Major Organizations Research Articles

Risk Management in Private Companies and Public Sector Organizations: A Preliminary Comparative Study

Purpose – The effectiveness of risk management in an organization depends largely on its organizational culture as revealed in its governance structure and organizational process. The research question of this study is how to develop strategy to improve the effectiveness of risk management under the constraints of a given organizational culture. The objective of this study is to show that there are fundamental differences and similarities between the governance structure and organizational process that significantly influence the effectiveness of risk management in private companies and the one in public sector organizations. Methodology – To achieve the objective, legal documents of major public and private organizations are reviewed and key resource persons working for the organizations are interviewed. Findings – This paper reports preliminary results that identify several important dimensions of governance structure and organizational process in both sectors that crucially influence the effectiveness of risk management. Originality – Studies on the similarities and differences between public and private organizations in implementing risk management have been very rare. Very few studies explicitly address the effectiveness of risk management in the perspective of the comparative study. This study has never been carried out before, at least in the Indonesian context.

The Influence of External Stakeholders on Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Reporting: Toward a Conceptual Framework for ESG Disclosure

In recent years, governments and investors globally are compelling major corporate organizations to disclose important environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues. The continued flatlining of ESG reporting quality has led some parties to call on policymakers to take advantage of the distinct contextual pressure from external stakeholders to improve corporate ESG commitments. However, the relationship between external stakeholders and ESG disclosure remains ambiguous, both theoretically and empirically. Grounded in stakeholder theory, legitimacy theory, resource-based theory, and slack resource theory, this article reconceptualizes Ullmann’s 1985 model of corporate social performance to present a novel conceptual framework to examine the external stakeholders-ESG disclosure relationship. This article contributes to the literature by illustrating the mediating effect of the strategic posture and the moderating effect of corporate financial performance on corporate ESG discourse perpetuated by powerful stakeholders.

Formulation Formulation of NU and Muhammadiyah Da'wah Among Millennial Generations During the Covid 19 Pandemic

The study aims to answer how the formulation of da'wah of the two major religious organizations in Indonesia for the existing millennial generation during the Covid 19 pandemic. Primary data was collected through three choices of interview models, namely direct, virtual, or through filling out instruments, adjusting to the implementation of PPKM. It was found that NU's da'wah for the millennial generation during the Covid 19 pandemic was carried out with two da'wah models, online and offline by implementing health protocols. Muhammadiyah did the same thing even though the intensity of offline da'wah had decreased drastically. During the pandemic, Muhammadiyah emphasized da'wah with action to overcome the social impact of the Covid 19 pandemic. PBNU and PP. Muhammadiyah has not set a standard da'wah formulation for the millennial generation during the pandemic. Nevertheless, PBNU has disseminated the discourse on the formulation to regional and branch administrators in the form of general policies. At Muhammadiyah, efforts to formulate formulations were carried out through the collaboration of the IT team, the Library and Information Council, and the Muhammadiyah Covid-19 Command Center (MCCC). In the future, NU and Muhammadiyah need to conduct transdisciplinary studies and formulate the intended formulation to facilitate da'wah operations for millennials, especially during the pandemic.

Advocacy and Management of Diversity and Inclusivity in Organizations

Our study examines the definitions of these two terms and seeks to comprehend the significance that both Diversity and Inclusion hold in workplace organizations since the old term "Diversity" has been replaced by the new term "Inclusion". In today's organizations, diversity and inclusion (D&I) are fundamental values. Miscommunication is a constant result of people using the same words but not always meaning the same thing. Is diversity management just another popular idea like teamwork, cutting costs, or re-engineering? Diversity should be of importance to organizations since it presents a new problem for them to tackle. There is little doubt that the majority of organizations have already dealt with or will eventually deal with the issue of diversity, notably in the area of personnel diversity. Understanding and valuing individual differences is the first step in managing diversity. It improves efficient management techniques by preventing prejudice and encouraging inclusivity. Even with competent management, it may be challenging for someone to work well with a varied group. The modern definition of workplace diversity is more inclusive and takes into account character, maturity, aesthetics, aptitudes, schooling, experience, etc., in addition to conventional considerations. This is in contrast to the earlier definition, which could only be used to describe representations of various ethnic, gender, and religious origins. The current emphasis on workplace diversity is on promoting originality within an organisation and understanding that every person may offer something exceptional to the company.

Frailty

Frailty in ageing surgical populations worldwide is one of the greatest global health challenges. Currently, 30% of Australian surgical patients are already aged>65 years, with 40,000–50,000 patients with frailty admitted to an Australian intensive care unit (ICU) annually. By 2030, 25% of Australian ICU bed-days will be occupied by patients aged>80 years. Major organisations such as the American Geriatrics Society and the American College of Surgeons strongly recommend perioperative frailty measurement, with clear evidence that this leads to reduced mortality. However, widespread routine systems to measure frailty in surgical patients are lacking. This is despite clear evidence of significantly increased postoperative mortality, new disability, and residential care placement after surgery with frailty.

Editor's Introduction

The ongoing tragedy of Russia's war on Ukraine, already well into its second year, has sparked a fundamental reassessment in the field of Slavic Studies and calls for its decolonization. Long dominated by studies of Russia, the various disciplinary fields within Slavic Studies have engaged in numerous discussions and debates over the past year about how to decenter Slavic Studies, how to balance scholarship about the region, and how to recognize voices from the region that have been marginalized, ignored, and diminished. To this end, the Center for Russian, East European, and Eurasian Studies at the University of Pittsburg, in partnership with the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies at Harvard University and with the support of a long list of co-sponsors, organized a six-part virtual speakers series in Spring 2023 that brought together a diverse collection of professionals to discuss the need for and practical means to address the “outsized role Russia has played and continues to play in the field and what could and should be done about it.”1 H-Russia, an H-Net online community, established a blog series on “Decolonizing Russian Studies” that has stimulated interesting conversations among scholars toward decentering Slavic Studies from multiple directions.2 The journal Russian History issued a call for contributions to address such problems in the study of Russian history, and the journal Kritika, in collaboration with the Harriman Institute of Columbia University, is planning a conference and special journal issue on “Eurasia Decentered” for 2024. Moreover, the major US-based professional organization for Slavic Studies, the Association for Slavic, Eurasian, and East European Studies (ASEEES), has selected “Decolonization” as its 2023 conference theme, asking its members to engage in the “reassessment and transformation of Russo-centric relationships of power and hierarchy both in the region and in how we study it.”3 Such interest among scholars to begin to reimagine scholarship about the region reflects the profound impact that Russia's war on Ukraine has had, even far from the front lines.

With End of PHE, States Begin Disenrolling Medicaid Enrollees

With End of PHE, States Begin Disenrolling Medicaid Enrollees

Development of a palliative care lecture series for hematology-oncology fellows.

e24112 Background: Many major organizations endorse provision of palliative care (PC) services for patients with advanced cancers from both oncologists and PC specialists. While ACGME has outlined core PC competencies, PC education during hematology-oncology (HO) fellowship is highly variable, and many fellows feel inadequately trained. We assessed whether incorporation of a PC lecture series could improve fellows’ self-perceived preparedness in basic PC skills. Methods: In this educational quality improvement initiative, current HO fellows at an NCI-designated cancer center received lectures on PC topics. Members of both the HO and hospice and palliative medicine fellowship programs met to discuss key components of a PC curriculum and identify available experts. Seven multidisciplinary faculty members delivered eight one-hour video-recorded virtual lectures to HO fellows over a three-month period. Lecture videos remained available online for later viewing in the event of fellow absences. Within a few weeks both pre- and post-lecture series, HO fellows completed surveys addressing their level of preparedness on a 5-point scale (from 1-not at all prepared to 5-extremely prepared) in performing several key skills. Two-tailed paired t-tests were performed to analyze pre/post changes in fellows’ level of preparedness. Results: Eleven fellows participated in the PC lecture series. Fellows’ level of preparedness increased across several PC topics (Table). The greatest increases were in creating a survivorship plan, converting from one opioid to another, and managing pain in a patient at risk for a substance use disorder. Fellows ranked individual lectures as very helpful to their learning, especially lectures on management of GI symptoms (4.9 +/- 0.3), pain management with opioids (4.8 +/- 0.4), and communication (4.5 +/- 0.5). Conclusions: Incorporation of a structured PC didactics series into HO fellowship is feasible, perceived as very useful, and associated with increased self-perceived preparedness. While more longitudinal and hands-on PC experience would likely promote HO fellows’ PC skills more deeply and durably, dedicated PC lectures are an important adjunctive component that can be easily incorporated into HO fellowship education. [Table: see text]

The Clinical Exercise Physiologists Interview Series: Barry A. Franklin, PhD, ACSM-CEP, ACSM-PD, FACSM, FAHA, MAACVPR, FASPC, FPCNA (Hon)

The Clinical Exercise Physiologists Interview Series: Barry A. Franklin, PhD, ACSM-CEP, ACSM-PD, FACSM, FAHA, MAACVPR, FASPC, FPCNA (Hon)

Gender‐affirming healthcare: Where are the risks?

Every major medical organization involved in providing health care to youth, including the American Medical Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the American Psychiatric Association, supports gender‐affirming care for youth. However, states advancing bans on gender‐affirming care also promote the view that this approach is medically unproven, potentially dangerous, and in some views, a form of child abuse.

Carcinoid Heart Disease Management: A Multi-Disciplinary Collaboration.

Carcinoid heart disease (CaHD) is an important complication among patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors and carcinoid syndrome (CS). CS patients (25%-65%) eventually develop CaHD; these patients face a significantly increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Guidance papers (eg, clinical practice guidelines, consensus guidelines, and expert statements) have been established by major organizations across the disciplines of cardiology and oncology; however, these recommendations are not routinely implemented. The aim of this article is to encourage the integration of current recommendations from national societies into clinical practice. Early screening upon recognition of CS and prior to the development of CaHD symptoms is paramount, as no existing therapies are approved to reverse the fibrotic damage to the heart once it occurs. Valvular replacement is the only definitive treatment for CaHD once it has developed. When patients are noted to have urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels ≥300 µmol/24 h and/or serum N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels >260 pg/mL, echocardiography is recommended. Systemic approaches to control tumor growth and hormonal secretion include somatostatin analogs (SSAs), followed by options including peptide receptor radiotherapy (PRRT), everolimus and liver embolization. Telotristat is the primary choice for control of diarrhea refractory to SSA. Diuretics are the mainstay of heart failure symptom management for patients who develop CaHD. Considerations for future research are discussed, including the ongoing TELEHEART (TELotristat Ethyl in a HEART biomarker study) trial involving telotristat and not yet activated CHARRT (Carcinoid Heart disease And peptide Receptor Radiotargetted Therapy) study involving PRRT with lutetium 177 (177Lu) dotatate.

Some Observations on Koina and Monetary Economy in Hellenistic Asia Minor

The koina of pre-Roman Asia Minor, comprising several major organisations along its western and southern coasts like the koina of Athena Ilias, the Lesbians, the Ionians, the Chrysaorians, and the Lykians, present a collection of federal states less well understood than better documented koina in mainland Greece. This paper highlights the regional characteristics of these Anatolian koina by examining their monetary and political economies. It first suggests that federalising behaviour in Hellenistic western Asia Minor tended to be centred on regional sanctuaries and festivals, and less involved in the formation of cohesive political institutions through federal law-making or military mobilisation. This also had the effect that they present the impression of being monetarily ‘light’, as is explained in the second section, because they were not by and large fiscally cohesive, or had close oversight of monetary supply, with the notable exception of the Lykian league – taxation was not hugely intrusive or extensive, and little federal coinage was produced. The last two sections consider this ‘lightness’ as a function of the regional specificities of political and economic power in the region, suggesting that koina functioned parasitically as organisations ensconced between imperial states and civic communities, both reflecting and shaping the dominant role in the region of these two types of polity in the Hellenistic period.

Tipologi Pemikiran Fikih Nahdhatul Ulama

This paper examines the typology of Nahdlatul Ulama fiqh thinking as one of the major religious organizations in Indonesia. A religious organization inherently shares a basic foundation with the society itself, thereby encountering no challenges in carrying out various organizational activities. This paper aims to determine whether this organization falls into the categories of tajdid, salaf, or tamazhub. Based on the analysis of its articles of association, muktamar (major assembly), and fatwas, it can be concluded that Nahdlatul Ulama was initially categorized as adhering to a particular school of jurisprudence (mazhab). However, since the 1990s, Nahdlatul Ulama has not only followed the opinions of a single school of thought but has also studied the methods pursued by scholars of that school.

The post-traumatic growth approach to psychological trauma.

The post-traumatic growth approach to psychological trauma.

Long-Acting Reversible Contraception for Adolescents: A Review of Practices to Support Better Communication, Counseling, and Adherence.

Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) methods, including levonorgestrel and copper intrauterine devices (IUDs) and the subdermal contraceptive implant, are the most effective reversible forms of contraception and thus are an important aspect of adolescent pregnancy prevention. While LARC efficacy, safety, and appropriateness are supported by major medical organizations and usage rates are increasing, overall LARC uptake among United States (US) adolescents remains lower than uptake of short-acting contraceptive methods. A better understanding of the barriers affecting adolescent LARC uptake and reasons for discontinuation could help facilitate effective communication. For example, learning how to improve adolescent-centered communication, shared decision-making, and motivational counseling strategies may be the first step to improving utilization rates. This narrative review includes three sections. First, this review will describe the history, mechanisms of action, and epidemiology of adolescent LARC use in the US and globally. Next, this review will describe key factors influencing adolescent LARC uptake, reasons for discontinuation, and multilevel barriers specific to adolescent LARC use. Finally, this review will characterize communication techniques and LARC counseling strategies for adolescents in the context of a reproductive justice approach set in the health belief model framework. The distinction between moving away from a presumptive counseling approach towards an adolescent-centered, shared decision-making approach to encourage parent-adolescent sexual health communication to lay the foundation of empowering adolescent reproductive autonomy should be the underpinning of all effective reproductive communication strategies.

Modeling the Potential Benefit of an Over-the-Counter Progestin-Only Pill in Preventing Unintended Pregnancies in the U.S.

ABSTRACT Almost half of the 6.1 million annual pregnancies are unintended. Barriers to accessing contraception including prescription requirements contribute to inconsistent use or nonuse. This has led to a call from major medical organizations for effective over-the-counter (OTC) contraceptives such as progestin-only pills (POPs). Studies have modeled the potential impact on an OTC POPs; however, they are based on women expressing interest versus actual use. The objective of this model was to utilize data from an actual-use clinical trial to calculate the potential impact of a POP, when they are available over the counter, on the number of unintended pregnancies in the United States. Data were obtained from a recent actual-use clinical trial that simulated OTC use of a norgestrel POP over a 6-month period. In this study, 883 women chose to pay out of pocket and use the norgestrel POP. This model compared the number of expected pregnancies among 2 cohorts of 100,000 women, one of which was based on the contraceptive mix of volunteers entering the actual-use trial, and the second was women exclusively using an OTC POP. The primary analysis set the failure rate of the OTC POP to 7%, the reported failure rate for oral contraceptive pills, and that of “no method” as 85%. The failure rate of the non-OTC POP cohort was that from the actual-use trial. A “tipping point” analysis was conducted to determine the failure rate of the OTC POP beyond which no unintended pregnancies would be prevented by OTC POP compared with the mixed-method cohort. At the 6-month time point in the actual-use trial, only 51.1% of subjects were continuing OTC POP use. A continuation-in-use analysis was conducted to determine what effect discontinuation might have on unintended pregnancy rate. According to the model, a total of 37,624 unintended pregnancies would occur if 100,000 women continued their current contraceptive method over the course of 1 year. If those 100,000 women had used the OTC POP exclusively for 1 year, 7000 unintended pregnancies would be expected. Thus, an estimated 30,624 fewer unintended pregnancies, a reduction of 80%, would be expected over 1 year by use of an OTC POP. The results of a sensitivity analysis that decreased the OTC POP failure rate from 7% to 3.5% resulted in an estimated 34,124 fewer unintended pregnancies and an increase in OTC POP failure rate to 10.5%, and reduction of “no method” failure rate to 46% resulted in an estimated 1461 fewer unintended pregnancies. The tipping point analysis identified an OTC POP typical use failure rate of 38% at the point which using the OTC actual-use trial method mix profile and a “no method” failure rate of 85% would result in equivalent unintended pregnancy rate to the OTC POP cohort. When revising estimates according to the continuation-in-use analysis, a reduction in unintended pregnancies of 59% over 6 months compared with the actual-use trial method mix profile (11,009 pregnancies prevented) was calculated. The results of this study suggest that the use of a POP when available over the counter will result in a significant reduction of unintended pregnancies in the United States.

Big Data in Cloud Computing: An Overview

Abstract: Cloud computing is a potent tool for sophisticated and massive-scale computation. It removes the need for expensive hardware, specialized space, and software maintenance. It has been noticed that cloud computing has resulted in a massive increase in the volume of data, or big data. Managing massive amounts of data is a complex and time-consuming operation that requires an extensive computer infrastructure for effective data processing and analysis. Many industries, including minor and major organizations, healthcare, education, and many more, are attempting to harness the potential of big data. In healthcare, for example, big data is used to reduce treatment costs, predict pandemic outbreaks, and prevent infections, among other things. This article discusses comprehensive data processing strategies from system and application perspectives to offer an orderly picture of the issues that application developers and database management system (DBMS) designers face while designing and deploying internet-scale applications. While big data has various uses in various industries, it has challenges.

INTEGRATION OF UZBEKISTAN INTO THE INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL SYSTEM AND ITS ROLE IN BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT

In this article, the activity of international integration associations, the need to develop mutual trade relations with the countries that are part of this association, as well as mutual cooperation relations with international financial organizations have been discussed. Nowadays, the connection of our independent republic with the world's major financial organizations and international funds is increasing. It is explained that this, in turn, will help the entrepreneurs of Uzbekistan to produce goods suitable for the world market and meet world standards, and as a result, economic and social welfare will further develop in the Republic, and small and medium-sized business enterprises will achieve great success.

Low-dose aspirin therapy for the prevention of preeclampsia: time to reconsider our recommendations?

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends initiation of 81 mg of aspirin daily for women at risk of preeclampsia between 12 and 28 weeks' gestation, optimally before 16 weeks, with continuation until delivery. The World Health Organization recommends that 75 mg of aspirin should be initiated before 20 weeks of gestation for women at high risk of preeclampsia. Both the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence quality statement on "Antenatal Assessment of Pre-eclampsia Risk" request that healthcare providers prescribe low-dose aspirin to pregnant women at increased risk of preeclampsia daily from 12 weeks of gestation. The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists recommends 150 mg of aspirin daily, and the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence guidelines suggest risk stratification with a dosage of 75 mg for those at moderate risk of preeclampsia and 150 mg for those at high risk of preeclampsia. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics initiative on preeclampsia recommends 150 mg of aspirin to be initiated at 11 to 14+6 week's gestation and also proposes that 2 tablets of 81 mg is an acceptable alternative. Review of the available evidence suggests that both the dosage and timing of aspirin initiation is key to its effectiveness at reducing the risk of preeclampsia. Doses of >100 mg of aspirin daily initiated before 16 weeks' gestation seem to be most effective at reducing the risk of preeclampsia and thus dosages recommended by most major societies and organizations may not be effective. Randomized control trials examining 81 mg vs 162 mg of aspirin daily for the prevention of preeclampsia are required to assess the safety and efficacy of aspirin dosages available in the United States.

Beyond gender mainstreaming: transforming humanitarian action, organizations and culture

The United Nations and major humanitarian organizations have made policy commitments to promote gender equality and empower women and girls. This study assesses the extent to which humanitarian responses have met these commitments based on reviews of gender mainstreaming, textual analysis of policy and program cycle documents, and interviews with humanitarian actors. The analysis reveals that while gender mainstreaming may raise awareness and make fixes at the margins, its focus has been limited to altering internal processes rather than emphasizing results for women and men and girls and boys. Our study also analyzes the cultural and institutional context in which gender mainstreaming takes place. The culture of humanitarian organizations has been characterized as hierarchical and driven by a short-term crisis response with a distinctly macho style of functioning, which is misaligned with gender mainstreaming. We propose replacing gender mainstreaming with a results-focused approach rooted in behavioral science that uses evidence of the conscious and non-conscious drivers of human behavior to address problems, alongside other efforts to change the internal culture of humanitarian organizations.