Main Product Groups Research Articles

SENSORY EVALUATION OF THE TEXTURE OF 49 COMMERCIAL APPLE AND PEAR PUREES

ABSTRACT The sensory texture of 49 market samples of pear and apple purees were examined by Flash profile and results were treated by Generalized Procustes Analysis. The product set encompassed grocery products, baby foods and drinking snacks. Four main sensory notions were used to describe the texture of this type of products: graininess, viscosity, moisture and grittiness. Pear and apple purees were discriminated by the gritty perception, carried out on the third component. The other three main characteristics were carried out on the first two axes, where six main groups of products were identified. Pear purees were close to baby foods. Thickened baby foods and pear and apple mixtures constituted additional groups. Finally, apple purees were close sensorially, but three groups could be discriminated by grainy and viscous perceptions. The number of products was not an obstacle and the panel managed the task as required. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSFlash profile seems to be a powerful tool to provide a statement of the sensory diversity of a specific market very quickly even when the number of products is quite large.

Hershey Company (The)

AbstractFood (MIC: 4.1 SIC: 2064 NAIC: 311340)Hershey is a North American manufacturer of chocolate and confectionery products, and a snack food company. Co.'s main product groups include confectionery and snack products; gum and mint refreshment products; and food and beverage enhancers such as baking ingredients, peanut butter, toppings and beverages. Co. also provides a range of products specifically developed to address the nutritional interests of health‐conscious consumers. Co.'s five operating segments comprise geographic regions including the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Brazil and other international locations, such as Japan, Korea, the Philippines and China. Co. markets its confectionery products in over 50 countries worldwide.

Hershey Company (THE)

AbstractFood (MIC: 4.1 SIC: 2064 NAIC: 311340)Hershey is a North American manufacturer of chocolate and confectionery products, and a snack food company. Co.'s main product groups include confectionery and snack products; gum and mint refreshment products; and food and beverage enhancers such as baking ingredients, peanut butter, toppings and beverages. Co. also provides a range of products specifically developed to address the nutritional interests of health‐conscious consumers. Co.'s five operating segments comprise geographic regions including the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Brazil and other international locations, such as Japan, Korea, the Philippines and China. Co. markets its confectionery products in over 50 countries worldwide.

Interaction of Oxidation Products from Caffeic Acid with Fe(III) and Fe(II)

Phenolic substances in the soil–plant system can be oxidized by metal ions, inorganic components, molecular oxygen as well as by phenoloxidases, giving rise to the formation of products of low or high molecular weight. Interactions of these products with iron, in both reduced and oxidized form, can affect the iron mobility in soil and rhizosphere, and thus its availability to plants. Here we report the results of a study on the complexing and reducing activity of the oxidation products from caffeic acid (CAF), obtained via electrochemical means, towards Fe(III) and Fe(II) in aqueous solution in the 3.0–6.0 pH range. The HPLC analysis of the filtered solutions after the CAF oxidation showed the formation of two main groups of products: (i) CAF oligomers formed through radicalic reactions which do not involve the double bond of the CAF lateral chain and (ii) products where this bond is involved. These oxidation products (COP) were found to interact with both Fe(III) and Fe(II) with formation of soluble and insoluble Fe(III)‐, and Fe(II)‐COP complexes. The COP were found to be able to reduce Fe(III) to Fe(II) mainly at pH < 4.0. A low redox activity was observed at pH ≥ 4.5 due to Fe(III) hydrolysis reactions as well as to the decrease in the redox potential of the Fe(III)/Fe(II) couple. Formation of hydroxy Fe(III)‐COP polymers occurs at pH > 3.5.

The Finnish metals industry and the environment

Abstract An extensive R&D project—Life Cycle Assessment as a Tool for the Management of Environmental Issues in the Finnish Metals Industry—was carried out as part of the Finnish Environmental Cluster Research Programme 1998–2000. Life cycle inventory (LCI) data of the main product groups—steel plates and coils, steel bars, steel wires, stainless steel, copper, nickel, zinc and aluminium were produced and company specific environmental impact assessments were made based on these. The LCI data was interpreted by an impact assessment model based on decision analysis and methods used in life cycle impact assessment. The results revealed that the Finnish metals industry is far from homogenous as regards its environmental impacts. The life cycle assessment (LCA) data was also used to identify important areas of environmental protection needed in the industry from the standpoint of eco-efficiency. Notwithstanding the current good level of environmental protection in the Finnish metals industry, reduction of energy use, deposits, sludges, dusts and emissions of carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and metals needs to continue. It is possible to upgrade eco-efficiency by producing more metals and by-products from smaller amounts of raw materials and by recovering wastes. Increasing further the reusability and recyclability of metals is also a desirable trend. In the long term, eco-efficiency can best be improved by decreasing the use of metals by developing and better utilising their properties and by increasing the life times of metallic end products. There is also a need for R&D work on land use and landscape issues, as well as the environmental impacts of metals, which cannot currently be properly handled in LCAs.

Trends and expectations for research and technology in weed science in Thailand

There are many possible ways to improve the economic crisis in Thailand, and it is agreed that development of agricultural production is ideal for improving the economic situation in an agricultural country such as Thailand. A strategic plan for agricultural and agro-industry research is included in the national research agenda and can be classified into nine groups covering different research areas. Most research is based on the agricultural production of four main product groups: (i) crops; (ii) aquatic animals/plants and fisheries products; (iii) poultry, livestock and animal products; and (iv) forest resources. Trends in research and development in weed management for crop production will continue to support the food demands and the development of efficient production of quality products.

Food Import Demand: Meat, Dairy Products, Eggs and Live Animals in Oman

To develop effective food import policies, it is necessary to understand the responsiveness of consumers to factors affecting import demand. These factors include consumer response to changes in import prices and income. In this study the authors develop economic models of import demand for three main product groups in Oman: meats, dairy and eggs, and live animals. These product groups have been identified as major sources of protein for the Omani population. In addition, these products have a history of domestic production and potential for reducing dependence on food imports. The results indicate that the estimated price elasticity of demand for meat products is elastic, which implies that an increase in price Will result in a decrease in revenues for meat import businesses However, the estimated price elasticity for imported dairy and egg products is inelastic. This implies that an increase in import price will result in an increase in revenues for dairy and egg import businesses. The estimated income elasticities for meat products and dairy and egg products were found to be less than one, suggesting that they are normal goods. A one percent increase in per capita incomes Will result in a less than one percent increase in demand for imported meat, dairy, and egg products These results have economic implications for growth and development of businesses in these important food import sectors.

47] Nitration of unsaturated fatty acids by nitric oxide-derived reactive species

Reactions of linoleate (and presumably other unsaturated fatty acids) with reactive nitrogen species that form in biological systems from secondary reactions of .NO yield two main nitration product groups, LNO2 (formed by ONOO-, .NO2, or NO2+ reaction with linoleate), and LONO2 (formed by HONO reaction with 13(S)-HPODE, or .NO termination with LOO.). Comparison of HPLC retention times and m/z for lipid nitration products indicate that the mechanisms of nitrated product formation converge at several points: (i) The initial product of HONO attack on LOOH will be LOONO, which is identical to the initial termination product of LOO. reaction with .NO. (ii) Dissociation of LOONO to give LO. and .NO2 via caged radicals, which recombine to give LONO2 (m/z 340) will occur, regardless of how LOONO is formed (Fig. 7). (iii) In some experiments, the reaction of O2- (where oxidation is initiated by xanthine oxidase-derived O2- production and metal-dependent decomposition of H2O2) with .NO will result in generation of ONOO-. Nitration of unsaturated lipid by this species will yield a species demonstrated herein to be LNO2. Lipid oxidation leads to formation of bioactive products, including hydroxides, hydroperoxides, and isoprostanes. In vivo, nitrated lipids (LNO2, LONO2) may also possess bioactivity, for example through eicosanoid receptor binding activity, or by acting as antagonists/competitive inhibitors of eicosanoid receptor-ligand interactions. In addition, nitrated lipids could mediate signal transduction via direct .NO donation, transnitrosation, or following reductive metabolism. Similar bioactive products are formed following ONOO- reaction with glucose, glycerol, and other biomolecules.

A strategy for delineating risks due to exposure to neurotoxic chemicals.

A method for delineating the risks due to exposure to neurotoxic chemicals based upon the linkage of four national computer-based registers is described. The four registers are: the Danish Product Register database, PROBAS; Register of air pollution measurements in Danish workplaces, ATABAS; Register of notified occupational diseases; and Register of work force. Based on the information from the four registers, risk profiles for neurotoxic chemicals in 69 industrial groups were generated. The risk profiles describe the number of neurotoxic chemicals, their potency, the number of exposure measurements exceeding the occupational exposure limit (OEL), and the total and relative number of diseases caused by the chemicals in each group. Based on this linkage, twelve industries are noted to be potentially at high risk due to exposure to neurotoxic chemicals; therein, 18 chemicals are identified as "risk chemicals," primarily used in 8 main groups of products. The goal of the evaluation is to develop a tool for priority setting of preventive measures. The evaluation may also serve as a tool for assessing improvements and selecting areas for further epidemiological studies.

Zukünftige Chancen einer elektrochemischen Kohlenutzung

AbstractFuture scope of electrochemical coal utilization. Based on fundamental thermodynamic considerations and with due regard to known electrochemical reactions of coal‐like substances, the potential of electrochemical coal conversion processes is discussed for the following three main groups of primary products: syngas, aliphatic compounds, and aromatic compounds. Thermal efficiencies and yields are compared with those of competing processes. The indirect electrochemical degradation of coal to soluble aromatic compounds with peroxodisulfate as redox mediator is a promising route of potential interest.

Industry

Degussa of Frankfurt am Main has established its own marketing subsidiary in Melbourne, the Degussa Australia Pty. Ltd. The new company, which will also have a branch office in Sydney, began business on 1st June 1978 and will be responsible for sale of the main product groups of the Degussa programme.