Main Towns Research Articles

O szyderstwach na gdańskiej ulicy i ochronie prawnej honoru kobiet w XV wieku na tle miast niemieckich

This article presents the issue of legal protection of the honour of women in Gdańsk in the fifteenth century against the background of German cities. The study outlines the various ways in which one’s honour could be injured in the urban environment of the period, focusing on the use of ephemera and mocking songs. Women were a group particularly exposed to the risk of diminishing the type of social capital in question. One of the places in Gdańsk where incidents involving injury to one’s honour were quite frequent was the Artus Court and the stretch of Długi Targ in front of it. An early example of initiating legal proceedings against people committing acts of insult against women can be found in the correspondence of the Main Town of Gdańsk. Namely, a letter from the town council to the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order Ludwig von Erlichshausen from 1452 (GStA PK, XX. HA, Ordensbriefarchiv, no. 11380) provides evidence of the of legal protection of women’s honour in large cities of Prussia. In the letter, the council informs the Grand Master that the local bench court (sąd ławniczy) heard testimonies from Gdańsk citizens, according to which a Matthes Tamme had sung an offensive song about the wife of a certain Mattis Steffen and her sister.

Centennial city: the City of Auckland model

Auckland Council is lucky to care for the surviving portion of a city model made for the New Zealand Centennial Exhibition in 1940. The model represents a section of Auckland central, covering the area from Albert Park to Nelson Street, and Waitematā Harbour to what is now Aotea Square. The model was displayed in Dominion Court, one of a dozen models which represented New Zealand's main cities and towns. Fletchersʹ architects Ronald Muston and Lewis Walker were responsible for the design of Dominion Court and the interpretive models and dioramas within. Muston had a special interest in the models and even travelled to Hollywood to learn about current trends in movie model design and advertising techniques. The ingenuity of the model makers included ships that ʺsailedʺ on the harbours, faux glow worms in the papier mâché Waitomo Caves, and a model of Aoraki/Mount Cook which was over 7.5m high. Thousands of wooden model buildings were made and hand‐painted by artists and technical college students and were based on aerial and street‐level photographs and specific colour palettes for each city. The model came to Auckland City Council after the exhibition closed and has been displayed inside and outside of council. It was recently conserved and is once again on public display.

Demographic and Clinical Features of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Chad: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Survey.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by the protozoan Leishmania donovani complex, is endemic in many parts of the world. Little known in Chad, VL has been recently documented from previously nonendemic areas. We report an epidemiological investigation of VL in the Léré district hospital in southwestern Chad. After informed consent, 40 VL patients were enrolled in the study. Diagnosis made using the formalin serological test was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction on blood samples. Clinical parameters were obtained from the physician or nurse caregiver, and from patients. Of a total of 40 serology positive patients, L. donovani DNA was found in 33 (82.5%), with 55% being male patients. The most affected age groups were 15-29 (47.5%) and 0-14 (32.5%) years. Fever, weight loss, and pallor were frequent symptoms. Notably, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly were uncommon clinical signs. Common comorbidities included malaria (25%) and hepatitis B (15%), followed by gastric ulcer (10%) and tuberculosis (7.5%). These comorbidities were concurrent with VL and were diagnosed microscopically in blood and serum for malaria and tuberculosis, respectively, and by the rapid diagnostic test using serum for hepatitis B and gastric ulcer. Thirty-five percent of cases were treated with meglumine antimoniate, and three patients (7.5%), all with comorbidities, died. Sixty percent of patients lived close to the main town. Our data demonstrate that VL is endemic in the health district of Léré. Improving health education regarding L. donovani infection in endemic areas of Chad and providing training of health workers on early detection and management of VL are needed to help save lives.

Chemical Preservatives, Adulterants, and Antibiotic Residues in Raw Cow’s Milk in Khartoum State, Sudan

Objective: This study investigate the influence of season on the occurrence of adulteration by chemical preservatives and antibiotic residues (beta-lactam, tetracycline and sulfonamides) in the raw milk in the main towns of Khartoum State, Sudan. Methods: The milk samples (n = 270) were randomly collected from farms (90 samples), groceries (90 samples) and vendors (90 samples) during late summer and winter seasons, 135 samples during each season. The samples were placed in cool cracked ice and transported immediately to the laboratory for analysis. Results: Data revealed a high presence of the added water in the milk collected from vendors during late summer season (7.70 +- 9.46%). Also, hydrogen peroxide, starch and formalin were detected only in the milk obtained from vendors. However, the higher percentages of salt (32%) and ammonium sulphate (28%) were obtained in the milk samples collected from the groceries during late summer season, while the occurrenc of ammonium sulphate was 26% in the samples collected from vendors during winter season. On the other hand, 93% of the milk samples examined during late summer season were positive for the occurrence of antibiotic residues compared to 55% that was detected during winter season. The highest percentage of antibiotic residues (26%) was found in milk from groceries during the winter season. Milk samples from vendors during late summer season contained beta-lactam, tetracycline, and sulfonamide in 19%, 13%, and 1% of samples, respectively, while these figures were 20%, 2%, and 3%, respectively, during winter season. Conclusions: The addition of water followed by the presence of salt and antibiotics are the most adulterants found in raw milk sold in Khartoum State especially from vendors during late summer season.

Investigating a surface water quality monitoring approach for QwaQwa, South Africa, by combining biological in vitro tests and chemical analyses

IntroductionWater quality assessment is a fundamental requirement for comprehensive water management. Access to water is not exclusively a quantitative issue, as human activities often lead to negative impacts on water quality due to pollution. This results in a need for the systematic monitoring of water bodies to surveil ongoing pollution dynamics and, if needed, facilitate the implementation of suitable solutions for water quality management.MethodsTo that effect, in March 2022 and July 2023, we conducted two sampling campaigns in four headwater streams in QwaQwa, South Africa, to assess the water quality under high (summer) and low (winter) flow conditions. The overarching aim was to support local decision-makers with relevant information on water quality in a semirural and less studied area. Beside the hydrological characterization of the catchment, which drains the mountainous areas around Phuthaditjhaba (the main town of the region), physicochemical and biological monitoring were conducted, including in vitro tests detecting endocrine disruption, dioxin-like impacts, and genotoxic potentials in the water.ResultsThe elemental analysis showed that at several sampling sites, Al, Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn were above the Target-Water-Quality-Range (TWQR) for aquatic ecosystems and Fe, Al, and Mn were additionally above the TWQR for domestic use. Interestingly, the organic micropollutants (OMPs) revealed a region with a high incidence of HIV infections, given the occurrence of the drugs efavirenz, its transformation product 8-OH-efavirenz and nevirapine, among other micropollutants. Possibly, the signals from the in vitro tests for endocrine disruption are also induced by the detected micropollutants. Our results ultimately show that even though anthropogenic impacts increase from upstream to downstream, none of the sampling sites are without concern. This indicates the urgent need for measures to increase the water quality of these headwater streams in this region.

Role of Street trees in Urban Landscape: A Resource Audit

Street trees first considered as an ornamentation of the city landscape while brings unique identity to the city. Sri Lanka being a bio diversity hotspot large variety of trees and shrubs were available and used as part of urban landscape ornamentation. Choice of street trees based on agroclimatic zone, cultural identities, characteristics and multipurpose nature of the species. Main focus of study was to explore the role of street trees in ornamentation of cities and identify uniqueness brought to the city landscape, find out ecosystem services provided by the street trees and find out socially, culturally, economically and environmentally suitable trees species for cities located in different agroclimatic zones of Sri Lanka. Case study approach was instrumental for this study. Main data collection tools were field observations, in-depth interviews with city dwellers (45), visitors (35), officers of municipal council and urban development authority (10) and scientists (3) and policy makers (3) and maps of the cities considered for the study. Present study based on the street tree profile of 5 main cities (Colombo, Galle, Matara, Anuradhapura and Kandy), town (Bandarawela, Kaluthara, Hambantota, Rathnapura, Peradeniya and Batticaloa) and small town (Suriyawewa, Ambalongoda, Bandaragama, Mawenella, Aluthgama and Mirissa). Street trees of the main cities were ornamented by culturally imported tree species while street of the town areas was appeared with diverse mixture of trees. In Contrast economically importuned trees were common in small towns. Typology of street trees were developed using seven dimensions; social benefits, functional properties, resistant to urban environment, environmental constraints, cultural constraints and limitation constraints. 6 species were identified as the most suitable for street posadas among 15 species found in street trees. Street trees played multifunctional role in urban landscape other than its themed ornamentation role. 
 Keywords: Ecosystem services, Street, trees, Urban landscape

Police-recorded adult sexual assault in the Northern Territory, Australia: Alcohol involvement and alcohol policy effects.

Between 2017 and 2018 three major alcohol policy changes were introduced in the Northern Territory (NT): the Banned Drinker Register, an individual-level ban enforced via ID scanners at takeaway outlets; a Minimum Unit Price on alcohol; and Police Auxiliary Liquor Inspectors, who monitor takeaway outlets to prevent purchase by people who do not have a legal place to consume alcohol. We aimed to: (i) describe alcohol-involved adult sexual assault in the NT; and (ii) estimate the impacts of these alcohol policies on police-recorded adult sexual assault. We used victim records for sexual assault where victims were aged 15 years and over. We undertook descriptive analyses for the NT from 2014 to 2020 and used interrupted time series analysis to assess policy impacts across the NT and in Greater Darwin. In 2020, the NT adult victimisation rate was 105 per 100,000. A large minority (40%) of adult sexual assaults involved alcohol. Interrupted time series analyses showed no effect of the Banned Drinker Register or Minimum Unit Price on sexual assault across the NT or in Greater Darwin. The rate of adult sexual assaults in the NT is extremely high and many involve alcohol. Neither the Banned Drinker Register or Minimum Unit Price were associated with changes in police-recorded adult sexual assault in Greater Darwin or across the NT. Due to small counts, we were unable to assess policy impacts in three of the four main towns, highlighting the challenges of assessing impacts of policies on sexual assault in small population areas.

ANALYSIS OF SUPERIOR COMMODITIES AND DETERMINATION OF AGROPOLITAN ACTIVITY CENTER IN SANROBONE

The Takalar Regency Spatial Plan designates the Sanrobone sub-district as an area for the cultivation of food crops, horticultural crops, and plantations. Agriculture in Sanrobone plays a crucial role in fulfilling food needs and driving economic growth in rural areas. The research aims to identify superior commodities, determine the agropolitan activity center, and develop strategies for the agropolitan area in the Sanrobone sub-district. The study was conducted from June to November 2022, covering six villages in the Sanrobone sub-district. The analytical techniques employed include LQ analysis, Shift share analysis, Klassen typology, qualitative descriptive analysis, and SWOT analysis. The research findings reveal that the superior commodity of Sanrobone is Chili Pepper, while prospective commodities are Corn and Paddy, and the lagging commodity is Seagrass. The agropolitan activity center is the main farming town in Banyuanyara, with production centers in the village of Tonasa, and farmer collection towns in Paddinging, Ujung Baji, Lagaruda, and Sanrobone. The recommended strategy is a progressive approach, where empowering farmer groups can enhance the economy, especially in the agricultural sector. Encouraging farmer groups in each village to actively participate in established joint farming groups can boost the potential of food crop agriculture in each village and contribute to the development of the agropolitan area.

Application of remote sensing and geographic information system in solid waste management for Gudivada Municipality, Andhra Pradesh, India

Solid waste management is one of the main issues in the growing areas of the world and severe ecological trouble that should be considered prior to other environmental problems. A certain quantity of waste dumping without proper separation has led to financial and environmental problems. Due to straight discarding of waste in and around growing areas there is a lot of environmental problems that cause inconvenience to people staying in that area. There has to be appropriate planning of transfer and waste management. This scheme would deals with, how Remote sensing and Geographical information system is helpful in finding the latest appropriate areas for waste disposal and roads to convey the waste without causing interruption to the community. The suggestion made by applying RS and GIS someway helps to decrease the troubles of solid waste management and it’s carrying to the disposal region. It deals with finding the innovative appropriate region for waste disposal and the roads that doesn’t create trouble for the solid Waste carrying. The model will be applied on the Gudivada town’s case study region data for the study. The results will recommend a few changes in the present systems that are expected to decrease the troubles of solid waste management and its transportation. We take Gudivada town because it is single of the main towns in Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India which is in CRDA limits.

From Closure to Gradual Release: Evidence from the Spatial Evolution and Causal Mechanism of EGS Industry in the Main Town Area of Wuhan, China

With the economic impact and increasing popularity of the electronic gaming industry, EGS (Electronic Gaming Sports) had become an important topic of debate in sports academia regarding its conceptual delineation and attribute characteristics. This paper jumped out of the hotpot academic perspective of the concept, characteristics, and impacts of EGS. In response to the gaps in the spatial development of the EGS industry and the lack of empirical research findings, an interpretive empirical research method was adopted, focusing on Wuhan as the study area to gain insight into the situation where the spatial development of the EGS industry was unclear. The spatial evolution of the EGS industry in the main town area of Wuhan was interpreted through a quantitative approach and based on the spatial data of EGS companies from 2006 to 2022 using Average Nearest Neighbor (ANN), Kernel Density Estimation (KDE), and Ordinary Kriging (OK) of geospatial analysis. The results indicated closure to the gradual release of the EGS industry, with specific findings as follows. (1) The EGS industry in the main town area of Wuhan from 2006 to 2022 developed rapidly, and the overall spatial distribution showed a process from discrete to cluster, accompanied by an apparent deepening of aggregation in recent years. The local aggregation of the EGS industry transformed from dual to multiple cores, and the multiple cores formed stronger groups of aggregation as the cluster spread and merged. (2) The spatial interpolation of the registered capital of companies predicted the hot spot of high- capital distribution of EGS companies in the Optics Valley vice town area of Hongshan to the southeast, indicating that more competitive EGS companies and larger EGS industry groups might emerge in Optics Valley in the future. (3) The spatial evolution of the EGS industry in the main town area of Wuhan could be divided into an early start phase from 2006-2010, a rapid development phase from 2010-2014, an aggregate explosion phase from 2014-2018, and a cluster integration phase from 2018-2022. (4) The spatial evolution of the EGS industry was influenced not only by the main factors of industrial economic agglomeration, industrial chain derivation, and industrial policy environment but also by the other factors of land and talent market, adjacent infrastructure support, city industrial promotion, and globalization dissemination. The future development of the EGS industry could be guided by the government's industrial policies, supported by high-quality talent teams, and driven by local promotion and international communication to provide an essential impetus for the optimal EGS industry.

Research on the Development Status of Rural Labor Transfer and Employment in the Main Towns of Jiuzhaigou County

Research on the Development Status of Rural Labor Transfer and Employment in the Main Towns of Jiuzhaigou County

WILD EDIBLE MUSHROOM USAGE BY THE URBAN AND RURAL POPULATION IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE WORLD, COMPARED TO THE REGION OF VARNA-BULGARIA

Purpose: Wild edible mushrooms are used worldwide and in Bulgaria as well. This inquiry investigation aimed at evaluating some mushroom usage practices by inhabitants in towns and villages in the Region of Varna, Bulgaria. Material/Methods: We carried out a study of 200 adult individuals, 100 males and 100 females, on the territory of the Region of Varna using anonymous inquiry with a set of 12 concrete items about wild edible mushroom usage. Statistical data processing was performed using descriptive and correlation analysis. Results: There was a domination of the negative attitude towards the wild edible mushrooms among the respondents from the towns, the villages and all the respondents as a whole on the territory of the Region of Varna. The inhabitants in the villages used more commonly cooking than those in the towns, and the inhabitants in the towns dried more seldom fresh mushrooms than those in the villages. Freezing was very rarely made use among all the respondents. There were statistically significant correlations between main town residence, on the one hand, and wild edible mushroom traditional usage, including cooking, drying, preservation and freezing, on the other hand. Conclusion: This inquiry investigation revealed some peculiarities of the attitudes towards wild edible mushrooms among the urban and rural population in the Region of Varna and the extent of usage of common mushrooms in dependence on espondents’ main residence.

The Decoration of Manuscript PL-GD Mar. F 406 in the Context of Illumination Art in Fifteenth-Century Gdańsk

This article analyses music manuscript Mar. F 406, originally from the collection of St Mary’s church in the Main Town (Rechtstadt) of Gdańsk, now kept at the Gdańsk Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences. The codex is a compilation of liturgical chants. This article offers the first analytical study of the source undertaken from the perspective of the history of art, with a discussion of the character and quality of the gouache and calligraphic ornaments. These decorations are presented in the wider context of illumination art in fifteenth-century Gdańsk. Stylistic and comparative analyses were supported by non-invasive XRF and IR examination. The physical characteristics of the volume, along with the results of parallel musicological studies (Piotr Ziółkowski and Kamil Watkowski), make it possible to present a new chronology of the manuscript’s compilation, distinguish the individual illuminators’ hands and obtain knowledge of the techniques and practice of the scriptorium in Gdańsk. The codex is thus shown to have received its present-day form in the mid-fifteenth century. It is partly an original work from that period (by two Gdańsk-based copyists), and partly a compilation of older fragments (from the late fourteenth and early fifteenth century). It was bound in Gdańsk by the elder Dragon Bookbinder (älterer Drachenbuchbinder). The first scribe-illuminator was a representative of the Gdańsk environment trained according to Bohemian models. The last three gatherings (VIII–X) remained blank until the early sixteenth century, when more chants were added by a team of copyists. The decoration in this section is the work of a single illuminator, who drew on old thirteenth-century models, as well as calligraphic patterns used in the decoration of incunabula. This section can be dated to the turn of the sixteenth century; the work of this illuminator has analogies in other Gdańsk books from the first quarter of the sixteenth century. The source constitutes a valuable example of a manuscript’s intense, long-term liturgical use. Its analysis demonstrates the need for a comprehensive study of the Gdańsk scriptorium in the second and third quarters of the fifteenth century (including illuminating and bookbinding techniques).

Carillons in the Soundscape of Gdańsk1

From 1561, the chiming of the Main Town Hall automatic carillon bells became a permanent component of the City of Gdańsk soundscape, to which, from 1575, were added the chimes of the St Catherine’s Church tower ‘striking device’ in the Old Town. The first automatic carillon comprised fourteen bells, whereas the other ‘device’ probably had several. It was not until 1738 that St Catherine’s Church acquired a large carillon with a keyboard as well as a mechanism for automatic playing. This article investigates the possible reasons why carillons were built for the Main Town Hall and St Catherine’s Church in Gdańsk, describes the bells and the mechanisms for automatic playing of both instruments and considers the repertoire by which their chiming filled the City of Gdańsk soundscape over the centuries.

Desarrollo local endógeno, una propuesta desde la acción participativa, el caso de la comunidad indígena de San Pedro Huitzquilico, San Luis Potosí

It is possible to find in the Mexican “Huasteca Potosina” a large amount of indigenous communities. Many of these ethnic groups in this country suffer from poverty and social relegation despite they are rich in natural and cultural values. This research was developed in the rural community of San Pedro Huitzquilico. It is populated by the indigenous group “nahuas”. It is located in the southeast of the “Huasteca Potosina” on the “Sierra Madre Occidental”, 15 kilometers away from the main town, “Xilitla”. In this community, poverty and social backwardness are still high despite structural changes and new implemented policies during the last years. Nowadays, this group faces new challenges derived form a global processes. These challenges are mainly related to global intercommunication, to the impact on the environment, to the social restructuration and local policies. All these changes affect to the group and the same time they can became new opportunities to take action from the inside the community. Considering these aspects, they have to identify local opportunities that could be better linked to global aspects. From this point, new action lines may emerged and may provide new possibilities for the local endogenous development as an alternative to improve their current condition. In the pursuing of new action local lines, a participative action research (IAP, for its name in Spanish) was considered to establish a bridge to allow a dialogue between academic knowledge and popular knowledge, creating synergy into the community. This way was possible to find adequate conducts of work which consider these theoretical ideas and local knowledge and it was possible to include the different social actors from the community of “San Pedro Huitzquilico”.

Proximity to human settlement is directly related to carriage of critically important antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Silver Gulls

Human population and activities play an important role in dissemination of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. This study investigated the relationship between carriage rates of critically important antimicrobial-resistant (CIA-R) Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae by Silver Gulls and their proximity to human populations. Faecal swabs (n = 229) were collected from Silver Gulls across 10 southern coastline locations in Western Australia (WA) traversing 650 kms. The sampling locations included main town centres and remote areas. Fluoroquinolone and extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae were isolated and tested for antimicrobial sensitivity. Genome sequencing was performed on n = 40 subset out of 98 E. coli and n = 14 subset out of 27 K. pneumoniae isolates to validate phenotypic resistance profiles and determine the molecular characteristics of strains. CIA-R E. coli and K. pneumoniae were detected in 69 (30.1 %) and 20 (8.73 %) of the faecal swabs respectively. Two large urban locations tested positive for CIA-R E. coli (frequency ranging from 34.3 % to 84.3 %), and/or for CIA-R K. pneumoniae (frequency ranging from 12.5 % to 50.0 %). A small number of CIA-R E. coli (3/31, 9.7 %) were identified at a small tourist town, but no CIA-R bacteria were recovered from gulls at remote sites. Commonly detected E. coli sequence types (STs) included ST131 (12.5 %) and ST1193 (10.0 %). Five K. pneumoniae STs were detected which included ST4568, ST6, ST485, ST967 and ST307. Resistance genes including blaCTX-M-3, blaCTX-M-15 and blaCTX-M-27 were identified in both bacterial species. High-level colonisation of CIA-R E. coli and K. pneumoniae in Silver Gulls in and around urban areas compared to remote locations substantiates that anthropogenic activities are strongly associated with acquisition of resistant bacteria by gulls.

Influence of perceived social benefits on motives for visiting urban green infrastructure spaces in small and medium-sized towns in Southeast Nigeria

Although the benefits of urban green infrastructure (UGI) in sustainable development are well established in the literature, the specific benefits with the most influence on why people visit or use UGI spaces are not well understood. This study investigated the influence of perceived social benefits on motives for visiting UGI spaces in small and medium-sized towns in Southeast Nigeria. A survey of 513 participants in four main towns of Ebonyi State, Southeast Nigeria was done. The data were analysed using the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis H tests, descriptive and categorical regression analyses. The findings showed that the main motives for visiting UGI spaces were for enjoying nature, fresh air, relaxing, and walking these were significantly different across the respondents' age, marital status, and location. The role of UGI in promoting human-nature interactions, enhancing life satisfaction, and social interactions were the top three social benefits identified. The three social benefits with the most significant influence on motives for visiting UGI were the role of UGI in promoting physical well-being, social relations, a sense of community, and life satisfaction. The study implies that understanding public motives for visiting/using GI spaces and their predictors is vital for effective policy-making, planning, and management of UGI.

The Prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Greenland.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is sparsely investigated in Arctic populations. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) in Greenland. Cross-sectional nationwide data on demography, anthropometry, biochemistry, and pharmacotherapy were extracted from the electronic medical records in Greenland. Diagnoses of UC and CD were based on International Classification of Diseases-Tenth Revision and International Classification of Primary Care-Second Edition coding and treatment with mesalazine. Data from Statistics Greenland were used for prevalence calculations. In total, 254 patients in Greenland experienced IBD, with 214 cases of UC and 40 cases of CD. The overall IBD prevalence was 0.45%, distributed as 0.38% with UC and 0.07% with CD. The IBD prevalence was similar across the 5 regions of Greenland. However, a higher prevalence was observed in the region main towns with the largest populations (0.53%) compared with the small towns along the coastline (0.29%). UC patients were prescribed mesalazine treatment with a frequency of 78%. Furthermore, 10% of all IBD patients received treatment with nonspecific immunomodulators and 7% received biologics. This study estimates the prevalence and uncovers characteristics of IBD in Greenland. Although CD may be underdiagnosed or less prevalent, the overall prevalence of IBD in Greenland parallels Scandinavian countries and North America. These results boost the knowledge on autoimmune diseases in arctic populations and may guide clinicians in their management of IBD in Greenland. Furthermore, the results may encourage research in IBD across the Arctic regions.

A SARS-CoV-2 outbreak associated with five air force bases and a nightclub following the lifting of COVID-19-related social restrictions, United Kingdom, July-to-September 2021.

We describe the management of two linked severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreaks, predominantly amongst 18-35-year-olds, in a UK county in July-to-September 2021, following the lifting of national coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated social restrictions. One was associated with a nightclub and one with five air force bases. On week beginning 2nd August 2021, air force contact tracing teams detected 68 cases across five bases within one county; 21 (30.9%) were associated with a night-time economy venue, 13 (19.1%) with night-time economy venues in the county's main town and at least one case per base (n = 6, 8.8%) with a particular nightclub in this town, which itself had been associated with 302 cases in the previous week (coinciding with its reopening following a national lockdown). In response, Public Health England/United Kingdom Health Security Agency, air force and local authority teams collaboratively implemented communication strategies and enhanced access to SARS-CoV-2 testing and vaccination. Key challenges included attempting to encourage behaviours that reduce likelihood of transmission to a population who may have considered themselves at low risk from severe COVID-19. This report may inform future preparation for, and management of, easing of potential future pandemic-related social restrictions, and how an outbreak in this context may be addressed.

Становление и развитие законодательства о планах городов в Россйской империи

According to the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation of 2004, the master plan is the main town planning document. It is important to study the acts historically preceding the master plans of cities. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to highlight the main periods in the legislation on city plans in the Russian Empire and to characterize each period. Methodology. The article uses general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction), comparative legal method, formal legal method. Results. The formation of urban planning in Russia refers to the beginning of the 18th century. In the 1760-1780s adopted a number of acts directly related to urban planning and development. The publication in 1832 of the Building Charter marked a new level of regulatory regulation of urban planning. The charter had several editions and was valid until the end of the period of the Russian Empire. Conclusion. An analysis of urban planning legislation during the period of the Russian Empire showed its constant complication and improvement.