasts tended to be higher after 48 h of extract exposure. Fibroblasts that received FAJ 62.5 μg/mL showed higher cell viability than negative control (p <0.05) and FAJ 31.25 μg/mL showed higher collagen deposition than negative control (p <0.05) at 48 hours of extract exposure. AJ and FAJ also decreased MMP-1 gene expression. They showed a significant decrease in MMP-1 levels (p <0.01) compared to the untreated group, whereas they showed increased expression of COL1A1 at low concentrations. There was no significant difference in the gene expression between FAJ and AJ. Conclusions Our results indicated that Malang green apple juice extract affected fibroblast cell viability, collagen deposition, MMP-1, and COL1A1 gene expression. Exposure of lower concentrations of FAJ to skin fibroblasts for 48 hours showed better results.

Diabetes mellitus is associated with oxidative stress, which is linked to an increased production of reactive oxygen species, potentially resulting in cellular damage. Antioxidant compounds have been shown to effectively reduce this damage in individuals with diabetes mellitus. Among the prominent sources of these antioxidants are apple juice and water kefir. The aim of this research was to asses the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of Manalagi apple juice (MAJ) and Manalagi apple water kefir (MAWK) using in vitro and in silico methods. Antioxidant and antidiabetic activities were determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and α-glucosidase inhibition. The interactions of the active compounds were analyzed in silico using molecular docking techniques. MAJ and MAWK contain flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. MAWK showed a higher potential with a pH of 4.7, total flavonoid content of 0.014 – 0.025 mg QE/g, total phenolic content of 224.270 – 413.973 mg GAE/g, vitamin C content of 56.320–166.613 mg/100 mL, antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 6.48% (w/v), and α-glucosidase inhibition activity with an IC50 value of 23.82% (w/v). Chlorogenic acid, as a phytoconstituent of plants, is reported to exhibit both antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. This assertion is substantiated by molecular docking studies, which reveal Gibbs free energy values of -6.9 kcal/mol for its antioxidant activity and -6.7 kcal/mol for its antidiabetic activity. Consequently, MAWK has potential as a functional food that serves as an antioxidant and aids in the regulation of blood glucose levels in diabetes mellitus.

This study characterized the physicochemical properties, bioactive composition, and antioxidant capacity of the wild Demir apple (Malus sylvestris), an endemic genotype from the Eastern Black Sea region. Samples collected from Artvin were analyzed for physical and chemical attributes, including total soluble solids (13.87%), titratable acidity (0.43% malic acid), ascorbic acid (5.93mg/100g FW), and total sugars (11.94%). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-PDA) revealed chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, and catechin as the predominant phenolic compounds. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 103.98mg GAE/100g FW and 2.09mg QUE/100g FW, respectively, while antioxidant capacity, assessed via FRAP and DPPH assays, was 2635.91µmol FeSO4/g and 7.75mg/mL. These findings highlight the wild Demir apple as a rich source of bioactive compounds with strong antioxidant potential, supporting its value for nutritional and functional food applications.

Background: The rising demand for functional foods has encouraged the utilization of natural antioxidants from agricultural by-products to enhance food quality and sustainability. Apple peels (Malus sylvestris), rich in phenolic compounds like quercetin, offer strong antioxidant properties and health benefits, yet are often discarded as waste. Fortifying yogurt with such bioactive-rich extracts presents an opportunity to improve its functional value while addressing environmental concerns. However, this process requires careful evaluation of how the extract affects yogurt’s physico-chemical characteristics and antioxidant capacity. Methods: A completely randomized design with six treatment groups (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% fruit peel extract) and triplicate samples was used. The test parameters performed were viscosity, syneresis, water holding capacity, emulsion activity index, antioxidant DPPH IC50 and phenolic content, with one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s test (P less than 0.05) applied to analyze the differences. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was analyzed descriptively. Higher concentrations of fruit peel extract resulted in decreased viscosity and syneresis, increased water holding capacity and emulsion activity. Result: Higher concentrations of fruit peel extract resulted in decreased viscosity and syneresis, but increased water holding capacity and emulsion activity. Antioxidant metrics showed a significant decrease in IC50 values and an increase in total phenolic content. The enrichment of yogurt with apple peel extract not only improved functional properties but also enhanced compositional parameters, particularly phenolic compounds such as quercetin, which were confirmed by FTIR analysis. These compositional changes were strongly correlated with the improved antioxidant activity and stability of the yogurt matrix.

Frugivorous mammals play a key role in forest regeneration by dispersing seeds yet their effectiveness can vary with landscape disturbance and the native or exotic status of the plant species. In the temperate forests of southern Chile, we evaluated the seed dispersal efficiency (SDE) of foxes (Lycalopex spp.) for native and exotic fleshy-fruited plants across 10 sites spanning a gradient from less to more disturbed landscapes. SDE was assessed though two components: quantity (frequency of feces containing seeds and number of seeds per plant species) and quality (proportion of viable seeds and their germination success under natural conditions). Between November 2022 and July 2023, we collected 199 fox fecal samples, of which 131 contained seeds. In total, we recovered of 23,012 seeds from three native species (Aristotelia chilensis, Gaultheria mucronata, Ugni molinae) and three exotic species (Prunus spp., Malus sylvestris, Rubus ulmifolius). Native seeds were more frequently found in feces from less disturbed landscapes, whereas exotic species exhibited more variable patterns. Seed viability was generally high and unaffected by landscape type, although germination rates were higher in less disturbed areas. Notably, G. mucronata failed to germinate in more disturbed landscapes despite high viability. Conversely, U. molinae showed significantly greater SDE in more disturbed areas due to higher seed quantity and germination. These findings demonstrate that foxes are effective seed dispersers of both native and exotic species, with their effectiveness shaped by landscape type and plant species. Our results highlight the dual ecological role of generalist frugivores in supporting native plant regeneration while potentially facilitating the spread of exotic species. We recommend that future conservation and restoration efforts consider these dynamics when managing fragmented temperate forests.

Significant depletion of natural resources, coupled with increased environmental pollution resulting from the constant evolution of global industrialization, poses a considerable problem. Therefore, it is unsurprising that sustainable “green” chemistry and technology are gathering the worldwide scientific community, whose common goal is to find applicable solutions for the abovementioned problems. This paper combined the ultrasonic extraction method (a form of “green” technology) with natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs, a type of “green” solvent) for the production of extracts from an industrial by-product (discarded waste wild apple dust). Waste wild apple dust was pretreated with different NADESs in order to explore the pretreatment benefits regarding ultrasonic extraction of bioactive compounds. Among all solvents used, aqueous propylene glycol was chosen as the best system, which, combined with Reline NADES pretreatment, provided the highest TPC and TFC values, together with the best antioxidant activities. UHPLC-DAD-MS analyses of extracts revealed the presence of natural organic acids, quercetin and kaempferol derivatives, tannins, and flavones. Following this procedure, valorization of agro-industrial apple herbal waste resulted in obtaining extracts with high potential for utilization in different industrial branches (food and pharmaceutical industries), contributing to both cleaner production and reduced environmental impact.

Biomimetic antimicrobial packaging: Malus sylvestris polyphenols derived tripolymeric active films for extended shelf life and quality maintenance of beef.

Halitosis in children is a common problem that can affect their social and psychological well-being. While many interventions exist, there is a growing demand for natural and effective solutions. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of MAGIfresh, a novel herbal mouthwash containing Manalagi apple peel (Malus sylvestris Mill.) extract, in reducing halitosis in children. A quasi-experimental study with a one-group pretest-posttest design was conducted on 63 elementary school students. Halitosis levels were measured using a 0-5 organoleptic scale before and 30 minutes after rinsing with the mouthwash. The collected data were analyzed using the non-parametric Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test. The results showed a statistically significant reduction in halitosis scores after the intervention (p < 0.001). The mean organoleptic score decreased from 0.74 in the pretest to 0.07 in the posttest. The findings concluded that MAGIfresh mouthwash was highly effective in reducing halitosis in children.

This study evaluates the heavy metal and nutritional element content in the reproductive organs of medicinal plants (Helianthus annuus, Matricaria chamomilla, Tilia argentea, Sambucus nigra, Calendula officinalis, Crataegus monogyna, Juniperus communis, Malus sylvestris, and Rosa canina) collected from the “Agroproduct” collection point in Kosovo. The main purpose of this study is to make an elemental analysis of above-mentioned plant species belonging to the Kosovo region and to clearly reveal whether these plants are consumable or safe for human health. Therefore, the parameters specified in the literature were evaluated to determine this, including metal and mineral concentration, correlation studies, and risk assessments using RDA (Recommended Daily Allowance), EDI (Estimated Daily Intake), THQ (Target Hazard Quotient), and HI (Hazard Index). Results showed that C. monogyna had the highest calcium (4863.32 mg/kg) and lead (3.53 mg/kg) levels, M. chamomilla had the highest potassium (15747.64 mg/kg), S. nigra fruits had the highest magnesium (2951.42 mg/kg), and C. officinalis had the highest sodium (1751.34 mg/kg), copper (12.51 mg/kg), and zinc (34.48 mg/kg). T. argentea had elevated manganese (127.30 mg/kg), and H. annuus had the highest iron (134.68 mg/kg) and nickel (9.37 mg/kg). R. canina, J. communis, and M. sylvestris did not exhibit the highest values for any evaluated elements. Comparisons with WHO/FAO allowable limits revealed that S. nigra fruits, T. argentea, H. annuus, C. monogyna, and M. chamomilla had concentrations of chromium, lead, and manganese exceeding permissible levels. Although certain elements exceeded WHO/FAO limits, risk assessment metrics (THQ, HI) suggest that the exposure levels remain within acceptable safety margins. This study addressing a critical gap in regional phytochemical data and evaluating their safety for human consumption through nutritional profiling and toxicological risk assessment.

Antioxidants are substances that can prevent or reduce oxidative stress in physiological systems. The natural antioxidants found in our food are substances that can protect cells from the dangers of free radicals produced by the body's metabolism. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and apple (Malus sylvestris L.) are natural compounds with strong antioxidant capacities which can be used in functional food. Both natural compounds will be made into jam sheets, a modified jam printed in sheet which is very easy to serve on bread and cakes. This research aimed to find the best formula of apple puree sheet jam added with differences of tomato juice concentration. There are 4 sheet jam formulas which are F1, F2, F3, and F4 use 100 g of apple puree and add tomato juice as 0 g, 60 g, 75 g, and 90 g respectively. The parameter test used for this research were hedonics test for panelists, water content test, pH value, total plate count, mold/yeast test, and antioxidant activity. The results showed that F4 was the best formula preferred by the panelists. The water content, pH value, total plate count, and mold/yeast test were 21.62%, 4.23, and 7.5 x102, respectively. The antioxidant activity value with an IC50 value of 87.14 ppm. The addition of 90 g of tomato juice on 100 g of apple puree produces sheet jam with strong antioxidant activity.

The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance have sparked interest in exploring for natural remedies. Vinegar is traditionally consumed for its potential health benefits, but the phytochemical composition and antimicrobial efficacy of vinegar produced from Phoenix dactylifera (date) and Malus sylvestris (apple) fruits require further investigation. This study investigated the phytochemical composition of Phoenix dactylifera (PD) and Malus sylvestris (MS) fruit vinegars, exploring their potential as natural antimicrobial agents. Yeast and acetic acid bacterium were isolated from spoilt fruits and characterized using appropriate microbiological techniques. Vinegar production was carried out using submerged fermentation of must extracted from Phoenix dactylifera (PD) and Malus sylvestris (MS) fruits. The physicochemical properties, nutrient and phytochemical constituents were determined using gravimetric and instrumentation techniques. In vitro and in vivo techniques were employed for the antimicrobial potency. The data generated from this study were analyzed at 95% confidence level using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and post-hoc analysis using Turkey’s test. Alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and glycosides were detected in the vinegar produced from MS and PD using Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain SR 128 (CS 128) and Acetobacter aceti strain WI (AAWI). There were significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of the vinegar samples against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Candida albicans, and the activity was most against E. coli. Therefore, the prepared vinegar samples from MS and PD possessed significant phytochemical and antimicrobial properties, and the sample produccd from PD was slightly better than the sample produced from MS.

Vinegar is generally considered safe, but variations in production methods, acetic acid content and potential contaminants may impact its safety profile. This study was carried out to evaluate the safety of vinegar produced from Phoenix dactylifera (PD) and Malus sylvestris (MS) by assessing its toxicity and acetic acid content, providing essential information for consumers, manufacturers and regulatory agencies. Yeast and acetic acid bacterium were isolated from spoilt fruits and characterized using appropriate microbiological techniques. Vinegar production was carried out using submerged fermentation of must extracted from Phoenix dactylifera (PD) and Malus sylvestris (MS) fruits. Instrumentation and in vivo techniques were employed for the determination of acetic acid content and toxicity of the fruit vinegar. The data generated from this study were analyzed at 95% confidence level using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and post-hoc analysis using Turkey’s test. Vinegar samples containing 4.10% and 5.2% acetic acid respectively were produced from MS and PD using Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain SR 128 (CS 128) and Acetobacter aceti strain WI (AAWI). There was no significant difference (P> 0.05) between body weights, organ weights and organ functions of the experimented rats and the control (normal) rats. Therefore, the prepared vinegar samples from MS and PD had stipulated levels of acetic acid, and they were safe for human consumption, and the sample prepared from PD was slightly better.

Objective: The chemical composition and bioactive properties of essential oils, fatty oils and aqueous extracts of Prunus cerasifera, Malus sylvestris and Cornus mas were investigated. Material and Method: Antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities of P. cerasifera, M. sylvestris and C. mas were reported. The quantitative determination of some secondary metabolites was also analysed by LC-MS/MS. The chemical composition of the essential oils was also investigated by GC-MS. Result and Discussion: Fatty oils’ major compounds were oleic acid (77.1%) in P. cerasifera, palmitic acid (32.5%) in M. sylvestris fruits, and linoleic acid (43.2%) in C. mas seeds. Benzaldehyde (70.1%), nonacosane (30.4%), (E,E)-2,4-Decadienal (43.3%) were found as major compounds of P. cerasifera, M. sylvestris fruits, and C. mas seed essential oils, respectively. Quinic acid was predominant compound in all extracts, ranging from 11262.2996 to 18179.6260 ng/ml. C. mas fatty oil was showed antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans and C. parapsilosis with MIC =625-1250 µg/ml. P. cerasifera, C. mas, and M. sylvestris hold potential as α-glucosidase inhibitors, with varying degrees of potency. IC50 values further underscore effectiveness of aqueous extracts, especially in cases of C. mas and M. sylvestris with <10 and 399 µg/ml.

Sodium hydrogen sulfite or sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) is a common anti-browning agent to preserve fresh produce. We can maintain the color of fruits and vegetables by inhibiting certain enzymes involved in the browning process. The study evaluates different concentrations (50, 100, 150, and 200 ppm) and immersion time (three and five minutes) of NaHSO3 applied to fresh-cut apples. Sliced apples (n=189 slices) were grouped into nine groups: N50I3 (50 ppm NaHSO3 immersion for three minutes), N100I3 (100 ppm NaHSO3 immersion for three minutes), N150I3 (150 ppm NaHSO3 immersion for three minutes), N200I3 (200 ppm NaHSO3 immersion for three minutes), N50I5 (50 ppm NaHSO3 immersion for five minutes), N100I5 (100 ppm NaHSO3 immersion for five minutes), N150I5 (150 ppm NaHSO3 immersion for five minutes), N200I5 (200 ppm NaHSO3 immersion for five minutes) and control group. The samples were compared between groups for peroxidase activity (unit/min), polyphenol oxidase activity (unit/min), phenolic content (ppm), total antioxidant activity (%), and discoloration (hue) every three days for 15 days. The results showed that immersing freshly cut fruit of Manalagi apples in NaHSO3 50 ppm for three minutes was the best treatment for inhibiting the enzymatic browning process compared to other treatments. Contribution to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):SDG 2: Zero HungerSDG 3: Good Health and Well-beingSDG 12: Responsible Consumption and ProductionSDG 5: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure

This study aims to design and test a non-destructive ripeness measurement system for Manalagi apples (Malus Sylvestris) using a piezoelectric-based ultrasonic sensor. Manalagi apples have green skin that does not show any significant changes when ripe, so the visual method is less effective in assessing their ripeness. The designed system utilizes ultrasonic waves to measure the attenuation of waves as they propagate through the fruit. The attenuation results are then correlated with the dissolved sugar content (measured in °Brix) using a refractometer as a comparison. This method offers a faster, more efficient, and less destructive alternative to conventional methods that require fruit extraction. The system prototype consists of a microcontroller, signal amplifier circuit, piezoelectric transducer, and digital oscilloscope to display the waves. The results of the wave measurement test showed that the higher the sugar content in the fruit, the greater the attenuation value produced. Regression analysis of the data obtained provides an equation of y = –40.28 – 0.486x with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.6299. This finding provides an important contribution to the development of non-invasive methods for fruit quality analysis, as well as being the basis for further research aimed at improving the accuracy of fruit characteristic predictions through a multivariable approach

Studies have shown that variations in production methods, raw materials quality and storage conditions may affect the sensory attributes and microbial safety of vinegar produced from fruit extracts. This study was carried out to evaluate the sensory and microbial quality of vinegar produced from date palm and apple fruits, exploring the implications for consumer preference and acceptance. Yeast and acetic acid bacterium were isolated from spoilt fruits and characterized using appropriate microbiological techniques. Vinegar production was carried out using submerged fermentation of must extracted from Phoenix dactylifera (PD) and Malus sylvestris (MS) fruits. Instrumentation and in vivo techniques were employed for the determination of acetic acid content and toxicity of the fruit vinegar. The data generated from this study were analyzed at 95% confidence level using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and post-hoc analysis using Turkey’s test. Yeast and acetic acid bacterium were isolated from spoilt fruits and characterized using appropriate microbiological techniques. Vinegar production was carried out using submerged fermentation of must extracted from Phoenix dactylifera (PD) and Malus sylvestris (MS) fruits. Standard plate technique was employed for the microbial qualities of the vinegar samples. The sensory evaluation and acceptability of the vinegar samples were carried out among validated participants and analyzed using 9-point hedonic scale. The data generated from this study were analyzed at 95% confidence level using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and post-hoc analysis using Turkey’s test. There were variations in microbial loads of the vinegar produced from MS and PD using Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain SR 128 (CS 128) and Acetobacter aceti strain WI (AAWI), but these were statistically non-significant (P > 0.05) and conform to the stipulated standard. The samples were well rated in terms of colour, taste and odour, and generally acceptable. Therefore, the prepared vinegar samples from MS and PD had microbial qualities that conformed with the stipulated standard, preferred and acceptable, and the sample prepared from PD was slightly better.

Borax, a toxic material, can disrupt the testes, hypothalamus, and spermatogenesis in the male reproductive system, leading to infertility. Apple peel contains quercetin, a substance crucial for boosting antioxidant levels and preventing free radical damage. The study aimed to assess the impact of apple peel extract on spermatozoa quality and testicular histology in borax-induced mice. The study utilized a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatment groups and five replications of each group: C- (without treatment), C+ (Borax), T1, T2, and T3, where borax was administered alongside various doses of apple peel extract: 0,2 mg, 0,4 mg, and 0,8 mg respectively. Testicular sections were collected for histopathological analysis and caudal epididymal sections for sperm quality assessment. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and DMRT tests using SPSS 23. The results showed that apple peel extract significantly increased the quality of mice spermatozoa in borax-induced mice (p<0.05). Apple peel extract to borax-induced mice also positively affected testicular diameter and weight, as well as the diameter of the seminiferous tubules and the number of Leydig cells. The optimal dose of apple peel extract in improving the quality of spermatozoa and testicular histology of mice was found to be0.4 mg / 20g BW.