Maltodextrin DE Research Articles

Model development for conductive thin film drying processes

A heat-transfer governed model is proposed to describe drying in a lab-scale conductive thin film dryer, which was designed to investigate the drying kinetics relevant to drum drying. The model calculations were compared to experimental data from drying experiments with maltodextrin DE12 and potato starch, considering the three distinct periods (heating, boiling and conductive drying) of the lab-scale process. The model uses measured temperatures and evaporation rate during the boiling period as input to calculate the decrease in moisture content during the drying process. Model calculations were evaluated by determining the root-mean-square-error (RMSE) values. The RMSE were very small (<0.24) indicating that the model was successful in describing the film drying process. During the last drying period, the starch films exhibited a higher initial heat transfer resistance (~0.0004 (m2∙K)/W) compared to maltodextrin (~0.0002 (m2∙K)/W). This reflects the formation of larger vapour bubbles in the boiling period impeding the heat transfer for starch films. Subsequently, the model was modified to describe a pilot-scale drum drying process for maltodextrin suspensions. The initial heat transfer coefficient for drum drying of maltodextrin was obtained from the lab-scale experiments. The simulations indicated residual moisture contents and optimal drying times for different drying conditions.

The influence of spray drying parameters and carrier material on the physico-chemical properties and quality of chokeberry juice powder

Chokeberry juice is used in the food industry because of its antioxidant activity as well as anti-diabetes, anti-mutagenic, bacteriostatic, anti-inflammatory and anti-virus properties. However in a liquid form its active ingredients can be unstable, so conversion into powder form is required. To improve the quality of the final product and extend information about the properties of chokeberry powder the aim of the study was to examine the relationship of inlet air temperature (160 °C, 200 °C) and carrier type maltodextrin (MD) 10DE and 15.6DE, arabic gum (AG) and their mixtures (AG:MD10 and AG:MD15—1:1, 1:3, 3:1) with the amounts of anthocyanins and polyphenols and selected physical properties of powders obtained after spray drying. Moreover stability of anthocyanin was tested after storage Obtained powders were characterized by low water activity (< 0.26), high dry matter content (97–99%) and good hygroscopic properties. Saccharification level of maltodextrin had no impact on the amount of bioactive components enclosed inside the capsules. Moreover, the mixtures of carriers, AG:MD appeared to have a large potential to ensure a high quality of chokeberry powder with high content of anthocyanin (1694–2028 mg/100 g) and polyphenols (about 3000 mg/100 g d.m.). Storage temperature mostly has no statistically significant influence on content of active ingredients, but an increase in colour coefficents was observed. The contents of anthocyanins and polyphenols were higher in powders stored at 4 °C than at 25 °C.

Optimization of the spray‐drying parameters for developing guava powder

AbstractSpray‐drying process for guava pulp was optimized by response surface methodology. The factors were inlet air temperature (130–170°C) and maltodextrin DE 10 content (60–75% wb pulp solids basis), while powder yield, moisture, ascorbic acid retention, rehydration, and hygroscopicity were the responses variables. Inlet air temperature caused a positive effect on powder yield and ascorbic acid retention, while moisture content, rehydration, and hygroscopicity were negatively affected by maltodextrin content. The optimal conditions for drying guava pulp were an inlet air temperature of 148°C and maltodextrin content of 75% wb pulp solids basis; these parameters led to 67.9% powder yield, 4.2% wb moisture content, 90% ascorbic acid retention, 60 s rehydration time, hygroscopicity 21.7 g of water/100 g of dry matter and 9.2 μm of particle mean diameter.Practical applicationNowadays an increase in the use of foods that are easy to make or ready for direct consumption has received a significant attention. Guava fruit has many health benefits potential, but it has short shelf life and seasonal crop. This research give the information about the effect of inlet air temperature and maltodextrin content on spray drying process and physicochemical properties of the developed guava powder. It is important for dehydrated pulp and juice producers to avoid production problems, such as stickiness and low yield.

Microencapsulation of winter squash ( Cucurbita moschata Duchesne) seed oil by spray drying

The response surface methodology was employed to optimize the microencapsulation condition of cold‐pressed winter squash (Cucurbita moschata Duchesne) seed oil. The powder yield, extraction efficiency, and bulk density were investigated with respect to two factors including concentration of maltodextrin DE 10 (5, 10, and 15% w/w) combined with 10% w/w gum Arabic to coating wall and inlet air temperature (140, 160, and 180°C). The predicted conditions to simultaneously provide the maximum possible yield and encapsulation efficiency were: inlet temperature 172°C and maltodextrin content 15% w/w. Under such conditions, powder yield was estimated to be 63.2% w/w, 77.4% encapsulation efficiency, 4.4% w/w moisture content, and 0.284 g/ml bulk density. The results here obtained demonstrate the potential represented by this species as an alternative for the vegetable oil industry as food ingredient and nutrition supplement. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Unsaturated fatty acids and other bioactive compounds are highly susceptible to oxidation when exposed to oxygen, light, moisture, and temperature. As response to these problems, feasibility of microencapsulating cold‐pressed winter squash seed oil by spray drying was investigated in this work. A method for optimizing microencapsulation conditions of winter squash seed oil by using response surface methodology was studied. This research may be useful for identifying the most appropriate operating conditions for winter squash seed oil microencapsulation for industrial application, especially in food and pharmaceutical industries, as well as for reference for further investigative works.

Influence of modified starches as wall materials on the properties of spray-dried lemongrass oil.

The use of lemongrass oil as food preservative present great potential, however it has high volatility and intense aroma, making them limited to be used as food additives. Microencapsulation processes become interesting alternatives to overcome these issues. This work investigated the influence of the partial replacement of gum arabic by modified starches on the microencapsulation of lemongrass oil as core material. Gum arabic and its combinations with modified starches: cassava and corn maltodextrins with different dextrose equivalent (DE) and octenyl succinic anhydride modified starch (OSA-starch) were studied. The emulsions were spray dried at controlled temperature of 170°C. The evaluated parameters particles solubility, moisture content, and oil composition did not showed significant differences among the treatments. Replacement of gum arabic by maltodextrin DE20 and OSA-starch resulted in higher wetting times. Oil retention was increased (81.2%) when gum arabic was replaced by OSA-starch; the treatment without substitution, with only gum arabic had 67.5% of oil retention. Application of OSA-starch in association with gum arabic in microencapsulation by spray drying of lemongrass oil presented greater potential to be used due to its higher oil retention. Polymer blends should be assessed since they present advantages over individually applied polymers. Although maltodextrins show some differences compared to the treatment with only gum arabic, it may also be a viable alternative because of its lower cost.

Evaluation of freeze-dried milk-blackberry pulp mixture: Influence of adjuvants over the physical properties of the powder, anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity.

The blackberry fruit (Rubus spp.) presents an attractive color ranging from purple red to blue, due to the high content of bioactive compounds, such as anthocyanins. Bioactive compounds have antioxidant properties, acting as free radical scavengers and are also frequently linked to the prevention of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. Due to native-form anthocyanins instability against environmental stress, bioactive compounds are not always as effective in improving human health as they could be. Therefore, the production of powders using adjuvants is a promising approach for encapsulating anthocyanins-rich pastes, in order to improve their stability and application. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of adjuvants on the physical properties of the powder, and on anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity of the pastes and freeze-dried milk-blackberry pulp mixtures. The pastes formulated were of milk-blackberry pulp (25%:75%, (weight/weight (w/w)) and of milk-blackberry pulp-adjuvant (25%:70%:5%, (w/w/w)), and the adjuvants employed were maltodextrins 10DE and 20DE and Capsul®. The addition of maltodextrin 20DE and Capsul® resulted in pastes with high anthocyanins content (451.6 ± 80.0 μg/g and 453.1 ± 26.0 μg/g, respectively), similar to the paste without adjuvants (568.6 ± 3.4 μg/g). Also, maltodextrin 20DE and Capsul® showed a high protection capacity of the anthocyanins present on the powders (around 96% of anthocyanins retention). When no adjuvants were used, the anthocyanins retention was very low (40.1%). The freeze-drying process maintained the antioxidant capacity of the bioactive compounds and the powders obtained showed good quality with low moisture content and hygroscopicity.

Influence of the emulsion homogenization method on the stability of chia oil microencapsulated by spray drying

The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the homogenization method, ultrasound or rotor-stator, on the properties of emulsions formed with chia oil (Salvia hispanica L.) and on the stability of this powder oil. Microencapsulation was performed by spray drying, using as a wall material a mixture of maltodextrin 10DE, maltodextrin 20DE, whey protein isolate and gum arabic (40/40/15/5). The characterization of the microparticles was performed by moisture, particle size, surface oil, encapsulated oil, encapsulation efficiency, morphology, lipid oxidation and oxidative stability. The use of ultrasound promoted a significant reduction in droplet size (4.62 to 0.48 μm) and a considerable increase in encapsulation efficiency (42 to 96%). In this way, it was possible to obtain a microparticle of chia oil with concentration of oil of industrial interest (30% w/w) with high encapsulation efficiency and good oxidative stability, using the green ultrasonic technology for the oil homogenization stage.

Surface‐Active Properties and Anti‐Microbial Activities of Esterified Maltodextrins

The esterified maltodextrins (EMs) are prepared by enzymatic esterification of maltodextrin DE of 16 with three fatty acids (C‐10, C‐12, and C‐16). Three EMs are maltodextrin decanoate (DE16_D), maltodextrin laurate (DE16_L), and maltodextrin palmitate (DE16_P). Their surface‐active properties and anti‐microbial activities are investigated with various concentrations (0–20% (w/w)). All EMs exhibit surface activity that depends on the chain length of the fatty acid. The anti‐microbial activities of EMs and native maltodextrin are evaluated against Escherichia coli, a Gram‐negative bacterium, and Staphylococcus aureus a Gram‐positive bacterium. DE16_L is the most effective at retarding E. coli growth. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of DE16_L is 5% (w/w). Cell numbers of E. coli tend to decrease as the concentration increases for native maltodextrin, DE16_D, and DE16_L. On the other hand, DE16_P enhances the available cells of E. coli and S. aureus as concentration increases. EMs and native maltodextrin do not clearly retard the growth of S. aureus. This investigation indicates that the chain length of the fatty acid and the concentration of EMs affects their anti‐microbial ability.

Evaluation of lethality temperature and use of different wall materials in the microencapsulation process of Trichoderma asperellum conidias by spray drying

The microencapsulation process of Trichoderma spp. by spray drying (SD) aims at the protection and suitability of these to the use in agriculture as controllers of phytopathogens. The objective of this study was to evaluate the lethality temperature of Trichoderma asperellum conidia by spray drying, studying the use of sucrose (SU), maltodextrin DE20 (MD20), gum arabic (GA), whey powder (WH) and lactose (LA) as wall materials (WM) in the microencapsulation process. The lethality curves of Trichoderma asperellum conidia dry in SD without wall material were analyzed between the drying temperatures of 60 to 120 °C. The microcapsules with the various wall materials were dried at 80, 90 and 100 °C. The five different wall materials were characterized for their moisture, water activity, hygroscopicity, water solubility and viscosity in suspension. The microcapsules produced were evaluated for moisture, water activity, conidial viability (CV), survival percentage (SP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The highest percentages of conidial lethality were observed at drying temperatures above 90 °C, both for the tests with and without the wall materials. Among the wall materials studied, the highest percentage of conidia survival with 90 °C drying air temperature was maltodextrin DE20 (92.89 ± 1.47%), followed by whey (82.84 ± 2.35%), sucrose (82.55 ± 2.01%), gum arabic (81.59 ± 0.37%) and lactose (44.73 ± 0.40%). After obtaining the results it was verified that the MD20 presented high potential for the microencapsulation process, thus, the lethality curves of the conidia microencapsulated with MD20 were made by varying the inlet air temperature from 60 to 120 °C. The data obtained showed that even with the addition of wall material, when air inlet temperatures above 90 °C were used, it was not possible to maintain the cell viability of the conidia.

Stability of mango flakes obtained by drum drying with different additives

The stability of mango flakes produced by drum drying, using two different additives at 3% dry basis (corn starch or maltodextrin 10DE), was evaluated. The process conditions were temperature at 135 °C and residence time of 20 seconds. Sorption isotherms at 25 and 35 °C were determined using a static gravimetric method, and the GAB model led to the best adjustment. The estimated shelf lives, based on the obtained isotherms, showed that a package with a high barrier to water vapor is required. The samples were stored under controlled conditions (RH = 60%, temperature = 25 and 35 °C for 200 days). Kinetic models for the variation of vitamin C content, total carotenoids, β-carotene, and color parameters (L*, a*, and b*) were obtained along the storage time. According to the results, the product with maltodextrin showed a more hygroscopic behavior and higher instability during the storage in comparison with the product with corn starch.

Microencapsulation of an indigenous isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis by spray drying

In this study, microencapsulation by spray drying was performed to protect spores and crystals of an indigenous isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis Se13 from environmental stress. The effects of wall material, inlet temperature, and outlet temperature on microencapsulation of Bt-Se13 were investigated using Taguchi’s orthogonal array. The most suitable wall material determined as maltodextrin DE10. The optimum inlet and outlet temperatures of spray drier were determined as 160 °C and 70 °C, respectively. The number of viable spores, mean particle size, wetting time, percentage of suspensibility and moisture content of the product produced under optimum conditions were determined as 8.1 × 1011 cfu g−1, 13.462 µm, 25.22 s, 77.66% and 7.29%, respectively. As a result of efficiency studies on Spodoptera exigua in the laboratory conditions, the LC50 was determined as 1.6 × 104 cfu mL−1. Microencapsulated Bt-Se13 based bio-pesticide may be registered for the control of S. exigua and can be tested against other lepidopterans which share the same environment.

STABILITY OF MICROSPHERE OF SARGASSUM PLAGYOPHYLLUM (MERTENS) J. G. AGARDH EXTRACT PRODUCED BY SPRAY DRYING USING MALTODEXTRIN

Objective: This study aimed to determine the stability of microspheres of Sargassum plagyophyllum (brown seaweed) after preparation using spraydrying with maltodextrin DE 10–15 and during drying and storage.Methods: Aqueous extracts of brown seaweed were formulated into microspheres using maltodextrin DE 10–15 as a coating agent. For increasing thestability of polyphenol compounds, spray drying was performed with an inlet temperature of 110°C. Four microsphere formulations were producedusing maltodextrin DE 10–15 at concentrations of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. The resulting microspheres were then characterized in the assessments ofmoisture contents, particle size distributions, pH, total phlorotannin contents, and antioxidant activity, and surface morphology was analyzed usingscanning electron microscope analyses.Results: Powders that were produced with 0% and 15% maltodextrin were more stable at 4°C±2°C than at 28°C±2°C and 40°C±2°C. At the lowesttemperature, phlorotannin contents were maintained in powders that were prepared with 15% maltodextrin but were decreased by 10% in powdersthat were prepared without maltodextrin.Conclusion: Maltodextrin DE 10–15 is a suitable coating agent for dry formulations of S. plagyophyllum powder and maintained stability during spraydrying at 110°C and during storage for 2 months at 4°C±2°C.

Microencapsulation of anthocyanin compounds extracted from blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) by spray drying: Characterization, stability and simulated gastrointestinal conditions

This study microencapsulated anthocyanin compounds extracted from blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) by spray drying using different inlet air temperatures (120, 140 and 160 °C) and wall materials (maltodextrin DE20 and hi-maize) to evaluate the microcapsule characteristics, stability and behavior under simulated gastrointestinal tract conditions. The encapsulation efficiency, moisture content, water activity, particle size, determination of total monomeric anthocyanins, storage stability, morphology and simulated gastrointestinal conditions were analyzed as responses. The microcapsules produced with different wall materials and different inlet temperatures presented an encapsulation efficiency between 74.40 and 85.22%. The microcapsule which presented the lowest degradation constant (0.0060) and longest half-life (115.47 days) during storage was treatment T3 (9% maltodextrin DE20 and 9% hi-maize) at 140 °C. Treatment T3 also presented more uniform particles, ensuring a better protection and retention of the active material. Microencapsulation was effective in protection during storage and improved the delivery of compounds of interest under the simulated gastrointestinal conditions in comparison to the free extract during all the steps that comprised the simulated gastric system.

Influence of spray drying on the stability of food-grade solid lipid nanoparticles

This study investigated spray drying of food-grade solid lipid particles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) containing ω-3 fish oil. Stable SLN and NLC dispersions with tristearin as carrier lipid were formed by using a combination of Quillaja saponins and high-melting lecithin as emulsifiers. Our specific goal was to study the influence of four different spray drying inlet and outlet temperatures (Tinlet/outlet = 140–170 °C/65–95 °C) and two different maltodextrin types (DE 6 and DE 21) with different molecular weights as protective wall materials on the physical and polymorphic stability of the solid lipid particles. The results revealed that the low molecular weight maltodextrin DE 21 was a superior wall material in stabilizing the solid lipid particles. Moreover, the lipid particles spray dried at Tinlet/outlet of 140/65 °C exhibited the highest physical and polymorphic stability, whereas using higher Tinlet/outlet led to bigger particles which were more prone to polymorphic transition. This was also verified in a 71-day storage test. The findings were explained that by preventing the melting of the tristearin carrier lipid during spray drying, the crystallized lipid particles remained intact inside the amorphous maltodextrin layer and exhibited high physical and polymorphic stability. These findings are important for generating stable food-grade spray dried powders.

Effect of different concentrations of pulverized mesocarp of Citrus paradisi Macf on the morphology and glass transition temperature of spray-dried lemon juice powder.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of pulverized mesocarp of Citrus paradisi Macf as a drying aid, on morphology, particle size and glass transition temperature of spray‐dried lemon juice powder. Five concentrations of grapefruit mesocarp (0.4%, 0.8%, 1.2%, 1.6% and 2.0% (w/w)) and maltodextrin DE 10 (1.2%, w/w) were evaluated as encapsulant agents. The obtained data were evaluated by one‐way ANOVA using Statistix version 8.0. For the means separation, the Tukey's test was applied with a 95% reliability. The morphology of the particles was described. According to the results, by applying different levels of coating agent in lemon juices, powder particles with different sizes (from 3.07 to 6.20 μm) and shapes (spherical, irregular and shrunken or reduced) are obtained; however, their glass transition temperature is not modified, finding values between 37.43 and 38.64°C.

Antioxidant Activity of Spray-Dried Extracts of Psidium guajava Leaves

Antioxidants from Psidium guajava leaves were extracted with 70% ethanol in water. The extractive solution was concentrated and submitted to spray drying in the presence of technological adjuvants at a proportion of 8 % wet base. Three distinct technological adjuvants were evaluated: β-cyclodextrin (βCD-80), maltodextrin DE10:Aerosil® (MA-80 - 7:1), and maltodextrin DE10:Encapsia®:Aerosil® (MDEA-80 - 5:2:1). The antioxidant activity of the concentrated extract and spray-dried powders was assessed by three antioxidant assays, namely: the2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC). The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging capacity was determined previously. The spray-dried powders exhibited strong antioxidant activity (IC50 value = 7.96 to 9.76 μg/mL – DPPH method; 3,125.1 to 3,406.0 μM TE/g dry weight – ABTS method; 4,210 to 4,540 μM FeSO4 E/g – FRAP method; 1,820-2,020 μM TE/g – ORAC method). The technological adjuvants did not significantly interfere with the antioxidant activity of the dried products, regardless the type of antioxidant assay used. The results here reported strongly evidenced that the concentrated and spray-dried extracts of Psidium guajava are rich sources of natural antioxidants with potential application in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmeceutical products.

Effect of different concentrations of pulverized mesocarp of Citrus paradisi Macf. on the bromatological characteristics of spray-dried lemon juice powder.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of pulverized mesocarp of Citrus paradisi Macf. as a drying aid on the bromatological characteristics and yield of spray‐dried lemon juice powder. Five concentrations of grapefruit mesocarp encapsulant (0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2.0% (w / w)) and maltodextrin DE 10 (1.2%, w / w) were evaluated as encapsulant agents. The highest yield (46.76%) was obtained with 1.2% of grapefruit encapsulant. Water activity and ash content were inversely proportional to the added encapsulant concentration. The highest moisture value was obtained with 0.4% and the highest soluble solids with 2.0%. For all treatments, the pH level did not change, except at 0.4% (it was lower). The concentrations of the encapsulants significantly affected the evaluated characteristics, except for the proteins.

Morphology development during single droplet drying of mixed component formulations and milk

We report on the influence of selected components and their mixtures on the development of the morphology during drying of single droplets and extend the results to the morphology of whole milk powder particles. Sessile single droplet drying and acoustic levitation methods were employed to study single droplet drying. The influence of carbohydrates (lactose and maltodextrin DE12) and proteins (micellar casein or whey protein) on morphology development is very different, since upon concentration protein systems will jam and undergo a colloidal glass transition, whereas carbohydrate systems will gradually increase in viscosity as a consequence of the concentration. Whey protein gives relatively rigid shells due to jamming of the “hard sphere” proteins, while casein micelles behave as “soft spheres” that can deform after jamming, which gives flexibility to the shell during drying. The influence of the carbohydrates on the final morphology was found much larger than the influence of the proteins. Caseins influenced morphology only in mixtures with lactose at higher concentrations due to its high voluminosity. Similar observations were done for whole milk, where fat appeared to have no influence. With maltodextrin the influence of the casein was again observed in the shape and smoothness of wrinkles. Both sessile and levitated droplet drying methods provide a similar and consistent view on morphology development.

Microencapsulation of grape seed oil by spray drying

Abstract In the search for alternative wall materials to replace gum Arabic (GA), a good but expensive encapsulating agent, this work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of maltodextrin 10DE in combination with GA (GA/MD, 50:50 ratio) for the microencapsulation of grape seed oil by spray drying. The addition of maltodextrin to gum Arabic did not influence the mean particle diameter, powder bulk density, encapsulation efficiency or the total oil retained in the microspheres. Although the oil encapsulated with GA showed greater retention of phenolic compounds after spray drying, the sample encapsulated with GA/MD had greater ferric reduction antioxidant power and DPPH radical scavenging activity, and a lower peroxide index.

Survival of Saccharomyces cerevisiae microencapsulated with complex coacervate after freezing process

Complex coacervate from whey protein isolate (WPI)-Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Y) was prepared for microencapsulation by spray-drying. The optimum WPI-Y complex coacervate reached the best interaction for a ratio and pH of 1:13 and 3.28, respectively. The complex coacervate was spray-dried with 10% and 20% w/w of total solids content using maltodextrin DE10 (MD) as wall material and subsequently frozen at −18 °C. DSC, FTIR and SEM analyses were carried out to characterize thermal, chemical and structural properties of pure materials and spray-dried WPI-Y complex coacervates. Thermograms of DSC reflected that the spray-dried WPI-Y complex coacervates were better protected when MD concentration increased because the denaturation peak temperature of proteins and enthalpy were higher. These results were confirmed with FTIR analysis since peaks intensity of amino groups was highest in the spray-dried WPI-Y complex coacervate containing 20% w/w of total solids content. After the freezing process, reduced decrease in the peaks intensity of the amides in the spray-dried WPI-Y complex coacervate with 20% w/w of total solids content was observed. Morphology of all spray-dried complex coacervates exhibited particles of spherical shapes with concavities, dents and hollows in the center. However, particles after the freezing process displayed fractures in the surface. Finally, yeast survival was higher in the spray-dried WPI-Y complex coacervate with higher concentration of MD and as well after freezing process. Therefore, WPI-Y complex coacervates were stable after freezing process and can be used to stabilize fermentative microorganisms in order to produce frozen dough with similar characteristics that the dough.