Male Guinea Pigs Research Articles

Increased abundance of bacteria of the family Muribaculaceae achieved by fecal microbiome transplantation correlates with the inhibition of kidney calcium oxalate stone deposition in experimental rats.

The incidence of nephrolithiasis is increasing rapidly worldwide. Calcium oxalate is the most common constituent, contributing to approximately 80% of all kidney stones. The gut microbiome, through its oxalate-degrading ability, may play a role in decreasing morbidity due to urinary calculus. Fecal microbiome transplantation (FMT) has been reported to be effective in restoring the gastrointestinal microbial community in different conditions. The transplantation of whole communities that have oxalate-degrading function may be a more effective strategy than the transplantation of isolated strains. FMT was carried out in male guinea pigs and male Sprague-Dawley laboratory rats (SDRs). Fresh feces were collected from guinea pigs housed in metabolic cages. SDRs were divided into four groups: two groups received standard rat chow (SC) (groups SC and SC + FMT), and two groups were fed a 5% potassium oxalate diet (OD) (groups OD + phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and OD + FMT). On day 14, groups OD + PBS, OD + FMT, and SC + FMT received either PBS or guinea pig feces by esophageal gavage. The composition of the microbiota of guinea pigs and SDRs was analyzed using a 16S rRNA gene sequencing approach. Biochemical analysis of urine samples from SDRs revealed the presence of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals, which were presumed to originate from kidney stones. Renal function was examined using real-time PCR analysis and immunohistochemical staining for renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and osteopontin (OPN) expression. FMT resulted in a gut microbiota that was a mixture of guinea pig and SDR bacteria. A microbial network involving Muribaculaceae, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium was activated by FMT in group OD + FMT. As a result, urinary oxalate, calcium, uric acid, creatinine and urea in urine samples were reduced significantly. Similarly, significant reduction of uric acid and blood urea nitrogen to creatinine ratio in serum samples was observed (p < 0.05). Microscopic observations revealed a high CaOx crystal score (4+) in the kidneys of rats in group OD + PBS, whereas a lower score (2+) was observed in the rats in group OD + FMT. Up-regulation of OPN and down-regulation of renin were also associated with FMT. A microbial network involving Muribaculaceae and other oxalate-degrading bacteria achieved by FMT was capable of reducing urinary oxalate excretion and CaOx crystal deposition in the kidney through increasing intestinal oxalate degradation. FMT may exert a renoprotective function in oxalate-related kidney stones.

Administration Of 30% Robusta Coffee (Coffea canephora) Silverskin Ethyl Acetate Fraction Cream Inhibited The Increase Of MITF Expression And Melanin Amount In The Skin Of Male Adult Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus) Exposed To Ultraviolet B Ray

Background: Melanin is produced through melanogenesis which involves several molecular processes with microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) as the main regulator of melanin synthesis. Hyperpigmentation is one of aging sign that happens due to melanin buildup in the skin. Hyperpigmentation can be caused by many factors, and one of the most frequent cause is ultraviolet (UV) ray exposure. Robusta coffee silverskin is a thin layer on a green coffee bean that is detached from the bean through roasting process, and is a waste product of coffee production. However, coffee silverskin contains high amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, and is categorized as strong antioxidant. The purpose of this study was to prove that administration of 30% Robusta coffee silverskin ethyl acetate fraction cream inhibited the increase of MITF expression and melanin amount in the skin of male adult guinea pig exposed to UVB ray. Methods: This study used randomized post-test only control group design. Subjects used in this study were healthy male guinea pigs with age ranging from 3-4 months and average weight 300-350g. Total samples used in this study were 36 guinea pigs divided evenly into two groups, Group K that were only exposed to UVB ray, and Group P that were exposed to UVB ray and 30% Robusta coffee silverskin ethyl acetate fraction cream. Total UV ray used during two weeks were 390mJ/cm2. 30% Robusta coffee silverskin ethyl acetate fraction cream was applied twice a day on guinea pigs at the days they were not exposed to UVB ray, and at the days they were exposed to UVB ray, the cream was applied 20 minutes before and 4 hours after the exposure. MITF expression was examined under the microscope with MITF antibody kit, and melanin amount was examined with Masson-Fontana staining. Results: Result of the experiment showed higher MITF expression and melanin amount in the Group K. Comparison analysis with 2 independent samples t-test shows average MITF expression in the Group K and Group P 27.833 vs 15.422 % MITF, and 16.828 vs 7.822 % pixel melanin for the melanin amount. The differences between two variables were meaningful as the p value <0.001. Conclusions: Conclusion for this experiment is that 30% Robusta coffee silverskin ethyl acetate fraction cream inhibited the increase of MITF expression and melanin amount in adult male guinea pigs exposed to UVB.

Inhibitory Effect of Jinkui Shenqi Pills on Glucocorticoid-Enhanced Axial Length Elongation in Experimentally Myopic Guinea Pigs.

To explore the underlying mechanism of inhibition by Jinkui Shenqi Pills (JKSQP) on glucocorticoid-enhanced axial length elongation in experimental lens-induced myopia (LIM) guinea pigs. Sixty 2-week old male guinea pigs were randomly divided into 4 groups with 15 guinea pigs in each group, according to the random numbers generated by SPSS software: control, LIM, saline and JKSQP groups. The control group includes animals with no treatment, while the guinea pigs in the other 3 groups received lens-induced myopization on the right eyes throughout the experiment (for 8 weeks). The saline and JKSQP groups were given daily intraperitoneal injections of 10 mg/kg hydrocortisone for 2 consecutive weeks at the same time, and then orally administered either saline or JKSQP [13.5 g/(kg•d) for 6 consecutive weeks. Body weight, anal temperature and animal appearance were observed and recorded to evaluate the GC-associated symptoms. The ocular parameters, including refraction and axial length, were measured by streak retinoscopy and A-scan ultrasonography, respectively. The levels of plasma hormones associated with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA), including free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, estradiol and testosterone, were measured by radioimmunoassay, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, the mRNA and protein expressions of retinal amphiregulin (AREG) was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. JKSQP effectively increased body weight and anal temperature, improved animal appearance and suppressed axial length elongation in glucocorticoid-enhanced myopic guinea pigs with normalization of 4 HPAA-associated plasma hormones (all P<0.05). The plasma level of cAMP was significantly increased, whereas the plasma level of cGMP and the mRNA and protein expressions of retinal AREG were decreased after treatment with JKSQP (all P<0.05). JKSQP exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on axial length elongation with decreased expression of AREG in the retina, and normalized 4 HPAA-associated plasma hormones and the expression of cAMP and cGMP in GC-enhanced myopic guinea pigs.

CT anatomy of the lungs, bronchi and trachea in the Mature Guinea pig (cavia porcellus).

Since there is no complete study of topographic features of thorax structures in guinea pigs, this study strives to define the exact topographic features of thorax structures. The aim of this study is to provide comprehensive topographic information about the location of the trachea, bronchi, lungs and heart inside the thoracic cavity in guinea pig, as well as to study the features of these structures, their proximity to other organs and comparative anatomical studies with CT scan images in living samples. Ten adult male and healthy guinea pigs were selected. CT scan transverse images were taken. The morphometric parameters of the lungs, bronchi, trachea, heart, thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity were measured. In these studies, the position of organs such as the trachea, lungs and heart were monitored, and specified descriptions of CT scan images and anatomical observations were obtained. We realised that the heart in this animal was not inclined to the left, and due to the equal size of the lungs, the heart was almost on the midline. According to the measurements, 20.05% of the ventral cavity volume was thoracic cavity and 79.95% was abdominal cavity. According to studies on guinea pigs, the right and left have the volume, and the heart is located between them on the midline without a tendency to the left. It seems that one of the reasons for the reluctance of the heart to the left and its placement on the midline in the guinea pig is that the volume of the two lungs is equal. In the case of guinea pigs, both numerical parameters are smaller than rabbits', but close to it. One of the most important factors in this study is that none of the animals were euthanised, and all of samples were alive after our study.

Hyposensitizing effect of high altitude and immunogenetic law

The studies were carried out in 24 sexually mature male guinea pigs. They were used as model of immediate-type allergic reaction (active cutaneous anaphylaxis). The animals were divided in 2 groups: control and experimental. The control group was housed in the mountain valley during the study, and the experimental group stayed for 45 days in high mountains (Anzob, 3375 m above sea level). On the day +30, all animals were sensitized with horse serum. On the 12th day of sensitization, blood was taken for analysis, and on the 15th day, an allergic reaction was provoked. We have revealed that, under high-altitude conditions, the severity of reaction was 1.5 times lower than in controls. Moreover, the animals kept in highlands exhibited lower contents of T and B lymphocytes, and IgE antibodies than in the control group. On the contrary, the numbers of phagocytically active neutrophils, as well as total effect of phagocytosis, proved to be higher in this group. This shift may be facilitated by hypoxia, since aerobic processes are known to prevail in the energy metabolism of lymphocytes, and anaerobic processes dominate in neutrophils. The allergic conditions are developed in three stages. Immunological stage is the first and main one, and allergic restructuring of the body immunity largely depends on it. What is the matter of reconstruction under the high-altitude conditions? We suggest, that, along with Haeckel–M ller biogenetic rule, there is also an immunogenetic law: “The activation sequence of events in the body’s defense system is a reproduction of phylogenesis, i.e., switching of subsequent link in defense system follows the evolutionary principles of complication and improvement. Namely, with respect to failing of previous link to completely eliminate the antigen in defense system”. One may conventionally consider that the first protective barrier against antigens is the most evolutionarily ancient structure, i.e., skin and mucous membrane; the second represents factors of nonspecific defense (phagocytosis, lysozyme, interferon, etc.); the third barrier is presented by cellular immunity (T effector cells, etc.), with humoral immunity serving as the fourth barrier. The fifth protective barrier provides evolutionarily late defense, i.e. allergic reaction, which is triggered by Ig E antibodies. On the mentioned basis, one may state that the decreased allergic reaction (the 5th barrier) in the animals from the experimental group was caused by adaptive changes in protective mechanisms of body. One may suggest that, under the high-altitude conditions an increase was observed in functional activity of phagocytes (2nd barrier), along with a decrease in activity of lymphocytes, i.e., cell populations responsible for the evolutionary later protective barriers.

Glucocorticoid exposure modifies the miRNA profile of sperm in the guinea pig: Implications for intergenerational transmission.

Approximately 1%-3% of the adult population are treated with synthetic glucocorticoids (sGCs) for a variety of conditions. Studies have demonstrated that adversities experienced by males prior to conception may lead to abnormal neuroendocrine function and behaviors in offspring and that epigenetic factors including microRNA (miRNA) within sperm may be responsible for driving these effects. However, it remains unclear where in the epididymis sperm miRNA changes are occurring. Here, we hypothesized that sGC exposure will alter the miRNA profile of sperm in the epididymis in a region-specific manner. Adult male guinea pigs were exposed to regular drinking water (Ctrl) or water with the sGC dexamethasone (Dex; 3mg/kg) (n=6/group) every other day for 48 days. Spermswere collected from epididymal seminal fluid in the caput and cauda regions of the epididymis and total RNA was extracted. miRNAs were assessed by miRNA 4.0 microarray; data were processed by TAC 4.0.1 and R. miRNA analysis revealed one miRNA in the caput that was significantly decreased by Dex in sperm. In the cauda, 31 miRNAs were reduced in sperm following Dex-exposure. The findings of this study demonstrate that Dex-exposure influences miRNA profile of sperm in the cauda but not the caput of the epididymis. This suggests that glucocorticoids target the epididymis to modify sperm miRNA and do not modify the miRNA content during spermiation in the testes.

Effects of exogenous retinoic acid on ocular parameters in Guinea pigs with form deprivation myopia.

Aim: Myopia is a common chronic eye disease, this study is to investigate the effects of exogenous retinoic acid (RA) on intraocular parameters, especially choroidal thickness (CT) and retinal thickness (RT), in guinea pigs with form deprivation myopia (FDM). Methods: A total of 80 male guinea pigs were divided randomly into 4 groups: Control, FDM, FDM + RA, and FDM + Citral groups. The FDM + RA group was given 24mg/kg RA dissolved in 0.4mL peanut oil; the FDM + Citral group was given citral 445mg/kg dissolved in 0.4mL peanut oil; The other two groups were given 0.4mL peanut oil. After 4weeks, the refractive error (RE), axial length (AL), and intraocular pressure (IOP) of all guinea pigs were measured, and the parameters of RT and CT were obtained using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). Results: After 4weeks, both the RE and AL in the FDM and FDM + RA groups were increased, and the RT and CT in both groups were smaller than those in the Control group (p < 0.05). Only the IOP of the right eye in the FDM + RA group increased significantly (p < 0.05). The RT of the right eye of the 4 groups was compared: Control group > FDM + Citral group > FDM group > FDM + RA group. Compared with the RT of the left eye and the right eye among the 4 groups, the RT of the right eye in the FDM and FDM + RA groups was significantly less than that in the left eye (p < 0.05). Moreover, the CT of the right eye in the Control group was greater than that in the other three groups (p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in the CT among the FDM, FDM + RA, and FDM + Citral groups (p > 0.05). In contrast to the RT results, the CT results of the left and right eyes in the FDM + Citral group showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). Conclusion: RA participates in the progression of FDM as a regulatory factor. Exogenous RA can increase the RE, AL, and IOP of FDM guinea pigs, and might aggravate the retinal thinning of FDM guinea pigs. Citral can inhibit these changes, but RA might not affect the thickness of the choroid.

Nutritional Studies with the Guinea Pig: IX. Effect of Dietary Protein Level on Body Weight and Organ Weights in Young Guinea Pigs

Male guinea pigs were supplied with purified diets containing either vitamin-free casein or purified soybean protein at 2 to 5 days of age and were maintained with the diets for 6 weeks. The protein levels ranged from 20 to 70%. Protein level of the diet influenced growth of the young guinea pig most markedly during the first 2 to 4 weeks. The minimal protein level for maximal growth was 35% with both casein and soy protein. The maximal dietary protein level compatible with good growth was 60% for casein and 70% or possibly more for the soy protein.The dietary protein level affected notably the rate of growth of the liver and testes. The relative weights (as a percentage of body weight) of the adrenals, pancreas and heart, were not influenced by the dietary protein level. The level of soy protein had a slight effect on the relative weights of the kidneys and spleen, whereas casein had little, if any, effect. The relative weights of both liver and kidneys were greater in the animals fed soy protein than in those fed casein.

Nutritional Studies with the Guinea Pig: IX. Effect of Dietary Protein Level on Body Weight and Organ Weights in Young Guinea Pigs

Male guinea pigs were supplied with purified diets containing either vitamin-free casein or purified soybean protein at 2 to 5 days of age and were maintained with the diets for 6 weeks. The protein levels ranged from 20 to 70%. Protein level of the diet influenced growth of the young guinea pig most markedly during the first 2 to 4 weeks. The minimal protein level for maximal growth was 35% with both casein and soy protein. The maximal dietary protein level compatible with good growth was 60% for casein and 70% or possibly more for the soy protein.The dietary protein level affected notably the rate of growth of the liver and testes. The relative weights (as a percentage of body weight) of the adrenals, pancreas and heart, were not influenced by the dietary protein level. The level of soy protein had a slight effect on the relative weights of the kidneys and spleen, whereas casein had little, if any, effect. The relative weights of both liver and kidneys were greater in the animals fed soy protein than in those fed casein.

Immuno-affinity chromatography for purification of IgG from hyper-immune sera raised against 146S fraction of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus for diagnostic purposes.

Immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) is a fundamental isolation and purification tool which is incorporated in a substantial range of therapeutic and diagnostic applications. This study has reappraised the usefulness of immunoaffinity chromatography for the purification of polyclonal antibodies. Protein A based IAC is a convenient and reliable method for purification of IgG, from hyperimmunesera (HIS) raised in experimental animals such as rabbits, guinea pigs and mice to be utilized in pharmaceutics and diagnostics. The 146S fraction of Foot and Mouth Disease virus (FMDV) TCID50=10 5.6 was cultured on a baby hamster kidney cell line 21 (BHK-21), concentrated using salt precipitation method using PEG 6000, purified by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) using Sepharose-30 at 254nm absorbance. Purification of 146S FMDV was analyzed using 12% SDS-PAGE which provided two bands of light and heavy chains. The alum-based vaccine, consisting of ≥10μg of 146S FMDV, was applied in 10 male rabbits and 10 male guinea pigs and two animals of each group were taken as a negative control. The titer of serum was calculated using virus neutralization test. A Protein-A kit (Thermo scientific- 44667, 0528.2) was used to purify HIS raised against 146S FMDV and validated using 12% SDS PAGE in reducing condition. The data demonstrate that protein-A affinity chromatography is an efficient tool for the purification of antibodies from hyper-immune sera raised against 146S FMDV and can be used for the production of diagnostic kits e.g. Enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA) and radioimmunoassay.

Selenium Deficiency Alters Thyroid Hormone Metabolism in Guinea Pigs

In guinea pigs, activity of glutathione peroxidase in most organs is markedly lower than in organs of other rodents despite comparable dietary intakes and tissue levels of selenium. To determine if metabolism of selenium with respect to other selenoproteins also differs in guinea pigs, we measured the effects of selenium intake on thyroid hormone metabolism. Weanling male Hartley Albino guinea pigs were fed a selenium-deficient Torula yeast-based diet, or the same diet supplemented with 0.5 mg selenium/kg diet as sodium selenate for 72 d. Growth was impaired in guinea pigs fed the unsupplemented diet. Activity of glutathione peroxidase was higher in tissues and plasma of supplemented guinea pigs than in selenium-deficient animals. However, it was still far lower than reported values for other rodent species. In selenium deficiency, activity of type 1 5′-iodothyronine deiodinase was 60% less in liver and 45% less in kidney. Concentration of thyroxine was 68% lower in kidney of selenium-deficient animals, and levels of 3,3′,5-triiodothyronine in kidney and plasma were 44 and 31% lower, respectively. Thus, with the exception of thyroxine concentrations, thyroid hormone metabolism responds to selenium deficiency in guinea pigs as it does in rats, although the magnitude of that response is not as great.

On the issue of hygienic safety of new complex fertilizers with trace elements

Introduction. Currently, the most popular in agricultural production are complex chlorine-free mineral fertilizers with trace elements. The inclusion of trace elements in fertilizers improves plant nutrition, optimizes the effect of fertilizers. At the same time, trace elements are added to the fertilizer in the form of salts, in ionic form, most often, sulfates belonging to substances of hazard class 1-2, which can affect the toxicity of fertilizers and the safety of their production and use. To prevent a possible negative impact on human health and the environment for production, sale and use, it is necessary to conduct toxicological studies included in the state registration procedure. The aim of the study is to study the nature of the toxic effect on the body of laboratory animals (rats, rabbits, guinea pigs) of new complex chlorine-free mineral fertilizers with trace elements. Material and methods. Samples of liquid agrochemicals (preparations No. 1, No. 4, No. 5) and solid (preparations No. 2, No. 3) with different nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content and different composition of trace elements in the form of salts were taken for research. The experimental work was performed on 90 nonlinear, sexually mature white male rats weighing 200-220 g, 30 purebred male rabbits weighing 3000-3500 g and 90 male guinea pigs weighing 350-400 g. During the work, existing methodological approaches and recommendations were used, including generally accepted informative methods of toxicological and statistical studies. Results. Based on the conducted studies, the parameters of acute oral and dermal toxicity, irritating effect on the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes, sensitizing effect of 5 samples of complex chlorine-free mineral fertilizers with trace elements were established. For all studied drugs, acute oral toxicity (LD50) &gt; 5000 mg/kg body weight, acute dermal toxicity (LD50) &gt; 2500 mg/kg body weight, mild irritating effect on the skin of rats (the average group-wide total score of the severity of the skin-irritating effect was 0.7 points for drugs No. 1, No. 4, No. 5 and 0.5 points for drugs No. 2 and No. 3), mild irritating effect on the mucous membranes rabbit eye shells (the average cumulative score of the severity of the irritating effect of samples of liquid fertilizers No. 1, No. 4, No. 5 was 1-3 points, solid fertilizers No. 2, No. 3 - 1-2 points), the absence of a sensitizing effect in guinea pigs within the standard research protocol (reactions of specific leukocyte lysis (RSLL) showed negative skin tests in guinea pigs of all experimental groups; the relative percentage of lysis did not exceed 10%). Research limitation. The definition of the hazard class was revealed in the study of the acute toxic effect of new complex chlorine-free mineral fertilizers with trace elements on the body of laboratory animals. Conclusion. Generalization of all the obtained results of experimental toxicological studies of complex chlorine-free nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers with trace elements from the point of view of hygienic safety allows them to be classified as moderately dangerous substances (hazard class - 3).

Modification of oestrogen signalling pathways influences cough induced by citric acid but not capsaicin in the animal model of both sexes

To clarify the role of oestrogen signalling and the role of oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα) in the cough pathways we performed a study in which coughing was observed in both sexes animal models after the treatment by selective ERα degrader fulvestrant (ICI 182–780) and inhibitor of oestrogen synthesis danazol. Degradation of ERα with the normal plasma oestrogen levels induced by fulvestrant, significantly augments the cough response of female but not male guinea pigs. These changes were observed in citric acid-induced cough. Female guinea pigs responded with an increased count of cough expulsions per challenge time and we also detected shorter cough latency. The capsaicin-induced cough did not change. A similar response was observed after danazol treatment, which decreased the plasma oestrogen level. Our results indicate that the transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) channel-mediated cough is resistant to the hypoestrous state, while the citric acid-mediated cough is oestrogen-dependent and hypersensitive during the hypoestrous state.

The evaluation of the effect of tafluprost on the intraocular pressure of healthy male guinea pigs under different light-and-darkness regimes.

Ocular hypertension is one of the most underdiagnosed ocular abnormalities among guinea pigs around the world. The current study investigates the effect of 0.0015% preservative-free tafluprost ophthalmic solution (Zioptan) on the intraocular pressure of 16 healthy male guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) under different light/darkness regimes. All guinea pigs received a single drop of tafluprost at 5:30 in the right eye, whereas the contralateral eyes served as control to receive a placebo. Then, the animals were randomly divided into two groups; group A was exposed to light, whereas group B was placed in darkness from 5:30 to 18:00. Rebound tonometry (TonoVet) was instrumented to measure IOP values at 5:30 (baseline), 6:00, 7:00, 8:00, 9:00 and then every 3h until 18:00. The maximum IOP reduction associated with tafluprost was observed at 6:00 by -1.4±1.1mmHg (p-value=0.026) and -2.5±1.2mmHg (p-value=0.011) in group A and B, respectively (repeated measure ANOVA test). There was a significant difference between the mean right and left eye IOP values in both groups at 5:30, 6:00, 7:00 and 8:00 (p-value <0.05), which was greater in amount in group B compared to group A due to the effect of darkness on IOP reduction. It is suggested that the variations of IOP in different light/dark conditions be taken into consideration when applying ocular hypotensive agents on guinea pigs' eyes.

Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis: Association with Proinflammatory Cytokines in Caseous Lymphadenitis Pyogranulomas.

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (C. pseudotuberculosis) is a causative agent of numerous chronic diseases, including caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) in sheep and goats, which has a zoonotic potential in humans in addition to a poor therapeutic response. In this study, out of 120 collected samples, only 12 (10%) were positive for C. pseudotuberculosis by PCR and by intraperitoneal injection of male Guinea pigs and then characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility and its genetic-relatedness by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR), which showed 2-4 bands ranging from 100 to 3000 bp that can be clustered into four clusters (C1-C4). Despite the serotype biovar 1 only infecting sheep and goats, ERIC-PCR reveals intra-subtyping variation. Examination of affected LNs and organs revealed marked enlargement with either thick creamy green pus or multiple abscesses of variable sizes with a central caseated core surrounded by dense fibrous capsule. A histopathological examination revealed a central necrotic core surrounded by a peripheral mantle of mononuclear cells and a fibrous capsule. Positive immune expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB/p65) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and negative expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in CLA is the first report to our knowledge. Conclusion: In CLA pyogranulomas, IL1β is a more crucial proinflammatory cytokine than TNF in the regulation of C. pseudotuberculosis infection, which is accompanied by marked NF-κB immunoexpression. Therefore, the NF-κB/p65 signaling pathway is involved in the activation of IL1β, and additional immunohistochemical studies are required to determine the various roles of NF-κB/p65 in the inflammatory response within CLA pyogranulomas to control this pathogen.

The Effectiveness of Kersen Leaf Extracts (Muntingia calabura L.) on Cutting Wounds Infected with Sthapylococcus Aureus Bacteria

One of the plants that has been used by the community is cherry (Muntingia calabura L.) which is a lush plant, easy to breed, often on the side of the road, allowed to grow as a shade tree. Traditionally used to treat bleeding wounds, festering and burns, inflammation of the walls of blood vessels accompanied by blood clots in their channels. Fresh or dried cherry leaves are used as a medicine for wounds by finely grinding them and placing them on the wound. The use of cherry leaves directly in the treatment of wounds is not liked by the community, so they tried to formulate it in the form of cream preparations. Based on this, the researchers conducted a phytochemical screening and formulation of cherry leaf extract in cream preparations as well as tested its effectiveness for treating wounds. Extraction was carried out by percolation using 80% ethanol. Phytochemical screening was carried out on fresh leaves, simplicia, and ethanol extract of cherry leaves. And formulated into cream preparations with concentrations of 2.5%, 5% and 7.5%. The effectiveness for wound healing was carried out on artificial incisions on the back skin of male guinea pigs infected with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Measured decrease in wound diameter and observation of the width of the pus and the amount of edema. The results of the phytochemical screening test showed that there were the same groups of chemical compounds in fresh leaves, simplicia, and ethanol extract of cherry leaves, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids/steroids. The greater the concentration of EEDK in the cream, the faster the wound will heal. On the 16th day, 5% EEDK; 7.5%; and gentamicin provide 100% perfect wound healing. Means that the ethanol extract of cherry leaves at a concentration of 5% has a very good ability to heal incisions infected with Staphylococcs aureus.

Effects of castration and sterilization on baseline and response levels of cortisol-A case study in male guinea pigs.

An uncontrolled reproduction of animals in human hands should be avoided. To meet this goal, animals are widely castrated, i.e., the gonads are completely removed. Since the gonads are the most important source of sex hormones, this is a serious intervention in the entire endocrine system of an organism. Sterilization is a much less invasive procedure. Thus, it could have advantages over castration. Therefore, the overall aim of this study was to analyze the effect of castration vs. sterilization on the release of glucocorticoids, i.e., an important indicator for welfare. Taking domestic guinea pigs as a model system, we studied baseline and response cortisol values (cortisol is the main glucocorticoid in guinea pigs) in castrated, sterilized, sham-operated and intact males and baseline values in their cohoused females. Whereas baseline values of males did not differ between the groups, castrated males showed significantly higher cortisol response levels than intact, sham-operated and sterilized males. Females housed with castrated, sterilized, sham-operated or intact males did not differ in their cortisol concentrations, neither shortly after being placed with the respective male or after being co-housed for several weeks. Overall, the results support the hypothesis that castrated males exhibited a higher cortisol responsiveness during acute challenge which could point to a generalized impaired welfare of castrated males in comparison to intact, sham-operated and sterilized males. Our results provide first evidence for a potential negative impact of castration on the animals' welfare, while at the same time pointing toward sterilization representing a less invasive, promising alternative. Therefore, the results may stimulate future research on this topic to further detect potential welfare-related side effects of castration.

Physical and chemical characterization of the femur during and after the body development period in male and female guinea pigs.

In this study, it was aimed to reveal the physical and chemical characterization of the bone structures during body development periods (prepubertal period, period between adolescence and adulthood) and after (young adult period and old adult period) in male and female guinea pigs. In this study, 40 guinea pigs (20 male, 20 female) were used. Morphometric measurements, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis for mineral levels, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis for surface area, and porosity analysis were applied to the bones. The male guinea pigs had greater values than females in the other three categories, with the exception of the second group, when the females have higher values in morphometric measurements. Ca levels rose up to the third group, as did P levels in the males, peaking in the third group and declining in the fourth. As with phosphorus, there was a progressive rise in females from the first to the fourth group. Fe, Zn, and Sr elements had the greatest values in both genders in the first group. In all four groups, the females had greater Zn levels than males. The highest Ca/P ratio was found in the third male group and the fourth female group. This study revealed that adolescence, adulthood, and gender are effective in the physical and chemical characterization of bone structure in guinea pigs.

The Administration of 15% Sensitive Plant (Mimosa pudica) Leaf Extract Cream Inhibited the Increasing of Tyrosinase Enzyme and the Amount of Melanin in Male Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus) Skin Exposed to Ultraviolet B

Background: The leaf of sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica Linn) has a fairly high content of flavonoids, which work in inhibiting the tyrosinase enzyme. Changes in the formation of this enzyme will cause the melanin pigment to be disrupted, resulting in the appearance of skin pigmentation disorders (hyperpigmentation). The purpose of this study was to prove the effectiveness of 15% sensitive plant leaf extract cream on guinea pig skin exposed to ultraviolet B (UVB). Methods: This is true experimental research using randomized post-test only control group design. The subjects were 30 male guinea pigs randomly divided into 3 groups, namely the control group (K), treatment group 1 (P1), and treatment group 2 (P2). Control group was not given any treatment, P1 was smeared with basic cream and exposed to UVB and P2 was smeared with 15% sensitive plant leaf extract cream and exposed to UVB for 2 weeks. After 2 weeks, the tyrosinase enzyme level were examined using ELISA and melanin amount were examined using Masson Fontana staining. The result was analyzed using comparative test between groups. Results: The tyrosinase enzyme in P2 group was 5,44±0,63 ng/ml, which is lower than K group (8,60±0,16 ng/ml (p&lt;0,001)) and P1 (12,96±2,21 ng/ml (p&lt;0,001)). The mean melanin amount in P2 was 0,09±0,07 %, which was also lower than K (0,31±0,24 % (p=0,049)) and P1 (0,53±0,47 % (p=0,043)). Conclusion: Administration of sensitive plant leaf extract cream inhibited the increase in tyrosinase enzyme and melanin amount in guinea pig exposed to UVB and normal subjects.

Renal Cyst and Ureteroliths in the Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus)- Case Report

The urolithiasis is characterized by the presence of calculi in some fraction of the urinary tract which frequently affects guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). Despite the physiopathogenesis of this disease is not completely understood, it is known that a diet rich in calcium can be a predisposing factor. Urolithiasis surgical removal associated with proper food and water management are recommended to animal treatment, however, the surgical technique is complex with some complications due to patient size. The aim of the study was to report the clinical case of urolith in a 5-year-old male guinea pig, uncastrated, weighing 1.142 kg. The animal presented urolith in the left ureter with dilation of the renal pelvis and right renal cyst. Due to animal physiological status without important clinical signs and the risk of compromising the contralateral kidney by a cyst, it was decided to monitor the patient and did not perform the surgical treatment. The patient was clinically monitored and underwent a clinical dietary treatment with complementary imaging tests (ultrasonography and radiography) and laboratory tests of renal function, showing no alterations for 10 months. Clinical monitoring of the animal can be a viable option in face of surgical intervention, especially for patients who have contraindications and without important clinical signs