Incidence Of Major Depressive Disorder Research Articles

Metabolomic Changes in Major Depressive Disorder Adolescent Females with or without Suicide Attempts.

The incidence of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is high among adolescent females, and MDD is often accompanied by suicide attempts (SAs), which have a serious negative impact on health. However, changes in lipids, thyroid hormone, and brain metabolism among female adolescents with MDD and the relationships between these three markers and MDD with SA have yet to be elucidated. This study enrolled 71 MDD patients with SA (MDD+SA), 66 MDD patients without SA (MDD-SA), and 47 healthy controls (HCs). We analysed the lipid and thyroid hormone levels and magnetic resonance spectroscopy results of the subjects. Low levels of social support, high levels of life stress, and high levels of suicidal ideation (SI) were risk factors for SA. In MDD patients, 1) thyroid stimulating hormone was positively correlated with triglyceride (TG) and N-acetyl aspartic acid (NAA)/creatinine in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and negatively correlated with high-density lipoprotein and the choline/creatinine in the thalamus; 2) free thyroxine was negatively correlated with the choline/creatinine in the thalamus; 3) total cholesterol, TG, low-density lipoprotein, and choline/NAA in the PFC were positively correlated with the severity of SI and suicide risk; and 4) NAA/creatinine in the thalamus was negatively correlated with the severity of SI and suicide risk. In female adolescents with MDD, there are significant synergistic changes in lipids, thyroid hormones, and brain metabolism-related factors, and the changes in these indicators may be related to the pathological mechanism of SA.

Patients undergoing major amputation for peripheral arterial disease are at high risk for developing major depressive disorder and requiring long-term antidepressants.

Patients undergoing major amputation for peripheral arterial disease are at high risk for developing major depressive disorder and requiring long-term antidepressants.

Chronic Stress and Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis: Unraveling the Complex Interplay

The hippocampus in mammalian brain is one of the first regions experimentally demonstrated for adult neurogenesis, which is the evidence overturned Cajals hypothesis. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) involves the incorporation of newly generated neurons into the innermost granule cell layer (GCL) of the dentate gyrus, and the integration of new neurons into the existing hippocampal circuitry is associated with increased resilience to stress. However, chronic stress, as an upstream factor that can be controlled by neurogenesis, also have counterproductive effects on adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Considering the current trend of increasing social chronic stressors and soaring incidence of major depressive disorder (MDD), analyzing the complex interactions between chronic stress and AHN is particularly important.

Exploring protective factors in a high-risk subsample: the pivotal role of paternal support in preventing depression in a cohort of young adults.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a global concern due to its widespread prevalence and morbidity. It is crucial to identify protective factors in high-risk individuals, including those with a familial predisposition, maltreatment history, and socioeconomic vulnerabilities. We assessed a high-risk subsample within a young adult population cohort (n = 791; mean age = 31.94 [standard deviation {SD} = 2.18]) across three waves, using multiple regression models to analyze higher education, feeling supported, spirituality, psychotherapy access, higher socioeconomic status, involvement in activities, cohabitation, and family unity in waves 1 and 2 and their association with MDD resilience at wave 3. In the high-risk group, MDD incidence was 13.7% (n = 24). Paternal support had a protective effect on MDD incidence (odds ratio [OR] = 0.366; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 0.137 to 0.955; p = 0.040) and suicide attempt risk (OR = 0.380; 95%CI 0.150 to 0.956; p = 0.038). Higher resilience scores were also protective (OR = 0.975; 95%CI 0.953 to 0.997; p = 0.030), correlating with reduced Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (r = 0.0484; B = -0.2202; 95%CI -0.3572 to -0.0738; p = 0.003) and Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) scores (r = 0.0485; B = -0.2204; 95%CI -0.3574 to -0.0741; p = 0.003). Our paper emphasizes reorienting the MDD approach, focusing on positive prevention strategies. It highlights the crucial role of fathers in family-based interventions and in promoting resilience in high-risk populations.

The Docking and Dynamics Simulation of Natural Compounds from Abrus precatorius L. for Investigating the Possibility of GluR3 Inhibition to Treat Depression

Background The rising incidence of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), in conjunction with the inadequate effectiveness and resistance observed in existing therapeutic approaches, emphasizes the urgent need to investigate novel therapeutics that provide enhanced efficacy with reduced adverse effects. Abrus precatorius L., an herb that is readily available and frequently utilized in traditional medicine, is frequently prescribed to patients suffering from neurological disorders. Purpose The goal of this study is to discover novel active compounds from the A. precatorius plant that can specifically target the GluR3 receptor using in silico techniques, to develop a safe and efficient treatment for MDD. Methods Homology modeling, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) analysis were employed in this investigation to screen compounds derived from A. precatorius. Their potential to inhibit α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor activity, specifically glutamate receptor 3 (GluR3), which is associated with MDD, was the objective of this study. Results Among 31 compounds derived from A. precatorius, 15 successfully cleared the ADMET filter criteria. Subsequently, the best homology model of GluR3 was constructed using Phyre2. This facilitated an investigation into the intramolecular interactions exhibited by the filtered compounds. Notably, the four compounds with the most pronounced binding affinities are identified by their PubChem compound IDs (CIDs): 160511, 44257585, 1983, and 145857. The binding affinity and internal molecular interactions of the top-ranking compound, PubChem CID 160511, were subjected to further validation through MD simulations, affirming its sustained stability in binding. Conclusion CIDs: The compound 160511 cleared ADMET analysis with no notable side effects and high binding affinity and stability, making it a potential drug candidate for MDD. To ascertain the precise efficacy of medications, additional in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies are required.

Psychological interventions to prevent the onset of major depression in adults: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis

Psychological interventions to prevent the onset of major depression in adults: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis

The Impact of Perfectionism on the Incidence of Major Depression in Chinese Medical Freshmen: From a 1-Year Longitudinal Study.

Perfectionism is a pivotal factor in the etiology and prognosis of major depression. Nevertheless, there is a scarcity of longitudinal research examining the association between perfectionism and major depressive disorder (MDD). The objective of this study was to explore the impact of perfectionism on MDD among a cohort of first-year Chinese university students. This study employed a longitudinal design to investigate the relationship between perfectionism and MDD in a sample of first-year Chinese university students (n=8079). Socially prescribed perfectionism and almost perfectionism were measured using the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS) and the Almost Perfect Scale-Revised (APS-R), while MDD was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-3.0). Random effects logistic regression modeling was utilized to estimate the associations between the variables. The findings revealed that the incidence of MDD was 0.6%. Lifetime exposure to severe traumatic events (≥10) (OR=2.619, 95% CI: 1.502-4.565) and almost perfectionism (OR=1.015, 95% CI: 1.004-1.026) were identified as significant risk factors for MDD. It is evident that perfectionism is linked to an increased susceptibility to MDD. However, additional longitudinal studies focusing on university students are imperative to delve deeper into the influence of perfectionism on the initial manifestation of MDD.

Chronic treatment with the antipsychotic lurasidone modulates the neuroinflammatory changes associated with the vulnerability to chronic mild stress exposure in female rats

Stress exposure is a key risk factor for the developmentof depressive-like conditions. However, despite the higher incidence of Major Depressive Disorder in the female population, classical stress-based experimental paradigms have primarily focused on males. In the present study, we used the well-established chronic mild stress (CMS) paradigm to investigate the development of anhedonia, a cardinal symptom of affective disorders, in the female animals and we also studied the potential effect of the antipsychotic drug lurasidone in normalizing the alterations brought about by stress exposure. We found that three weeks of CMS exposure produced a significant reduction of sucrose intake in 50% of the animals (vulnerable, CMS-V), whereas the others were resilient (CMS-R). The development of an anhedonic phenotype in CMS-V was associated with a significant elevation of different immune markers, such as Complement C3 and C4, and inflammatory cytokines, including INFß and Il1ß in dorsal and ventral hippocampus. Interestingly, sub-chronic treatment with the antipsychotic drug lurasidone was able to revert the anhedonic phenotype while normalizing most of the molecular alterations found in rats vulnerable to CMS exposure. This study extends the ability of lurasidone to normalize the anhedonic phenotype in CMS rats also to females. Moreover, we provide novel evidence on lurasidone’s potential effectiveness in treating mental disorders characterized by immune-inflammatory dysfunction.

Sleep inertia drives the association of evening chronotype with psychiatric disorders: epidemiological and genetic evidence.

Evening chronotypes (a.k.a. "night-owls") are held to be at greater risk for psychiatric disorders. This is postulated to be due to delayed circadian timing increasing the likelihood of circadian misalignment in an early-oriented society. Circadian misalignment is known to heighten sleep inertia, the difficulty transitioning from sleep to wake characterized by low arousal and cognitive impairment, and evening chronotypes experience greater sleep inertia. Therefore, difficulty awakening may explain the relationship between evening chronotype and psychiatric disorders by acting as a biomarker of circadian misalignment. In analyzing the longitudinal incidence of psychiatric disorders in the UK Biobank (n = 496,820), we found that evening chronotype predicted increased incidence of major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, generalized anxiety disorder and bipolar disorder. Crucially, this effect was dependent on sleep inertia, which was a much stronger predictor of these disorders, such that evening types without sleep inertia were at no higher risk as compared to morning types. Longitudinal analyses of suicide and depressed mood (CES-D score) in the Older Finnish Twin Cohort (n = 23,854) replicated this pattern of results. Twin and genome-wide association analyses of difficulty awakening identified the trait to be heritable (Twin H 2 = 0.40; SNP h 2 = 0.08), enriched for circadian rhythms genes and have substantial shared genetic architecture with chronotype. Marginal and conditional Mendelian randomization analyses mirrored the epidemiological results, such that the causal effect of evening chronotype on psychiatric disorders was driven by shared genetic architecture with difficulty awakening. In contrast, difficult awakening was strongly causally associated with psychiatric disorders independently of chronotype. Psychiatric disorders were only weakly reverse causally linked to difficult awakening. Collectively, these results challenge the notion that evening chronotype is a risk factor for psychiatric disorders per se, suggesting instead that evening types are at greater risk for psychiatric disorders due to circadian misalignment, for which sleep inertia may be acting as a biomarker.

Longitudinal association of exposure to work-related stress with major depressive disorder and the role of occupational burnout in this association in the general population

PurposeTo prospectively assess (1) the associations of Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI), its individual components, and over-commitment with (a) the onset of a Major Depressive Episode (MDE) during a 3.6-year follow-up in a population-based cohort in participants with no current Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in the beginning of the follow-up (n = 959), (b) incidence of MDD in the subsample of participants exempt from lifetime MDD (n = 490), and (c) the onset of a new MDE (i.e. recurrence) in the subsample of participants with remitted but no current MDD (n = 485), and (2) potential effect modification of burnout on these associations.MethodsDSM-IV Axis-I disorders were elicited using the semi-structured Diagnostic Instrument for Genetic Studies at each investigation. The ERI Questionnaire was used to measure ERI and overcommitment. Burnout was measured with the Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey. Serially adjusted logistic regression models were used. The effect of burnout dimensions on these associations was assessed by testing interactions between the ERI and burnout dimensions.Results(1) ERI was prospectively associated with the onset of MDE, even after adjustment for burnout [OR (95CI) = 1.22 (1.003–1.49)]. (2) The association between ERI and MDD incidence became non-significant after adjusting for burnout. (3) ERI was not associated with recurrence of pre-existing MDD. (4) burnout did not interact with ERI.ConclusionsOur results support a longitudinal association between ERI and the risk of onset of MDE in the community. Burnout did not modify this effect, but it may partially account for the association between ERI and MDD incidence.

The interaction between TMEM161B (rs768705) and paranoid personality traits in relation to the risk of major depressive disorder: Results form a longitudinal study of 7642 Chinese freshmen

The interaction between TMEM161B (rs768705) and paranoid personality traits in relation to the risk of major depressive disorder: Results form a longitudinal study of 7642 Chinese freshmen

Association between a selective 5-HT4 receptor agonist and incidence of major depressive disorder: emulated target trial.

The serotonin 4 receptor (5-HT4R) is a promising target for the treatment of depression. Highly selective 5-HT4R agonists, such as prucalopride, have antidepressant-like and procognitive effects in preclinical models, but their clinical effects are not yet established. To determine whether prucalopride (a 5-HT4R agonist and licensed treatment for constipation) is associated with reduced incidence of depression in individuals with no past history of mental illness, compared with anti-constipation agents with no effect on the central nervous system. Using anonymised routinely collected data from a large-scale USA electronic health records network, we conducted an emulated target trial comparing depression incidence over 1 year in individuals without prior diagnoses of major mental illness, who initiated treatment with prucalopride versus two alternative anti-constipation agents that act by different mechanisms (linaclotide and lubiprostone). Cohorts were matched for 121 covariates capturing sociodemographic factors, and historical and/or concurrent comorbidities and medications. The primary outcome was a first diagnosis of major depressive disorder (ICD-10 code F32) within 1 year of the index date. Robustness of the results to changes in model and population specification was tested. Secondary outcomes included a first diagnosis of six other neuropsychiatric disorders. Treatment with prucalopride was associated with significantly lower incidence of depression in the following year compared with linaclotide (hazard ratio 0.87, 95% CI 0.76-0.99; P = 0.038; n = 8572 in each matched cohort) and lubiprostone (hazard ratio 0.79, 95% CI 0.69-0.91; P < 0.001; n = 8281). Significantly lower risks of all mood disorders and psychosis were also observed. Results were similar across robustness analyses. These findings support preclinical data and suggest a role for 5-HT4R agonists as novel agents in the prevention of major depression. These findings should stimulate randomised controlled trials to confirm if these agents can serve as a novel class of antidepressant within a clinical setting.

Analysis of Influencing Factors of Major Depression After Spinal Cord Injury.

To analyze the risk factors of major depressive disorder (MDD) after spinal cord injury (SCI). Patients with SCI in our hospital from February 2020 to February 2023 were selected as the study objects. According to the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) score, patients with 36~75 points were included in the major depression group, and 0~35 points were included in the non-major depression group. The general sociological characteristics (age, gender, educational level, place of residence, family economic status, payment method of medical expenses, marital status) and disease-related characteristics (course of disease, cause of injury, neurological level of injury, type of injury, degree of pain) of all patients were collected, and the items with differences were selected for logistic regression analysis to analyze the risk factors for major depression in patients with spinal cord injury. Totally 216 patients were enrolled in our study, including 45 patients (18.98%) had moderate-to-severe depression and 175 patients (81.02%) had non-severe depression. Univariate analysis showed that gender (χ2 = 11.865, P < .001), course of disease (χ2 = 12.967, P < .001), family economic status (χ2 = 8.610, P = .003), educational level (χ2 =15.287, P < .001), neurological level of injury (χ2 = 9.013, P = .003) and pain level (χ2 = 16.673, P < .001) were statistically significant differences between the 2 groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that gender [odds ratio (OR) (95 % CI) = 3.986 (1.743~9.116), P = .001], course of disease [OR (95 % CI) = 4.033 (1.818~8.947), P = .001], family economic status [OR (95 % CI) = 3.136 (1.449~6.785), P = .004], educational level [OR (95 % CI) = 4.332 (1.998~9.388), P = .000], neurological level of injury [OR (95 % CI) = 2.848 (1.414~5.734), P = .003], and pain level [OR (95 % CI) = 5.767 (2.309~14.404), P < .001] were risk factors for major depressive disorder in SCI patients. Gender, disease duration, family economic status, education level, level of nerve injury, and pain level may be the independent risk factors of MDD incidence in patients with spinal cord injury.

The Effects of Diet on the Elimination and Prevention of Mental Health Illnesses

The study investigates the relationship between diet type and mental health, focusing on the impact of nutrient deficiencies on mental health illnesses and their treatment. We gathered results from 15 participants over ten years using self-administered questionnaires and biochemical assessments. The study discovered significant correlations between diets and mental health diseases, with Western diets increasing the incidence of major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and ADHD. Mediterranean and high-fiber diets showed protective effects, reducing the rates of these disorders by 40% and 30%, respectively. Some participants also showed deficiencies in omega-3 PUFAs and vitamin D. Pharmacological interventions, such as omega-3 supplementation and Mediterranean diets, improve mental health outcomes. The study emphasizes the importance of dietary change in preventing and treating psychiatric disorders and emphasizes the need for clinical and population-level dietary changes.

The Effects of Diet on the Elimination and Prevention of Mental Health Illnesses

The study investigates the relationship between diet type and mental health, focusing on the impact of nutrient deficiencies on mental health illnesses and their treatment. We gathered results from 15 participants over ten years using self-administered questionnaires and biochemical assessments. The study discovered significant correlations between diets and mental health diseases, with Western diets increasing the incidence of major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and ADHD. Mediterranean and high-fiber diets showed protective effects, reducing the rates of these disorders by 40% and 30%, respectively. Some participants also showed deficiencies in omega-3 PUFAs and vitamin D. Pharmacological interventions, such as omega-3 supplementation and Mediterranean diets, improve mental health outcomes. The study emphasizes the importance of dietary change in preventing and treating psychiatric disorders and emphasizes the need for clinical and population-level dietary changes.

Sleep disturbances and incident risk of major depressive disorder in a population-based cohort

Sleep disturbances are well-known symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the prospective risk of MDD in the presence of sleep disturbances in a general population-based cohort is not well known. This study investigated associations between both polysomnography (PSG)-based or subjective sleep features and incident MDD. Participants representative of the general population who had never had MDD completed sleep questionnaires (n = 2000) and/or underwent PSG (n = 717). Over 8 years’ follow-up, participants completed psychiatric interviews enabling the diagnosis of MDD. Survival Cox models were used to analyze associations between sleep features and MDD incidence. A higher Epworth Sleepiness Scale and presence of insomnia symptoms were significantly associated with a higher incidence of MDD (hazard ratio [HR] [95 % confidence interval (CI)]: 1.062 [1.022–1.103], p = 0.002 and 1.437 [1.064–1.940], p = 0.018, respectively). Higher density of rapid eye movements in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was associated with a higher incidence of MDD in men (HR 1.270 [95 % CI 1.064–1.516], p = 0.008). In women, higher delta power spectral density was associated with a lower MDD incidence (HR 0.674 [95 % CI 0.463–0.981], p = 0.039). This study confirmed the associations between subjective and objective sleep features and the incidence of MDD in a large community dwelling cohort.

The gut microbiota and post-traumatic major depression disorder: insights from bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization.

Exposure to trauma is often associated with an increased incidence of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), yet the mechanisms underlying MDD development post-trauma remain elusive. The microbiota-gut-brain axis has been implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders, suggesting its potential role in post-traumatic MDD (PTMDD) development. Our study aimed to assess the significance of the gut microbiome-brain interaction in PTMDD. We conducted a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis to investigate the causal relationship between the gut microbiota and both PTMDD and trauma exposure in MDD. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary datasets for PTMDD and trauma exposure in MDD, both derived from the UK Biobank. The PTMDD dataset included 24,090 individuals (13,393 cases and 10,701 controls), while the dataset for trauma exposure in MDD comprised 22,880 participants (13,393 cases and 9,487 controls). Additionally, gut microbiota data from the MiBioGen consortium included 14,306 European individuals across 18 diverse cohorts. Our research identified a significant negative association between the phylum Verrucomicrobia (odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] =0.799 [0.684-0.933], P=0.005) and the risk of developing PTMDD, suggesting a protective role for Verrucomicrobia against PTMDD. Conversely, our findings indicate no causal effects of the gut microbiota on trauma exposure in MDD. However, reverse analysis revealed that both PTMDD and MDD influence certain bacterial traits, affecting 5 and 9 bacterial traits, respectively. Moreover, Verrucomicrobia (OR [95% CI] = 1.166 [1.051 - 1.294], P=0.004) was found to be positively impacted by trauma exposure in MDD. Our findings provide a cause-and-effect relationship between the gut microbiota and PTMDD, contributing to our understanding of the microbiota-gut-brain axis and its role in neuropsychiatric disorder development after trauma. This information provides an opportunity for new treatment and prevention methods which are aimed at the gut-brain interaction.

Associations between body weight change and incidence of major depressive disorder in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a nationwide longitudinal follow-up cohort study of 1.1 million.

Comorbid depression substantially affects the management of glycemia and diabetes-related complications among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this study, we sought to determine the association between weight change over 4 years and depression risk among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This population-based retrospective cohort study from the National Health Insurance Services of Korea included 1 111 345 patients with type 2 diabetes who were divided into groups according to body weight change over 4 years. Body weight changes were compared with the preceding 4-year period (2005-2008). Depression was defined according to the International Classification of Diseases 10th revision code for depression (F32 and F33) on one or more inpatient or outpatient claims. During a median follow-up of 7.4 years, 244 081 cases of depression were identified. We observed a U-shaped association between body weight change and depression risk with a higher risk among both groups of weight loss (hazard ratio (HR) 1.17, 95% CI 1.15-1.19 for ⩾ -10%; HR 1.07, 95% CI 1.06-1.08 for -10 to -5%) and weight gain (HR 1.06, 95% CI 1.04-1.08 for ⩾10%; HR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01-1.04 for 5-10%) compared with the stable weight group (-5 to 5%). A U-shaped association between body weight change and depression risk was observed in this large nationwide cohort study. Our study suggests that patients with type 2 diabetes and weight change, either gain or loss, could be considered a high-risk group for depression.

Influence of PCDH9 (rs9540720) and narcissistic personality traits on the incidence of major depressive disorder in Chinese first-year university students: findings from a 2-year cohort study.

Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the influence of the polymorphism of the protocadherin 9 (PCDH9) gene and the narcissistic personality trait (NPT) on the risk of major depressive disorder (MDD) in Chinese first-year university students. Methods: A 2-year cohort study was conducted among Chinese first-year university students who were enrolled in 2018 from two universities in Shandong Province, China. The snapshot technique was used to detect the genotypes of PCDH9 (rs9540720). The Chinese version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used for the MDD assessment. The NPTs were measured by 11 items based on DSM-IV. Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and the Beck Anxiety Inventory were used to assess depressive and anxiety symptoms, respectively. Logistic regression modeling was carried out to examine the relationship between rs9540720, NPTs, and the incidence of MDD. Results: A total of 5,327 students participated in the baseline and follow-up studies and provided their blood samples. PCDH9 (rs9540720) (ORGG+GA = 2.33, 95% CI: 1.35-4.02) and NPTs (OR5-9 = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.40-3.64) increased the risk of MDD onset. There was no multiplicative interaction between NPTs and Rs9540720 (OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 0.30-7.63). Furthermore, there was no additive interaction between them (RERI = 2.40, 95% CI: -0.82-5.62; AP = 0.47, 95% CI: -0.04-0.97; and S = 2.37, 95% CI: 0.54-10.33). Conclusion: PCDH9 (rs9540720) and more NPTs are the risk factors for the incidence of MDD in Chinese first-year university students.

Global, regional, and national burdens of depressive disorders in adolescents and young adults aged 10–24 years from 1990 to 2019: A trend analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Global, regional, and national burdens of depressive disorders in adolescents and young adults aged 10–24 years from 1990 to 2019: A trend analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019